Article(id=1241777707743252653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1681401600000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992476639, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717171200000, pubDateStr=2024-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992476639, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992476639, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992476639, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241777699996368955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992474792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992784144, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=151, endPage=159, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241777709932679417, articleId=1241777707743252653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation and Construction Design of Blasting Demolition of Double-cylinder Old Ammonium Nitrate Granulation Tower, columnId=1240702072073548400, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=EXPLOSIVE DEMOLITION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to demolish a 57 m high double-cylinder ammonium nitrate granulation tower in a complex environment, this study analyzes the structural characteristics of the tower, including its large potential energy and uneven mass distribution. A blasting method was designed with intermediate initiation and sequential detonation towards both sides to achieve a controlled collapse effect through “directional blasting + internal convergence”. The blasting design includes trapezoidal cut notches with strictly controlled perimeter and height. The bottom supporting walls are partially retained, and highly symmetric directional windows were created at specific heights. The demolition was carried out using high-precision nonel detonators combined with delayed initiation inside the holes and external relays outside the holes. Through theoretical analysis and calculations, the final blast notch length was determined as 13.5 m with a height of 3.5 m. To validate the design scheme, LS-DYNA simulation software was used to establish a three-dimensional finite element model of the granulation tower for pre-collapse analysis. Simulation results show that the collapse process takes approximately 8.8 seconds without any significant forward movement or toppling during collapse, indicating that the overall blasting parameters selected in this scheme are reasonable and can achieve the desired demolition effect.

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GAO Peng-fei (1989-), born in Huaibei, Anhui, male, doctor, senior engineer, engaged in the research of blasting construction management and blasting technology, (E-mail) .
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针对复杂环境下57 m高双筒型旧硝铵造粒塔拆除爆破工况,通过分析双筒型造粒塔存在下落势能大与质量分布不均的结构特点,设计了中间起爆、逐段向双侧的爆破方式,以实现“定向爆破+内合”的倒塌效果。爆破设计方案中采用梯形爆破切口,并严格控制其周长及高度,适当保留底部支撑墙体并开设精确对称定向窗,使用高精度导爆管雷管结合孔内延时、孔外接力的复式闭合双回路起爆技术进行爆破施工。经理论分析计算,最终确定爆破切口长度为13.5 m、高度3.5 m。为验证设计方案的合理性,使用LS-DYNA仿真软件建立造粒塔三维有限元模型并进行了倒塌预分析。仿真计算结果显示:造粒塔爆破倒塌过程共历时约8.8 s,通过对造粒塔倒塌形态和顶部关键质点位移变化进行分析发现倒塌过程存在轻微下座,未发生前冲现象,总体方案的爆破参数选取合理,拆除爆破可达到预期效果。现场爆破完成后发现爆破倒塌效果与仿真计算结果基本一致,为同类型爆破工程提供了一定参考。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
高朋飞(1989-),男,高级工程师、博士,从事爆破施工管理与爆破技术的研究工作,(E-mail)
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=sHa5ArW8VqXABj9v/2l/tA==, magXml=paouyVPtSWN/hbj3WN+VYQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=q9vZ6leTCQ8ZxTcUKGNwXQ==, pdfFileSize=2127737, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=nLlIeMqPUNdjl7J2UCBdQw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=GhVQD6ZmLT3q7qtrk2lS2Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

孔庆亮(1981-)男,高级工程师、本科,从事爆破施工管理与爆破技术的研究工作,(E-mail)

KONG Qing-liang (1981-), born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, male, undergraduate, senior engineer, engaged in the research of blasting construction management and blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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孔庆亮(1981-)男,高级工程师、本科,从事爆破施工管理与爆破技术的研究工作,(E-mail)

KONG Qing-liang (1981-), born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, male, undergraduate, senior engineer, engaged in the research of blasting construction management and blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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孔庆亮(1981-)男,高级工程师、本科,从事爆破施工管理与爆破技术的研究工作,(E-mail)

KONG Qing-liang (1981-), born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, male, undergraduate, senior engineer, engaged in the research of blasting construction management and blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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Directional blasting demolition of hyperbolic cooling tower in power plant and numerical analysis of blasting effect[J]. Blasting Equipment, 2020, 49(4): 52-57. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Directional blasting demolition of hyperbolic cooling tower in power plant and numerical analysis of blasting effect, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777732254765425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707743252653, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=26, authorNames=于淑宝, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于淑宝. 复杂环境下超高烟囱同向折叠爆破拆除原理及应用研究[D]. 北京: 中国矿业大学(北京), 2019., articleTitle=复杂环境下超高烟囱同向折叠爆破拆除原理及应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777732347040118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707743252653, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=27, authorNames=YU Shu-bao, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU Shu-bao. Study on demolition principle and application of ultra-high chimney by co-directional folding blasting in complex environment[D]. Beijing: China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), 2019. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on demolition principle and application of ultra-high chimney by co-directional folding blasting in complex environment, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241777717843137222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707743252653, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241777717847331529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707743252653, companyId=1241777717843137222, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Zhejiang First Hydropower Construction Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241777717855720137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707743252653, companyId=1241777717843137222, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.浙江省第一水电建设集团股份有限公司,杭州 310051)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241777717939606226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707743252653, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241777717943800531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707743252653, companyId=1241777717939606226, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Anhui Jiangnan Blasting Engineering Co., Ltd., Ningguo 242300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241777717952189141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707743252653, companyId=1241777717939606226, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.安徽江南爆破工程有限公司,宁国 242300)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241777723031490585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707743252653, language=EN, label=Fig. 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Parameter table of blasting incision

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爆破切口参数/m+1.0
切口长度/m25.0
余留长度/m17.4
切口圆心角/°216
切口高度/m3.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241777727938826468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707743252653, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

爆破切口参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
爆破切口参数/m+1.0
切口长度/m25.0
余留长度/m17.4
切口圆心角/°216
切口高度/m3.5
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Parameter table of hole network of pelletizing tower wall

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炮孔位置筒壁
最小抵抗线/m0.25
炮孔孔距/m0.50
炮孔排距/m0.40
单耗/(kg·m-31.5
单孔药量/g150
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728140153071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707743252653, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

造粒塔筒壁孔网参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔位置筒壁
最小抵抗线/m0.25
炮孔孔距/m0.50
炮孔排距/m0.40
单耗/(kg·m-31.5
单孔药量/g150
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728236622068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707743252653, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Material parameters of finite element model

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材料钢筋混凝土砖头
材料密度ρ/(kg·m-3785032001800
弹性模量E/Pa2.1×10112.5×10102.1×1010
泊松比υ0.290.210.29
抗压强度/MPa3003020
抗拉强度/MPa3021.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728341479672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707743252653, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

有限元模型材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料钢筋混凝土砖头
材料密度ρ/(kg·m-3785032001800
弹性模量E/Pa2.1×10112.5×10102.1×1010
泊松比υ0.290.210.29
抗压强度/MPa3003020
抗拉强度/MPa3021.5
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双筒型旧硝铵造粒塔爆破拆除数值模拟与施工设计
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孔庆亮 1 , 夏治园 2 , 王刚 2 , 刘明锋 2 , 钱明渊 2 , 杨帆 2 , 高朋飞 2
爆破 | 拆除爆破 2024,41(2): 151-159
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爆破 | 拆除爆破 2024, 41(2): 151-159
双筒型旧硝铵造粒塔爆破拆除数值模拟与施工设计
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孔庆亮1 , 夏治园2, 王刚2, 刘明锋2, 钱明渊2, 杨帆2, 高朋飞2
作者信息
  • 1.浙江省第一水电建设集团股份有限公司,杭州 310051
  • 2.安徽江南爆破工程有限公司,宁国 242300
  • 孔庆亮(1981-)男,高级工程师、本科,从事爆破施工管理与爆破技术的研究工作,(E-mail)

    KONG Qing-liang (1981-), born in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, male, undergraduate, senior engineer, engaged in the research of blasting construction management and blasting technology, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

高朋飞(1989-),男,高级工程师、博士,从事爆破施工管理与爆破技术的研究工作,(E-mail)
Numerical Simulation and Construction Design of Blasting Demolition of Double-cylinder Old Ammonium Nitrate Granulation Tower
Qing-liang KONG1 , Zhi-yuan XIA2, Gang WANG2, Ming-feng LIU2, Ming-yuan QIAN2, Fan YANG2, Peng-fei GAO2
Affiliations
  • 1.Zhejiang First Hydropower Construction Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China
  • 2.Anhui Jiangnan Blasting Engineering Co., Ltd., Ningguo 242300, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.019
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针对复杂环境下57 m高双筒型旧硝铵造粒塔拆除爆破工况,通过分析双筒型造粒塔存在下落势能大与质量分布不均的结构特点,设计了中间起爆、逐段向双侧的爆破方式,以实现“定向爆破+内合”的倒塌效果。爆破设计方案中采用梯形爆破切口,并严格控制其周长及高度,适当保留底部支撑墙体并开设精确对称定向窗,使用高精度导爆管雷管结合孔内延时、孔外接力的复式闭合双回路起爆技术进行爆破施工。经理论分析计算,最终确定爆破切口长度为13.5 m、高度3.5 m。为验证设计方案的合理性,使用LS-DYNA仿真软件建立造粒塔三维有限元模型并进行了倒塌预分析。仿真计算结果显示:造粒塔爆破倒塌过程共历时约8.8 s,通过对造粒塔倒塌形态和顶部关键质点位移变化进行分析发现倒塌过程存在轻微下座,未发生前冲现象,总体方案的爆破参数选取合理,拆除爆破可达到预期效果。现场爆破完成后发现爆破倒塌效果与仿真计算结果基本一致,为同类型爆破工程提供了一定参考。

双筒造粒塔  /  定向爆破  /  分离式共节点  /  数值模拟  /  爆破设计

In order to demolish a 57 m high double-cylinder ammonium nitrate granulation tower in a complex environment, this study analyzes the structural characteristics of the tower, including its large potential energy and uneven mass distribution. A blasting method was designed with intermediate initiation and sequential detonation towards both sides to achieve a controlled collapse effect through “directional blasting + internal convergence”. The blasting design includes trapezoidal cut notches with strictly controlled perimeter and height. The bottom supporting walls are partially retained, and highly symmetric directional windows were created at specific heights. The demolition was carried out using high-precision nonel detonators combined with delayed initiation inside the holes and external relays outside the holes. Through theoretical analysis and calculations, the final blast notch length was determined as 13.5 m with a height of 3.5 m. To validate the design scheme, LS-DYNA simulation software was used to establish a three-dimensional finite element model of the granulation tower for pre-collapse analysis. Simulation results show that the collapse process takes approximately 8.8 seconds without any significant forward movement or toppling during collapse, indicating that the overall blasting parameters selected in this scheme are reasonable and can achieve the desired demolition effect.

double-cylinder granulation tower  /  directional blasting  /  separate common node  /  numerical simulation  /  blasting design
孔庆亮, 夏治园, 王刚, 刘明锋, 钱明渊, 杨帆, 高朋飞. 双筒型旧硝铵造粒塔爆破拆除数值模拟与施工设计. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (2) : 151 -159 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.019
Qing-liang KONG, Zhi-yuan XIA, Gang WANG, Ming-feng LIU, Ming-yuan QIAN, Fan YANG, Peng-fei GAO. Numerical Simulation and Construction Design of Blasting Demolition of Double-cylinder Old Ammonium Nitrate Granulation Tower[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (2) : 151 -159 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.019
为响应国家的节能减排号召,老式造粒塔作为高耗能、高污染行业的代表建筑物须逐步进行拆除[1-3],拆除过程中不可避免地需要用到爆破方式以确保施工效率和本质安全[4-5]。在高耸造粒塔等建筑物爆破拆除课题研究方面,国内外学者主要针对建筑物塌落过程防护、失稳破坏运动状态和爆破切口参数的计算进行了较多研究,同时随着有限元仿真技术的兴起,越来越多的学者采用LSDYNA等数值模拟软件预测高耸建筑物倒塌形态,辅助判断爆破方案的合理性。胡彬采用理论计算和数值模拟相结合的方法对切口角度理论计算方法进行了优选[6],杨辉通过分析造粒塔筒体结构及其具体尺寸设计爆破切口参数成功拆除复杂环境下180 m高钢筋凝土造粒塔[7]。李玉景借用烟囱原有检修门洞设计对称卸荷槽、采用水钻取芯密孔切割工艺精准开设定向窗拆除了一座废弃的100 m高钢混烟囱[8],李飞在首层检修平台切口侧对称设置4道6股的钢丝绳对钢内筒进行约束[9],成功爆破拆除了120 m高钢内筒钢混烟囱,孙金山通过建立烟囱下坐冲击作用下爆破切口以上烟囱的动力响应模型[10],分析了下坐冲击附加动应变波在烟囱中的传播特征。王建国考虑烟囱周边环境较复杂、烟囱年久未用且表观风化致裂等因素的影响[11],采用经济适用的防护材料进行近体防护,使飞散物得到有效控制。
综合来看,国内外学者对于结构形态迥异的双筒型高耸造粒塔爆破拆除研究相对较少,缺乏相关理论研究成果及工程实践案例。现有某化工厂旧式双筒造粒塔须进行爆破拆除,设计人员通过分析双筒型结构爆破拆除技术难点,通过合理设计爆破方案,精确选取了爆破切口周长、高度等爆破参数,并结合LSDYNA建立有限元分析模型对造粒塔倒塌过程进行数值仿真分析,为类似爆破拆除施工方案提供指导性意见。
造粒塔建于20世纪五六十年代,前苏联风格,周边环境如图所示:东侧距40 m为厂区道路、管道和输送栈桥(待拆除),南侧距20 m为生产楼(待拆除),西南距68 m为新硝铵造粒塔(待拆除),西侧距50 m为生产厂房(待拆除),由产品输料带相连(待拆除),西北距20 m有一储罐,北侧距约35 m即为液汽管道(待拆除)。待周边建构筑物全部拆除后再进行造粒塔的爆破拆除施工。见图1
造粒塔为双圆筒形砖混-钢筋混凝土混合结构,双圆筒间由加工设备间连成整体,如图2图3。造粒塔主体结构高57 m,加上顶部构筑物8 m,总高65 m。两造粒塔筒身完全一致且对称,底部9.5 m为砖混结构,外径13.5 m,内径12.5 m,壁厚50 cm;9.5 m处圈梁以上为钢筋混凝土结构,外径约13 m,内径12.5 m,壁厚约0.25 m;塔身筒体底部周长约42.4 m。两塔筒体之间设备间与筒身结构相同,北侧一面为楼梯间,薄壁剪力墙结构,外部用红砖贴壁砌筑。
(1)造粒塔塔高且重,高径比为4.3,下落势能大,倾倒触地的冲量大,须制定减震措施,防止前冲现象等。
(2)该造粒塔为对称双筒型结构,呈现出两端重,中部轻的质量分布形态,倒塌时重心偏移设计倒塌方向。
(3)该造粒塔上部为钢筋混凝土结构,底部支撑部分为砖混结构,呈现出上部质量高的特征,爆破作业时易产生明显下座。
(4)待拆造粒塔地处厂区、施工过程不得影响厂区的其他工作任务。
双筒造粒塔完全对称且结构一致,考虑到+9.5 m以下为砖混结构,而双筒体设备间有薄壁剪力墙结构的楼梯间,综合考虑上述结构和造粒塔所处环境,选择定向倾倒方案,倾倒方向选择为正北方向。考虑到双筒型造粒塔结构特点,拟定采用中间起爆、逐段向双侧起爆的方式,实现“向北定向+内合”的倒塌效果,对设计切口范围内连接双筒身的设备间、楼梯间进行机械预拆除,仅对双塔身筒体进行钻孔爆破,由于筒体有间隔窗口,可先将窗口捣空,对切口范围内砖混结构进行钻孔爆破。
针对筒体上部质量集中、两端重,中部轻等特点,爆破设计时须精确选取爆破切口周长及圆心角,控制切口高度,适当保留底部支撑墙体,避免严重下座。同时开设的定向窗须精确对称,爆破作业中选用高精度雷管并严格控制延期,保障筒体重心不发生偏移,严格按照设计方向倒塌。本次爆破依据“多打孔、少装药、适度破坏”的原则,采用孔内延时、孔外接力的复式闭合双回路起爆技术进行爆破。
根据双造粒塔的对称结构情况,设计切口形状为正梯形,切口部位距地面以上+1 m标高处。梯形底部用破碎锤修凿两个小角度定向窗。
(1)切口长度:根据筒形结构抗压不抗弯的结构特点,长度取该处周长的3/5,切口长度按下式确定
式中:L为爆破切口长度;D为造粒塔切口处外径,D=13.5 m。
计算得:L=25.4 m,取25 m。
(2)切口高度:切口高度Hp根据以往经验按下列公式确定
式中,Hp为切口高度,m。
按照此式计算,切口高度为:Hp=2.25~3.38 m。根据造粒塔的实际情况及计算结果综合考虑:为保证塔体倒塌精准,本次爆破切口高度取3.5 m。见表1
开凿定向窗是保证支撑区对称的主要技术措施,根据确定的切口形状,定向窗为三角形,底角选择为34°,三角形底边长为3.0 m,高为2.0 m。先用液压破碎锤将双塔筒身之间设备间、楼梯间拆除,拆除纵深与切口长度一致,拆除高度与筒身爆破切口高度一致。见图4图5
根据炮孔参数设计原则,设计确定如下:
炮孔深度:L=(3/5~2/3)B=0.3~0.33 m,式中,B为壁厚,取0.32 m。
最小抵抗线:W=0.5B=0.25 m。
炮孔孔距:a=(1.0~2.0)W=0.25~0.50 m,取0.50 m。
炮孔排距:b=0.866a=0.43 m,取0.40 m。
(1)人工钻孔孔径为40 mm。
(2)单孔药量计算
式中:Q为单孔装药量,kg;q为单位体积炸药消耗量,kg/m3a为炮孔孔距,m;b为炮孔排距,m;B为壁厚,m。
根据公式计算,造粒塔爆破孔网参数见表2
为控制齐发最大装药量,采用孔内延期起爆技术。如图6所示,对于单个筒体来说,由筒体连接设备间一侧向一侧,将切口范围分为3个爆破区域,1区装填MS3导爆管雷管、2区装填MS5导爆管雷管、3区装填MS7导爆管雷管。孔外使用MS3导爆管雷管捆扎形成簇连网路。
图6中,斜线部位即为钻孔爆破区域,经现场实测,钻孔爆破区域长度占切口总长度的65%,方向朝向造粒塔中心,相邻排间炮孔采用梅花形布置,计算得:每个塔身钻爆区域内可布设9排炮孔,每排约35个炮孔,共约310个炮孔,两个塔身合计620个炮孔,装药量为620*0.15=93 kg,取96 kg。
为进一步验证爆破设计方案的适用性,采用LSDYNA模拟造粒塔在自重作用下的受力状态与支撑部结构破坏过程,根据造粒塔自身结构特点,建立等比例三维分离式共节点有限元模型并进行求解。模型单位制选取为kg-m-s,其中钢筋材料分别采用梁单元BEAM 161、石砖、混凝土采用实体单元SOLID 164单元进行建模,地面单元同样采用实体单元建模。
钢筋、砖头、混凝土材料采用均采用经典塑性随动模型*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC加以描述,地面材料采用*MAT_RIGID刚体材料描述,材料参数如表3所示[12]
造粒塔整体模型及钢筋骨架如图7所示,如图7(a)中,模型Y方向为倒塌方向(正北方向),Z方向为竖直方向。其中底部标高+9.5 m以下,图中红色区域为砖混结构组分,标高+9.5 m至+57 m,即图中绿色区域为钢筋混凝土组分,标高+57 m至65 m是造粒塔顶部组件,模型中对顶部部件进行了适当简化。在底部标高+1.0 m处设置3.5 m高,25 m宽的爆破缺口,即图7(a)蓝色区域,按延期时间定义材料失效以模拟爆破缺口形成过程,钢筋与混凝土材料采用分离式共节点建模方式以还原钢混结构物理力学特征。
首先施加造粒塔自身重力载荷和重力加速度g=9.8 m/s,筒体与地面接触部分施加边界全方向约束载荷,造粒塔底部施加固结约束[13]。由于底部砖混结构与筒体钢混结构组分连接较为紧密,强度较高,故在建模时正对两组分采用共节点连接方式,即每个单元之间均涉及共用节点,并根据共用节点的受力和运动状态而产生相应物理力学状态变化,同时选用CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SINGLE_SURFACE模拟各组件之间的自动接触,CONTACT_NODES_TO_SURFACE模拟钢筋与地面的接触,MAT_ADD_EROSION定义爆破切口并模拟混凝土的压碎破坏过程,以钢筋混凝土失效应变为失效条件模拟延期爆破[14],定义钢筋失效应变为0.1,混凝土、砖体失效条件为0.02。
数值计算的结果文件采用LS-PrePost进行后处理,然后将模拟计算进行截图处理并进行比较,最后以造粒塔触地破碎为结束时刻,如图8图9所示。
图8(a)t=0.1 s时造粒塔的状态图。在数值模拟时,设置t=0.1 s从模型中删除设置好的切口物理单元,模拟爆炸形成的爆破切口。切口形成后造粒塔的整体性受到破坏,切口部分失去承载力,造粒塔上部结构的重力全部作用于余留的支撑部分。
图8(b)t=2.5 s时造粒塔的状态图。爆破切口形成后,底部砖混结构余留支撑部位开始受压。随着造粒塔缓慢前倾,支撑部位同时承受拉、压应力,逐渐达到失效应变条件。受拉部位从中间向两边发展,因砖体抗拉强度低,逐渐出现横向裂缝,如图9所示。在上部筒体自重及重力矩的作用下,当受力超出承载极限时,余留的支撑部位发生破坏,造粒塔开始下坐,如图10所示。
图8(c)t=5 s时造粒塔的状态图。在此刻造粒塔处于下坐状态,底部砖混余留结构裂缝完全扩展生成,与顶部较高质量的钢混结构脱节,顶部结构失去底部支撑,整体竖直下座,顶部竖直方向速度突跃增长,整体结构呈弧线倾倒。
图8(d)t=7.5 s时造粒塔的状态图,在此刻造粒塔下坐完成。在造粒塔下坐到触地的过程中,底部余留部分因不断的冲击地面而破碎,造粒塔的竖向速度也会急剧减小。此时造粒塔处于加速下倾阶段。在造粒塔下坐完成后,随着造粒塔切口触地完全闭合,烟筒筒体将绕形成新的转动支点下倾。在加速下倾前,造粒塔将有一段相对稳定的下倾阶段,该阶段的时长与下坐完成时造粒塔的下倾速度有关。
图8(f)t=8.8 s时造粒塔的状态图,此时造粒塔倾覆倒塌完成。造粒塔倒塌触地后,筒体高速冲击地面,筒体混凝土被摔碎,靠近底部部分被压扁。
进一步观察造粒塔筒体顶部节点位移、速度变化规律,综合分析校核判断出该造粒塔筒体结构倒塌倾覆过程中是否发生前冲或方向偏移,选取造粒塔顶部部分特征点,观察其三方向位移变化情况,如图11所示。
三方向位移变化曲线如图12所示。
图12可得,竖直方向即Z方向在切口形成约2.5 s内,造粒塔顶部竖直位移与速度时程曲线趋于水平线,说明造粒塔在自重作用下重心开始偏移并旋转而还没开始下落,处于造粒塔大偏心受压脆性断裂阶段。在2.5~8.4 s阶段,造粒塔顶部的速度处于均匀加速过程,说明造粒塔顶部竖直方向的速度在下坐阶段也近似以自由落体的形式进行加速8.4~8.8 s内,测点所在单元碰撞地面,材料失效,由于仿真软件计算特点,测点位移经曲线平滑后归零。
模拟计算得到的着地后的上段筒体测点Z方向位移为54.2 m,与实际造粒塔筒体高度的57 m较吻合,Y方向位移43.8 m,结合计算过程显示造粒塔的上段筒体存在下座,下座程度较大,主要原因为底部有9.5 m砖体结构,抗压强度较低,受上部筒体压缩破坏较大。造粒塔X方向上位移0.25 m,说明筒体依照设计方向倒塌,未发生明显偏移。
图13(c)是造粒塔顶部测点1在Z方向的速度时程曲线。可以看到,在2.0 s之前,纵向速度基本为零,说明在爆破切口形成瞬间,造粒塔底部余留截面能够承受来自上部筒体的荷载,没有被迅速压碎,有利于造粒塔定向。在2.0~4.2 s时间内造粒塔预留部位混凝土发生破坏,结构开始下坐,Y方向速度开始增大,最大速度达到-9.81 m/s,此时下坐基本完成。在4.2~4.75 s时间内爆破切口开始触地,下部砖体会被压碎,吸收了大部分能量,导致Y方向速度部分减小。4.75~6.2 s时间内造粒塔有一个相对稳定期,6.2 s之后Y方向速度逐渐增大,触地瞬间速度达到最大-23.3 m/s左右,之后速度迅速的降为零,整个倒塌过程结束。图14(b)Y方向速度根据造粒塔弧形运动曲线特征,0~2 s时造粒塔与水平面夹角的较大,速度相对较小,2~4.2 s,在4.2~8 s时速度较快,之后随着造粒塔与水平面夹角的不断减小,速度不断变小直至归零。图14(a)是造粒塔顶部测点1在X方向的速度时程曲线。从图中可以看到,在开始阶段速度出现了负值,说明切口形成瞬间,造粒塔在顶部出现了轻微的摆动,之后开始沿着预定的倒塌方向倾倒。
经过理论分析和数值模拟相互结合得到,采用上述爆破方案可完成双筒造粒塔爆破拆除工作,现场爆破依照方案对57 m高双筒造粒塔烟囱采用单切口爆破,向正北倒塌,现场爆破效果如图14所示。
图14中可以看出,实际倒塌结果与数值模拟倒塌过程基本一致,均发生了一定下座,但整体未发生前冲,造粒塔整体朝设计方向倒塌,符合设计要求,爆堆形态如图15所示。
基于双筒型造粒塔实际爆破拆除工况,设计人员通过分析双筒型高耸造粒塔拆除爆破技术难点,依据“开窗口、断钢筋、余留支撑板块”和“多打孔、少装药、适度破坏”的原则,通过理论分析计算爆破技术参数并结合数值仿真模拟的方式进行预分析,数值仿真结果显示筒体倒塌时相较于原设计正东方向上往右偏移约0.2 m,筒体倒塌后长度为43.8 m,现场爆破作业成功拆除了一座双筒型造粒塔,整体倒塌过程基本符合设计要求,与仿真结果基本一致。研究得出以下结论:
(1)面对对称双筒型结构整体质量大,质量分布呈现出两端重,中部轻的特点,考虑采用中间起爆、逐段向双侧起爆的方式,实现“定向倾倒+内合”,可取得较为良好的倒塌效果。
(2)面对双筒型造粒塔上部筒体质量高,易出现严重下座情况,精确选取爆破切口周长及圆心角,控制切口高度、适当保留底部支撑墙体,开设高度精确对称定向窗,辅以高精度雷管网络爆破底部缺口,可有效降低下座程度。
(3)采用分离式共节点建模方法建立造粒塔三维有限元模型,对造粒塔爆破倒塌过程进行仿真计算,模拟过程中有效还原了余留体裂缝扩展、筒体下座等倒塌过程现象及质点运动状态,模拟结果与现场实际倒塌工况较为接近,进一步证实了分离式共节点建模法数值模拟建筑物爆破倒塌过程准确性。
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2024年第41卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.019
  • 接收时间:2023-04-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-14
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    1.浙江省第一水电建设集团股份有限公司,杭州 310051
    2.安徽江南爆破工程有限公司,宁国 242300

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高朋飞(1989-),男,高级工程师、博士,从事爆破施工管理与爆破技术的研究工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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