Article(id=1241777707369959593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699977600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992476550, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717171200000, pubDateStr=2024-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992476550, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992476550, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992476550, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241777699996368955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992474792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992784144, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=32, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241777709265785040, articleId=1241777707369959593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Field Test of Long Footage Burn Cut Blasting Excavation and Control of Overcut and Undercut in Medium Section Tunnel, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Due to the limitations in construction scope, blasting a medium-section tunnel is challenging as it often results in short circular footage and significant over and under excavation. To reduce costs and increase efficiency, it is essential to focus on long footage excavation and fine control of over and under excavation. In this study, a straight hole cutting blasting scheme was designed for a medium section tunnel project and 40 cycles of blasting excavation field tests were conducted. The results revealed that when designing the long footage blasting parameters for a medium section tunnel based on the blasting design manual, issues such as high block rate and uneven face frequently arise. However, by appropriately increasing the charge of the cut part (the proportion of charge of the cut part increased from 12.8% to 18.1% in our field test), better blasting effects were achieved. Additionally, by reducing the charge amount of peripheral holes and adjusting their distance from each other, smooth blasting effect was effectively ensured. During the field test, adjustments were made to the charge amount of peripheral holes based on preliminary design for blasting parameters. This resulted in good contour forming effects with a half-hole rate exceeding 90%. However, an average overcutting value of 18.6 cm was observed across all 40 excavation sections during the blasting cycle. The main cause for this overcutting was identified as platform irregularities along the contour line. To address this issue, it is necessary not only to reduce external drilling angles but also control platform width alongside reasonable parameter designs for surrounding holes. The straight hole cutting scheme proved compatible with three-arm rock drilling truck construction methods while enabling mechanized long-shot blasting excavations. Nevertheless, precise control over overcutting and undercutting remains challenging along with cost management during blast construction. It is necessary to optimize and improve the operation technology of drilling personnel and the management mode of site construction.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
DU Yu-xiang (1992-), male, Associate professor, Ph. D, mainly engaged in scientific research in engineering blasting, (E-mail) .
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中等断面隧道受施工范围限制易导致爆破难度大,循环进尺短,超欠挖问题严重,长进尺开挖和超欠挖控制是降本增效的有效途径。基于某中等断面隧道工程设计了长进尺直孔掏槽爆破方案,进行了40个循环的爆破开挖现场试验,结果表明:(1)按照爆破手册设计中等断面隧道开挖爆破参数,往往大块率高,掌子面不平整,适当增加直孔掏槽孔单孔装药量(现场试验掏槽药量占比由12.8%增至18.1%),可获得较好的爆破效果;(2)在初步设计参数基础上调整了中等断面隧道周边孔单孔装药量,线装药密度最终确定为0.27 kg/m,轮廓成形效果好,半孔率达90%以上,现场40个爆破循环超挖平均值为18.6 cm,分析可知超挖量主要由轮廓线处留置错台造成,在超挖控制方面,除了周边孔参数的合理设计外,应在钻孔施工过程中尽可能减小错台宽度,从而降低超挖;(3)直孔掏槽方案能很好地匹配凿岩台车钻孔施工,实现机械化长进尺爆破开挖,但超欠挖精细控制和爆破施工成本控制是重难点问题,需从钻孔人员操作技术和现场施工管理模式方面进行优化提升。研究成果可为中等断面隧道机械化钻爆施工、长进尺爆破开挖与超欠挖精细控制设计和施工提供参考依据。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杜宇翔(1992-),男,副教授、博士,主要从事工程爆破方面的科研工作,(E-mail)
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=6QpyCcw5o0uUqb7Ppv9pAg==, magXml=fspkFrwSFiSY5PWrwSHXCg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=GpWdU6XfMYLGQEQ73vIk8Q==, pdfFileSize=1934810, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=tNCHYYX+ciHJe+Prt/Fuww==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=x6vs6eGSyN0dOW5snn1PYw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

龚伟毅(1989-),男,助理工程师,从事隧道与地下工程方面的研究工作,(E-mail)

GONG Wei-yi (1989-), male, Assistant engineer, mainly engaged in tunnel and underground engineering research work, (E-mail) .

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龚伟毅(1989-),男,助理工程师,从事隧道与地下工程方面的研究工作,(E-mail)

GONG Wei-yi (1989-), male, Assistant engineer, mainly engaged in tunnel and underground engineering research work, (E-mail) .

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龚伟毅(1989-),男,助理工程师,从事隧道与地下工程方面的研究工作,(E-mail)

GONG Wei-yi (1989-), male, Assistant engineer, mainly engaged in tunnel and underground engineering research work, (E-mail) .

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Discussion on the blast technology in medium section tunnel, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777725237694619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=彭立敏, journalName=交通隧道工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=彭立敏. 交通隧道工程[M]. 长沙: 中南大学出版社, 2003., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777726772809893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=PENG Li-min, journalName=Traffic tunnel engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PENG Li-min. Traffic tunnel engineering[M]. Changsha: Central South University Press, 2003. 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Efficient driving method for large section tunnel by burn cut blasting with uncharged holes[J]. Blasting, 2022, 39(3): 76-81. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Efficient driving method for large section tunnel by burn cut blasting with uncharged holes, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241777724772126846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, awardId=B2022282, language=EN, fundingSource=Scientific Research Project of Hubei Education Department(B2022282), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241777724860207237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, awardId=B2022282, language=CN, fundingSource=湖北省教育厅科学研究计划指导性项目(B2022282), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241777717838942917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241777717847331527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, companyId=1241777717838942917, language=EN, country=null, 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language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2b.江汉大学 湖北(武汉)爆炸与爆破技术研究院,武汉 430056)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241777720498131911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Tunnel profile design (unit: cm), figureFileSmall=92QzSGf4h03PWb1r12kn0A==, figureFileBig=tNCHYYX+ciHJe+Prt/Fuww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777720586212302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, language=CN, label=图1, caption=隧道断面内轮廓设计(单位:cm), figureFileSmall=92QzSGf4h03PWb1r12kn0A==, figureFileBig=tNCHYYX+ciHJe+Prt/Fuww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777722234573793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Burn cut blasting design (unit: mm), figureFileSmall=iLu//DzIHR52Q+Yzc0/zYA==, 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ArticleFig(id=1241777723471892533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, language=CN, label=图7, caption=直孔掏槽现场爆破效果, figureFileSmall=IrZ80fzyAptjuCGJn8ra9w==, figureFileBig=zuleAA3oBr+C9H7zCj33oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777723610304571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The platform is too wide causing overcut, figureFileSmall=V+r6IWLuTuGasfqwhv4CFA==, figureFileBig=xbdzFknlrrt9Y1c3Qe9lWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777723719356481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, language=CN, label=图8, caption=错台过宽导致超挖较大, figureFileSmall=V+r6IWLuTuGasfqwhv4CFA==, figureFileBig=xbdzFknlrrt9Y1c3Qe9lWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777723845185608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Preliminary design of blasting parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型孔数单孔装药量/kg合计装药量/kg
掏槽孔133.2141.73
周边孔411.3555.35
底板孔122.8233.84
辅助孔613.20195.11
合计127 326.03
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723966820430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

爆破参数初步设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型孔数单孔装药量/kg合计装药量/kg
掏槽孔133.2141.73
周边孔411.3555.35
底板孔122.8233.84
辅助孔613.20195.11
合计127 326.03
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724054900816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of burn cut blasting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型(段别)孔数孔深/m装药直径/mm延期时间/ms单孔装药量/kg合计装药量/kg
空孔44.70    
掏槽孔(1)14.704005.00 5.00
掏槽孔(2)24.7040504.50 9.00
掏槽孔(3)24.70401004.50 9.00
掏槽孔(4)24.70401504.50 9.00
掏槽孔(5)24.70402004.50 9.00
掏槽孔(6)24.70402504.50 9.00
掏槽孔(7)24.70403004.50 9.00
辅助孔(8)64.50403503.5021.00
辅助孔(9)64.50404003.5021.00
辅助孔(10)64.50404503.5021.00
辅助孔(11)64.50405003.5021.00
辅助孔(12)54.50405503.5017.50
辅助孔(13)54.50406003.5017.50
辅助孔(14)54.50406503.5017.50
辅助孔(15)84.50407003.5028.00
辅助孔(16)74.50407503.5024.50
辅助孔(17)74.50408003.5024.50
辅助孔(18)84.50408503.5028.00
底板孔(19)104.50409004.0040.00
周边孔(20)414.50329501.2049.20
底板孔(21)24.504010004.00 8.00
合计139    397.70
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724172341336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

直孔掏槽爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型(段别)孔数孔深/m装药直径/mm延期时间/ms单孔装药量/kg合计装药量/kg
空孔44.70    
掏槽孔(1)14.704005.00 5.00
掏槽孔(2)24.7040504.50 9.00
掏槽孔(3)24.70401004.50 9.00
掏槽孔(4)24.70401504.50 9.00
掏槽孔(5)24.70402004.50 9.00
掏槽孔(6)24.70402504.50 9.00
掏槽孔(7)24.70403004.50 9.00
辅助孔(8)64.50403503.5021.00
辅助孔(9)64.50404003.5021.00
辅助孔(10)64.50404503.5021.00
辅助孔(11)64.50405003.5021.00
辅助孔(12)54.50405503.5017.50
辅助孔(13)54.50406003.5017.50
辅助孔(14)54.50406503.5017.50
辅助孔(15)84.50407003.5028.00
辅助孔(16)74.50407503.5024.50
辅助孔(17)74.50408003.5024.50
辅助孔(18)84.50408503.5028.00
底板孔(19)104.50409004.0040.00
周边孔(20)414.50329501.2049.20
底板孔(21)24.504010004.00 8.00
合计139    397.70
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724293976159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Technical and economic indexes of the original blasting scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平均每循环进尺/m炮孔利用率/%平均每循环崩落岩石/m3炸药单耗/(kg·m-3每米隧道炸药消耗量/(kg·m-3每循环炮孔总长度/m岩石雷管消耗量/(个·m-3每米隧道雷管消耗量/(个·m-3
3.1690.29144.381.8882.22435.900.7834.24
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724411416680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

原爆破方案主要技术经济指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平均每循环进尺/m炮孔利用率/%平均每循环崩落岩石/m3炸药单耗/(kg·m-3每米隧道炸药消耗量/(kg·m-3每循环炮孔总长度/m岩石雷管消耗量/(个·m-3每米隧道雷管消耗量/(个·m-3
3.1690.29144.381.8882.22435.900.7834.24
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724503691373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Technical and economic indexes of burn cut blasting scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
平均每循环进尺/m炮孔利用率/%平均每循环崩落岩石/m3炸药单耗/(kg·m-3每米隧道炸药消耗量/(kg·m-1每循环炮孔总长度/m岩石雷管消耗量/(个·m-3每米隧道雷管消耗量/(个·m-3
4.1291.56180.252.2196.89628.900.7532.77
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724629520502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777707369959593, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

直孔掏槽爆破方案主要技术经济指标

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平均每循环进尺/m炮孔利用率/%平均每循环崩落岩石/m3炸药单耗/(kg·m-3每米隧道炸药消耗量/(kg·m-1每循环炮孔总长度/m岩石雷管消耗量/(个·m-3每米隧道雷管消耗量/(个·m-3
4.1291.56180.252.2196.89628.900.7532.77
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中等断面隧道长进尺直孔掏槽爆破开挖与超欠挖控制现场试验
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龚伟毅 1 , 姚颖康 2a, 2b , 杜宇翔 2a, 2b
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024,41(2): 32-39
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024, 41(2): 32-39
中等断面隧道长进尺直孔掏槽爆破开挖与超欠挖控制现场试验
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龚伟毅1 , 姚颖康2a, 2b, 杜宇翔2a, 2b
作者信息
  • 1.中铁十二局集团 第一工程有限公司,西安 710038
  • 2a.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
  • 2b.江汉大学 湖北(武汉)爆炸与爆破技术研究院,武汉 430056
  • 龚伟毅(1989-),男,助理工程师,从事隧道与地下工程方面的研究工作,(E-mail)

    GONG Wei-yi (1989-), male, Assistant engineer, mainly engaged in tunnel and underground engineering research work, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

杜宇翔(1992-),男,副教授、博士,主要从事工程爆破方面的科研工作,(E-mail)
Field Test of Long Footage Burn Cut Blasting Excavation and Control of Overcut and Undercut in Medium Section Tunnel
Wei-yi GONG1 , Ying-kang YAO2a, 2b, Yu-xiang DU2a, 2b
Affiliations
  • 1.The 1st Engineeing Co., Ltd. of China Railway 12th Bureau Group, Xi'an 710038, China
  • 2a.State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
  • 2b.Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.005
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中等断面隧道受施工范围限制易导致爆破难度大,循环进尺短,超欠挖问题严重,长进尺开挖和超欠挖控制是降本增效的有效途径。基于某中等断面隧道工程设计了长进尺直孔掏槽爆破方案,进行了40个循环的爆破开挖现场试验,结果表明:(1)按照爆破手册设计中等断面隧道开挖爆破参数,往往大块率高,掌子面不平整,适当增加直孔掏槽孔单孔装药量(现场试验掏槽药量占比由12.8%增至18.1%),可获得较好的爆破效果;(2)在初步设计参数基础上调整了中等断面隧道周边孔单孔装药量,线装药密度最终确定为0.27 kg/m,轮廓成形效果好,半孔率达90%以上,现场40个爆破循环超挖平均值为18.6 cm,分析可知超挖量主要由轮廓线处留置错台造成,在超挖控制方面,除了周边孔参数的合理设计外,应在钻孔施工过程中尽可能减小错台宽度,从而降低超挖;(3)直孔掏槽方案能很好地匹配凿岩台车钻孔施工,实现机械化长进尺爆破开挖,但超欠挖精细控制和爆破施工成本控制是重难点问题,需从钻孔人员操作技术和现场施工管理模式方面进行优化提升。研究成果可为中等断面隧道机械化钻爆施工、长进尺爆破开挖与超欠挖精细控制设计和施工提供参考依据。

中等断面隧道  /  直孔掏槽  /  长进尺开挖  /  超欠挖控制  /  精细爆破

Due to the limitations in construction scope, blasting a medium-section tunnel is challenging as it often results in short circular footage and significant over and under excavation. To reduce costs and increase efficiency, it is essential to focus on long footage excavation and fine control of over and under excavation. In this study, a straight hole cutting blasting scheme was designed for a medium section tunnel project and 40 cycles of blasting excavation field tests were conducted. The results revealed that when designing the long footage blasting parameters for a medium section tunnel based on the blasting design manual, issues such as high block rate and uneven face frequently arise. However, by appropriately increasing the charge of the cut part (the proportion of charge of the cut part increased from 12.8% to 18.1% in our field test), better blasting effects were achieved. Additionally, by reducing the charge amount of peripheral holes and adjusting their distance from each other, smooth blasting effect was effectively ensured. During the field test, adjustments were made to the charge amount of peripheral holes based on preliminary design for blasting parameters. This resulted in good contour forming effects with a half-hole rate exceeding 90%. However, an average overcutting value of 18.6 cm was observed across all 40 excavation sections during the blasting cycle. The main cause for this overcutting was identified as platform irregularities along the contour line. To address this issue, it is necessary not only to reduce external drilling angles but also control platform width alongside reasonable parameter designs for surrounding holes. The straight hole cutting scheme proved compatible with three-arm rock drilling truck construction methods while enabling mechanized long-shot blasting excavations. Nevertheless, precise control over overcutting and undercutting remains challenging along with cost management during blast construction. It is necessary to optimize and improve the operation technology of drilling personnel and the management mode of site construction.

medium section tunnel  /  burn cut  /  long footage excavation  /  over and under excavation control  /  precise blasting
龚伟毅, 姚颖康, 杜宇翔. 中等断面隧道长进尺直孔掏槽爆破开挖与超欠挖控制现场试验. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (2) : 32 -39 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.005
Wei-yi GONG, Ying-kang YAO, Yu-xiang DU. Field Test of Long Footage Burn Cut Blasting Excavation and Control of Overcut and Undercut in Medium Section Tunnel[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (2) : 32 -39 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.005
隧道爆破开挖是控制隧道工程施工工期和成本最为关键的工序之一,爆破开挖工期主要取决于循环进尺,爆破开挖成本控制与超欠挖控制密切相关[1]。根据国际隧道协会分类标准[2],将隧道按照面积大小划分为:超小断面隧道(<3 m2)、小断面隧道(3~10 m2)、中等断面隧道(10~50 m2)、大断面隧道(50~100 m2)、超大断面隧道(>100 m2)。其中,中等断面隧道应用尤为广泛,例如单线公路/铁路隧道、城市地铁隧道和水利工程隧洞等。众所周知,中小断面隧道受施工范围限制,易导致爆破难度大,循环进尺短,超欠挖问题严重,从而造成爆破开挖工期长,成本消耗大。因此,长进尺爆破开挖和超欠挖精细控制是中等断面隧道工程降本增效的有效途径。
隧道爆破开挖效率主要取决于合理的爆破参数和良好的施工质量,其中,掏槽形式和掏槽参数尤为关键。U Langefors和B Kihlstroms较早提出了一些掏槽形式[3],对早起隧道爆破掏槽设计起到了重要参考作用。V Y Shapiro对楔形掏槽、直孔掏槽、分阶掏槽等不同的掏槽形式进行了对比分析[4]。宗琦和张国勇对比了双空孔菱形掏槽和单空孔四角柱掏槽[5],推荐了合理的掏槽形式和参数。单仁亮提出了准直眼掏槽方法[6],实践表明具有良好的爆破效果。目前应用最广泛的掏槽方式为楔形掏槽和直孔掏槽[7]。王平研究了三臂凿岩台车钻孔条件下楔形掏槽爆破参数和爆破作业工艺[8]。闫高文、李鹏对比了三臂凿岩台车楔形掏槽和直孔掏槽两种方法的爆破效果[9,10],总结了直孔掏槽爆破方案能够显著提高施工效率。吉燎原提出利用增设掏槽空孔创造临空面[11]。张召冉、王远来、熊亮分析了直孔掏槽爆破时空孔的作用机理[12-14],并提出了掏槽孔参数设计方法。杨仁树探讨了我国机械化钻爆施工条件下高效掘进工艺的发展方向[15]。隧道超欠挖一直是隧道光面爆破关注的重难点问题,除了与岩体地质条件有关,主要还与钻爆技术方案及施工工艺有关,包括爆破设计参数、测量放样精度、钻孔精度、钻爆器材等[16],学者们目前主要从周边孔参数优化、起爆时差优化、起爆技术改进、钻爆掘进设备配套等方面探讨了隧道超欠挖有效控制技术[17,18]。上述研究大多通过理论分析,或基于若干次循环爆破掘进现场试验开展讨论,结果具有一定局限性,且较少有针对中等断面隧道长进尺爆破开挖和超欠挖控制方面的研究。
基于某中等断面隧道工程,设计了直孔掏槽爆破掘进方案,通过现场试验分析了直孔掏槽方案的爆破效果,探讨了中等断面隧道长进尺爆破开挖与超欠挖精细控制方法,为同类型中等断面隧道在机械化钻爆施工、爆破设计参数和超欠挖控制等方面提供了参考。
某隧道项目断面净空面尺寸为6.5 m(宽)×6.5 m(高),内净空面积40.55 m2,属于中等断面隧道,断面内轮廓设计如图1所示。隧道属中高山~高山峡谷地貌,地形起伏较大。隧道开挖段内下伏基岩为花岗岩,主要为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级围岩,对于Ⅲ级及以上围岩,采用全断面法爆破施工,Ⅲ级围岩段开挖面积44.48 m2,Ⅱ级围岩段开挖面积43.75 m2,支护方式为喷射混凝土+局部范围锚杆支护。通过设计直孔掏槽爆破掘进方案,并在本隧道试验段开展隧道爆破现场试验,探讨合理高效的长进尺开挖与超欠挖精细控制隧道爆破施工方法。
隧道掘进直孔掏槽爆破方案采用三臂凿岩台车进行钻孔,依据爆破设计手册进行爆破参数初步设计[19]
单位炸药消耗量主要取决于岩石性质、炸药性能、隧道断面尺寸等因素,采用修正普氏公式进行估算
式中:q为单位炸药消耗量,kg/m3f为岩石坚固性系数;S为隧道掘进断面积,m2k0为炸药性能系数,k0=525/p,其中p为爆力,mL。
采用修正普氏公式初步确定单位炸药消耗量,现场采用岩石乳化炸药,爆力为260 mL,隧道爆破试验段围岩为辉绿岩,属于极硬岩,试验测得岩块单轴抗压强度约为300 MPa,考虑地应力水平影响,岩石坚固性系数取f=30,计算可得炸药单耗为1.84 kg/m3
炮孔数目的确定主要取决于岩石性质和隧道断面尺寸,根据岩石坚固性系数和隧道断面面积进行估算
式中:N为隧道全断面炮孔总数。
由式(2)计算得炮孔总数为127个,根据炮孔总数进行工作面炮孔设计,确定掏槽孔、辅助孔、周边孔和底板孔的炮孔数目
式中:N1为掏槽孔数目;N2为周边孔数目;N3为底板孔数目;N4为辅助孔数目。
根据常见直孔掏槽布置形式,空孔数量一般为1~4个,确定好空孔数量后,可按下式估算空孔直径和中心装药孔至空孔距离[20]
式中:de为空孔直径,mm;L为设计进尺(周边孔深度),m;Nn为空孔数量;De为与多个空孔起相同作用的等效单空孔直径,mm;a为中心装药孔至空孔距离,mm。
设计循环进尺为4.5 m,采用4空孔角柱状掏槽形式,由式(4)~(6)可得,空孔直径为104 mm,中心装药孔至空孔距离为311 mm。
根据设计循环进尺,先初步估算每个循环总装药量,再按照炮孔布置和不同类型炮孔进行分配,结合爆破实践进行检验修正,直到取得较好的爆破效果。总装药量由式(7)确定
式中:Q为掘进每循环所需炸药总量,kg;q为单位炸药消耗量,kg/m3V为每循环进尺所爆落的岩石总体积,V=SLη,m3η为炮孔利用率,一般η=0.8~0.95。
试验段为Ⅱ级围岩,开挖断面面积为43.75 m2,炮孔利用率取0.9,由式(7)可得,每循环炸药总量为326.03 kg。
(1)掏槽孔装药量
式中:Q1i为掏槽孔单孔药量,kg;Q1为掏槽孔总装药量,kg。
(2)周边孔装药量
式中:Q2i为周边孔单孔药量,kg;qr为周边孔线装药密度,kg/m;Q2为周边孔总装药量,kg。
(3)底板孔装药量
式中:Q3i为底板孔单孔药量,kg;Q3为底板孔总装药量,kg。
(4)辅助孔装药量
式中:Q4为辅助孔总装药量,kg;Q4i为辅助孔单孔药量,kg。
设计4空孔角柱状掏槽形式掏槽孔数目为13个;设计周边孔数目为41个,周边孔线装药密度取qr=0.3 kg/m;设计底板孔数目为12个;由式(8)~(15)可得到不同类型炮孔数目和药量分配,计算结果如表1所示。
经过若干次试爆实践,根据试爆效果进行参数优化调整,确定最终隧道掘进直孔掏槽爆破参数。掏槽孔布置范围为1.2 m×1.2 m,空孔和掏槽孔孔深均为4.7 m,空孔直径为125 mm,中心装药孔至空孔距离250 mm,相邻装药孔和空孔距离均为250 mm。掏槽孔布置如图2所示,现场掏槽孔钻孔效果如图3所示。
隧道直孔掏槽爆破最终方案炮孔总数135个,空孔4个,周边孔孔距430 mm,光爆层厚度600 mm,底板孔孔距600 mm,共设置4排辅助孔,孔距由外到内依次为800 mm、800 mm、800 mm、820 mm,排距由外到内依次为800 mm、800 mm、600 mm。周边孔、部分底板孔和辅助孔药卷直径为32 mm,其余炮孔药卷直径为40 mm,周边孔采用间隔装药结构,其余炮孔采用连续装药结构,合计装药量397.7 kg。采用电子雷管控制起爆延期时间,共设置21个段别,每段别延期时间为50 ms,最大单段药量49.2 kg。全断面炮孔布置如图4所示,装药结构如图5所示,爆破参数如表2所示。
按照原楔形掏槽参数进行隧道爆破,爆破效果不佳,大块率高,且掌子面不平整。基于初步设计的直孔掏槽方案,通过现场40个循环的爆破试验,逐步优化调整爆破参数,增加了掏槽孔装药量,最终取得了较好的爆破效果。分析原因可知,对于中等断面隧道而言,由于隧道断面面积较小,爆破抛掷空间受限,所需的爆破能量也显著增加。炸药单耗的估算应考虑掏槽形式和开挖进尺,长进尺开挖需适当增加装药量。统计了原方案和直孔掏槽方案爆破效果主要技术经济指标,如表3表4所示,结果表明,与原方案相比,直孔掏槽方案炮孔数量有所增加,炸药单耗增大,但循环进尺和炮孔利用率均有所提高,能够显著提高开挖效率。
为控制超挖率,在初步设计参数基础上调整了周边孔单孔装药量,最终确定为0.27 kg/m。通过三维激光扫描技术获取隧道爆破开挖轮廓点云数据,对超欠挖情况进行分析,如图6所示。由统计结果可知,直孔掏槽爆破最大平均线性超挖29.6 cm,最小平均线性超挖7.8 cm,统计开挖段超挖平均值18.6 cm,最大平均线性欠挖11.1 cm,最小平均线性欠挖0.2 cm,统计开挖段欠挖平均值3.28 cm。
通过对现场爆破施工过程进行分析,现场开挖段为Ⅱ级围岩,围岩条件很好,由现场爆破效果(图7)可知,半孔率90%以上,直孔掏槽采用三臂凿岩台车钻孔,周边孔分布均匀,轮廓成形效果好。现场超挖过大的主要原因是开挖轮廓线处预留错台过宽所致(图8),在钻凿周边孔时,钻孔起始位置位于轮廓线上,由于所设置外插角的影响,孔底则位于开挖轮廓线外侧,从而导致超挖;其次,由于围岩条件较差或操作工技术问题导致周边孔成孔质量差,也会增加超挖量。现场钻孔时外插角一定,开挖进尺越大,错台越宽,超挖量也相应增加。在超挖控制技术方面,除了周边孔参数的合理设计以外,应尽可能减少钻孔外插角,控制错台宽度。欠挖主要取决于围岩条件和周边孔成孔质量;其次,轮廓线定位或掘进方向出现较大偏差,也易造成欠挖。现场欠挖一般难以二次处理,需由操作工保证成孔质量来避免欠挖。
基于某中等断面隧道工程,设计了直孔掏槽爆破掘进方案,通过40个循环的隧道爆破现场试验,分析了直孔掏槽方案的爆破效果,探讨了中等断面隧道长进尺爆破开挖与超欠挖精细控制方法。主要结论如下:
(1)开挖进尺是衡量爆破效果的重要指标之一。按照原楔形掏槽方案爆破,爆破效果往往不佳,大块率高,且掌子面不平整。分析原因认为中等断面隧道爆破抛掷空间受限,显著提升了爆破难度。炸药单耗的估算应考虑掏槽方式和开挖进尺的影响,对于长进尺爆破开挖,尤其是掏槽部分,应适当增加单孔装药量。
(2)对于周边孔装药,在理论设计参数基础上,可通过现场试验适当减少单孔装药量,减小孔间距,更好地保证光面爆破效果。在中等断面隧道爆破开挖现场试验中,基于初步设计参数,进一步优化了周边孔单孔装药量,轮廓成形效果好,半孔率达90%以上。
(3)隧道长进尺直孔掏槽爆破开挖40个循环统计段超挖平均值18.6 cm,欠挖平均值3.28 cm,以超挖为主,超挖主要原因是轮廓线处预留错台所致;在超挖控制方面,除了周边孔参数的合理设计以外,应尽可能减小钻孔外插角,控制错台宽度。
(4)基于现场机械化钻孔设备及工艺的应用,直孔掏槽方案能较好地匹配凿岩台车钻孔施工,实现长进尺爆破开挖,并能达到理想的爆破块度,但炸药单耗的控制仍是难点,现场II级围岩直孔掏槽爆破试验炸药单耗仍然较大,有进一步优化空间。另外,超欠挖精细控制控制亦是重难点,需从钻孔人员操作技术和现场施工管理模式方面进行优化提升,文中隧道直孔掏槽爆破设计与现场试验为同类型中等断面隧道在机械化钻爆施工、长进尺爆破开挖与超欠挖精细控制方面提供了借鉴方法和设计参数。
  • 湖北省教育厅科学研究计划指导性项目(B2022282)
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2024年第41卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.005
  • 接收时间:2023-11-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-15
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Scientific Research Project of Hubei Education Department(B2022282)
湖北省教育厅科学研究计划指导性项目(B2022282)
作者信息
    1.中铁十二局集团 第一工程有限公司,西安 710038
    2a.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
    2b.江汉大学 湖北(武汉)爆炸与爆破技术研究院,武汉 430056

通讯作者:

杜宇翔(1992-),男,副教授、博士,主要从事工程爆破方面的科研工作,(E-mail)
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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