Article(id=1241777706875031692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702742400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992476433, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717171200000, pubDateStr=2024-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992476433, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992476433, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992476433, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241777699996368955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992474792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992784144, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=75, endPage=85, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241777707785195695, articleId=1241777706875031692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Effect of Blasting Vibration on Stability of Safety Roof Pillar for Open-pit to Underground Transition in Longshou Mine, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aims to investigate the stability evolution of the safety roof pillar during the transition from open-pit to underground mining in Longshou mine under the influence of blasting vibration. A numerical calculation model was established based on the current mining area conditions. The most critical position of the safety roof pillar was determined through calculations, and a two-dimensional numerical model for this position was developed using top-level mining as an example. By calculating blasting parameters and equivalent elastic boundaries, we obtained the peak blasting load transmitted from cutting holes, auxiliary holes, and peripheral holes to the excavation surface. Subsequently, numerical calculations were conducted to assess the stability of the safety roof pillar after applying an equivalent blasting load to the excavation face. The results indicate that each delayed blast caused displacement and vibration velocity peaks, with maximum displacement observed at monitoring points inside the safety roof pillar closest to the blast site. Vibration velocity spreads spherically around the blasting operation position into surrounding rock mass. Based on criteria related to blasting vibration velocity and rock damage assessment, it can be concluded that overall there is no or only slight damage present in the safety roof pillar. Additionally, analysis reveals that maximum principal stress remains lower than tensile strength of rock mass without any significant formation of a tensile fracture plastic zone on the safety roof pillar. In general, the designed thickness of the safety roof pillar meets requirements for open-pit to underground mining. However, due to actual geological complexities beyond what is captured by the numerical model, it is essential to continuously observe and monitor changes in the safety roof pillar to ensure its stability during ongoing mining operations.

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LI Ju-hong (1985-), female, senior engineer, engaged in road and bridge design, (E-mail) .
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为了探索爆破振动影响下龙首矿露天转地下开采安全顶柱的稳定性演化规律,结合矿区现状建立了对应的三维数值模型,通过计算获取了安全顶柱最危险截面位置,随后以最上部中段开采为例构建了最危险截面位置的二维数值计算模型。根据爆破参数和等效弹性边界的计算,得到掏槽眼、辅助眼和周边眼传递到开挖轮廓面上的爆破荷载峰值。将爆破荷载等效到开挖面后,开展了针对安全顶柱稳定性的数值计算。结果表明:每段延期爆破都产生了位移和振速峰值,且距离爆破位置最近的安全顶柱内监测点位移最大;以爆破作业位置为中心,振动速度向四周岩体球形扩散。根据爆破振速与岩石损伤判据,安全顶柱总体处于无损伤或轻微损伤状态。此外,最大主应力低于岩体抗拉强度,安全顶柱未形成明显地拉裂破坏塑性区。总体上来说,安全顶柱的设计厚度能够满足露天转地下开采需要。然而与数值模型相比,实际地质条件更为复杂,随着开采继续,仍需观察和监测安全顶柱的变化,从而确保其稳定性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李菊红(1985-),女,高级工程师,主要从事道路桥梁设计方面的研究,(E-mail)
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赵尔丞(1981-),男,高级工程师,主要从事矿山设计与开发方面的研究,(E-mail)

ZHAO Er-cheng (1981-), male, senior engineer, engaged in mine design and exploitation, (E-mail) .

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赵尔丞(1981-),男,高级工程师,主要从事矿山设计与开发方面的研究,(E-mail)

ZHAO Er-cheng (1981-), male, senior engineer, engaged in mine design and exploitation, (E-mail) .

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赵尔丞(1981-),男,高级工程师,主要从事矿山设计与开发方面的研究,(E-mail)

ZHAO Er-cheng (1981-), male, senior engineer, engaged in mine design and exploitation, (E-mail) .

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journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706875031692, language=CN, label=图16, caption=塑性区的变化规律, figureFileSmall=hXKdasBN80pY/kNxZ/dn9w==, figureFileBig=LklkSkal9nKyzlW2A8VDFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777731260715337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706875031692, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Proportional parameters of mixed emulsion explosives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分质量占比/%
设计值实际取值
乳胶基质97.0~98.598
敏化剂1.5~3.02
), ArticleFig(id=1241777731340407116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706875031692, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

混装乳化炸药配比参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组分质量占比/%
设计值实际取值
乳胶基质97.0~98.598
敏化剂1.5~3.02
), ArticleFig(id=1241777731457847635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706875031692, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Charge parameters of mixed emulsion explosives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔眼名称炮孔数/个孔径D/mm孔深/m单孔装药量/kg孔眼面积/m2总装药量/kg装药长度/m
中心空孔1703.8-0.00385--
掏槽眼4403.83.00.0012612.02.08
辅助眼14403.72.00.0012628.01.67
周边眼15403.71.00.0012622.51.25
底眼5403.71.00.001267.51.25
), ArticleFig(id=1241777731558510936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706875031692, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

混装乳化炸药装药参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔眼名称炮孔数/个孔径D/mm孔深/m单孔装药量/kg孔眼面积/m2总装药量/kg装药长度/m
中心空孔1703.8-0.00385--
掏槽眼4403.83.00.0012612.02.08
辅助眼14403.72.00.0012628.01.67
周边眼15403.71.00.0012622.51.25
底眼5403.71.00.001267.51.25
), ArticleFig(id=1241777731663368540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706875031692, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of ore,rock masses and filling material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿岩名称弹性模量/GPa泊松比密度/(g·cm-3残余强度/MPa内摩擦角/(°)内聚力/MPa抗拉强度/MPa体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa
橄榄岩8.250.312.931.0042.00.540.767.243.15
花岗岩8.820.272.600.8042.00.620.876.383.47
矿体7.500.203.000.7040.50.580.854.173.13
充填体7.280.211.720.7636.60.380.604.183.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241777731789197665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706875031692, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

矿岩及充填体的物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿岩名称弹性模量/GPa泊松比密度/(g·cm-3残余强度/MPa内摩擦角/(°)内聚力/MPa抗拉强度/MPa体积模量/GPa剪切模量/GPa
橄榄岩8.250.312.931.0042.00.540.767.243.15
花岗岩8.820.272.600.8042.00.620.876.383.47
矿体7.500.203.000.7040.50.580.854.173.13
充填体7.280.211.720.7636.60.380.604.183.01
), ArticleFig(id=1241777731856306532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706875031692, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The radius of the crushing area of the blast holes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型装药量/kg粉碎区半径/m
掏槽眼3.00.786
辅助眼2.00.687
周边眼1.00.517
底眼1.00.517
), ArticleFig(id=1241777731956969833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706875031692, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

炮孔粉碎区半径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型装药量/kg粉碎区半径/m
掏槽眼3.00.786
辅助眼2.00.687
周边眼1.00.517
底眼1.00.517
), ArticleFig(id=1241777732053438826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706875031692, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Calculation value of blasting load

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类别雷管段别荷载峰值/MPa升压时间/ms正压时间/ms
掏槽孔13.441.028.54
辅助孔31.761.249.24
周边孔51.181.5410.95
), ArticleFig(id=1241777732175073646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706875031692, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

爆破荷载计算值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类别雷管段别荷载峰值/MPa升压时间/ms正压时间/ms
掏槽孔13.441.028.54
辅助孔31.761.249.24
周边孔51.181.5410.95
), ArticleFig(id=1241777732288319858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706875031692, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Bauer and Calder criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质点峰值振动速度/(cm·s-1岩石损伤效果
<25完整岩石不会破碎
25~63.5产生轻微的拉伸层裂
63.5~254产生严重拉伸裂缝以及一些径向裂缝
>254岩体完全破碎
), ArticleFig(id=1241777732393177463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706875031692, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

Bauer和Calder判据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
质点峰值振动速度/(cm·s-1岩石损伤效果
<25完整岩石不会破碎
25~63.5产生轻微的拉伸层裂
63.5~254产生严重拉伸裂缝以及一些径向裂缝
>254岩体完全破碎
), ArticleFig(id=1241777732477063547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706875031692, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Mojitabai and Beattie criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石类型单轴压缩强度/MPaRQD/%质点峰值振动速度/(cm·s-1
轻微损伤区中度损伤区严重损伤区
软片麻岩14~302013.0~13.515.5~35.5>35
硬片麻岩495023.0~35.035.5~60.0>60
花岗岩30~554031.0~47.047.0~170.0>170
斑晶花岗岩30~854044.0~77.577.5~124.0>124
), ArticleFig(id=1241777732552561021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706875031692, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

Mojitabai和Beattie判据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石类型单轴压缩强度/MPaRQD/%质点峰值振动速度/(cm·s-1
轻微损伤区中度损伤区严重损伤区
软片麻岩14~302013.0~13.515.5~35.5>35
硬片麻岩495023.0~35.035.5~60.0>60
花岗岩30~554031.0~47.047.0~170.0>170
斑晶花岗岩30~854044.0~77.577.5~124.0>124
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爆破振动对龙首矿露天转地下安全顶柱稳定性影响研究
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赵尔丞 1 , 魏昭君 2 , 沈彦丞 1 , 刘吉祥 1 , 李菊红 3 , 张春阳 4 , 田小龙 4
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024,41(2): 75-85
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024, 41(2): 75-85
爆破振动对龙首矿露天转地下安全顶柱稳定性影响研究
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赵尔丞1 , 魏昭君2, 沈彦丞1, 刘吉祥1, 李菊红3 , 张春阳4, 田小龙4
作者信息
  • 1.兰州有色冶金设计研究院有限公司,兰州 730000
  • 2.中共甘肃省白银市委党校,白银 730900
  • 3.中国市政工程西北设计研究院有限公司,兰州 730000
  • 4.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,武汉 430070
  • 赵尔丞(1981-),男,高级工程师,主要从事矿山设计与开发方面的研究,(E-mail)

    ZHAO Er-cheng (1981-), male, senior engineer, engaged in mine design and exploitation, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

李菊红(1985-),女,高级工程师,主要从事道路桥梁设计方面的研究,(E-mail)
Study on Effect of Blasting Vibration on Stability of Safety Roof Pillar for Open-pit to Underground Transition in Longshou Mine
Er-cheng ZHAO1 , Zhao-jun WEI2, Yan-cheng SHEN1, Ji-xiang LIU1, Ju-hong LI3 , Chun-yang ZHANG4, Xiao-long TIAN4
Affiliations
  • 1.Lanzhou Engineering & Research Institute of Nonferrous Metallurgy Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 2.The Party School of the Communist Party of China in Baiyin City, Baiyin 730900, China
  • 3.Cscec Aecom Consultants Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730000, China
  • 4.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.010
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为了探索爆破振动影响下龙首矿露天转地下开采安全顶柱的稳定性演化规律,结合矿区现状建立了对应的三维数值模型,通过计算获取了安全顶柱最危险截面位置,随后以最上部中段开采为例构建了最危险截面位置的二维数值计算模型。根据爆破参数和等效弹性边界的计算,得到掏槽眼、辅助眼和周边眼传递到开挖轮廓面上的爆破荷载峰值。将爆破荷载等效到开挖面后,开展了针对安全顶柱稳定性的数值计算。结果表明:每段延期爆破都产生了位移和振速峰值,且距离爆破位置最近的安全顶柱内监测点位移最大;以爆破作业位置为中心,振动速度向四周岩体球形扩散。根据爆破振速与岩石损伤判据,安全顶柱总体处于无损伤或轻微损伤状态。此外,最大主应力低于岩体抗拉强度,安全顶柱未形成明显地拉裂破坏塑性区。总体上来说,安全顶柱的设计厚度能够满足露天转地下开采需要。然而与数值模型相比,实际地质条件更为复杂,随着开采继续,仍需观察和监测安全顶柱的变化,从而确保其稳定性。

露天转地下开采  /  安全顶柱  /  爆破振动  /  数值模拟  /  稳定性演化规律

This study aims to investigate the stability evolution of the safety roof pillar during the transition from open-pit to underground mining in Longshou mine under the influence of blasting vibration. A numerical calculation model was established based on the current mining area conditions. The most critical position of the safety roof pillar was determined through calculations, and a two-dimensional numerical model for this position was developed using top-level mining as an example. By calculating blasting parameters and equivalent elastic boundaries, we obtained the peak blasting load transmitted from cutting holes, auxiliary holes, and peripheral holes to the excavation surface. Subsequently, numerical calculations were conducted to assess the stability of the safety roof pillar after applying an equivalent blasting load to the excavation face. The results indicate that each delayed blast caused displacement and vibration velocity peaks, with maximum displacement observed at monitoring points inside the safety roof pillar closest to the blast site. Vibration velocity spreads spherically around the blasting operation position into surrounding rock mass. Based on criteria related to blasting vibration velocity and rock damage assessment, it can be concluded that overall there is no or only slight damage present in the safety roof pillar. Additionally, analysis reveals that maximum principal stress remains lower than tensile strength of rock mass without any significant formation of a tensile fracture plastic zone on the safety roof pillar. In general, the designed thickness of the safety roof pillar meets requirements for open-pit to underground mining. However, due to actual geological complexities beyond what is captured by the numerical model, it is essential to continuously observe and monitor changes in the safety roof pillar to ensure its stability during ongoing mining operations.

open pit to underground mining  /  safety roof pillar  /  blasting vibration  /  numerical simulation  /  stability evolution law
赵尔丞, 魏昭君, 沈彦丞, 刘吉祥, 李菊红, 张春阳, 田小龙. 爆破振动对龙首矿露天转地下安全顶柱稳定性影响研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (2) : 75 -85 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.010
Er-cheng ZHAO, Zhao-jun WEI, Yan-cheng SHEN, Ji-xiang LIU, Ju-hong LI, Chun-yang ZHANG, Xiao-long TIAN. Study on Effect of Blasting Vibration on Stability of Safety Roof Pillar for Open-pit to Underground Transition in Longshou Mine[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (2) : 75 -85 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.010
随着浅部资源的逐渐枯竭,露天矿山将不可避免地转为地下开采[1,2],使得安全顶柱的稳定性逐渐成为关注的焦点。例如通过力学试验、理论计算和数值模拟,潘震认为[3]:云南某露天转地下铜矿的境界顶柱厚度最好控制在50 m,最少为30~35 m。采用理论计算和数值模拟,贾穆承等获得了某铁矿境界顶柱安全厚度的合理推荐值[4]。利用进化数值迭代和三维模拟,邓岁伟对安沟钼矿境界顶柱的预留方案进行了分析[5],并提出了优化方案。
众所周知,钻爆法是地下硬岩矿山最常用的开采方式[6],虽然高效、灵活且成本低,但是安全顶柱和围岩的稳定性受到爆破振动的不利影响,也给露天转地下开采埋下了潜在安全隐患[3,7],因此,爆破振动的影响需要监测或验证。例如根据测振数据,马俊荣等计算获得了江西某铜矿露天转地下隔离层的安全厚度[8]。通过爆破振动峰值速度、动力损伤特性以及诱发塑性变形的研究,王铮朗优化了程潮铁矿采场顶板的设计参数[9]。在爆破振动作用下,淮南潘三矿巷道围岩从拉剪变为压剪受力,且最大主应力和剪应力也随之增大,从而加剧了地下开采围岩的失稳风险[10]
由于目前龙首矿已进入地下开采阶段,矿区安全顶柱的长期稳定性也需要格外关注,尤其是位移场、应力场的演化规律尚未弄清,因此,结合矿区开采现状,建立露天转地下开采计算模型,探索爆破振动影响下预留安全顶柱的稳定性具有重要的安全和现实意义。
龙首矿位于甘肃省金川市南部,是我国主要的镍矿产地之一,西二采区是龙首矿的主要采区之一。由于靠近地表的矿体开采结束,自1990年7月露天采场闭坑,该矿已从露天开采转为地下开采,露天转地下开采坑底布置如图1所示。龙首矿西部贫矿开采工程于2007年开始建设,2010年正式投产,开采范围为1460~1220 m标高的贫矿体,在露天坑底预留1520~1460 m的60 m保安矿柱,采用下向六边形倾斜进路胶结充填采矿法开采。
由于西二采区矿岩较为破碎、地应力较高、开采难度较大,在地下开采过程中为了确保安全,将矿房设计为六边形,采用隔一采一的方式回采,将相邻矿房作为保安矿柱,回采完成后采取嗣后胶结充填,等充填体达到一定强度后,再开采相邻矿房,如图2所示。
与分层多步骤爆破相比,龙首矿进路回采采用了更安全的全掌子面一次性爆破方法,六边形爆破网路和装药结构如图3所示,由数码电子雷管引爆,共分为3段,掏槽眼爆破为第1段,辅助眼爆破为第2段,周边眼爆破为第3段,各段之间的延期时间为50 ms,如图3(a)所示。使用爆破效果良好、经济效益较高的现场混装乳化炸药,其配比参数和装药参数分别见表1表2所示[11]。最终得到的六边形进路爆破效果如图3(b)所示。
在研究爆破荷载对矿区稳定性的影响时,目前通常将爆破荷载等效作用在模型边界[12],研究区域需要距离震源较远且爆破频率较高。但在实际应用过程中,大多数测点距离爆破位置较近,导致难以取得较为准确的结果。因此,本节根据爆破荷载衰减理论,计算出爆破荷载衰减到粉碎区外边界的荷载,再将其等效为三角波荷载,并使其尽量与实际爆破荷载相符合,计算出对应的峰值和作用时间。将该荷载直接加载到炮孔壁面(图4),这与实际爆破产生的爆破荷载较为相似,使模拟效果更接近实际工况[13]
虽然该方法贴合实际,但炮孔孔径相对整个模型偏小,导致网格的最大与最小尺寸差距过大,给模拟计算带来不便。因此,一些学者根据圣维南原理提出了在炮孔与开挖轮廓面交界的位置施加NDLL的方法[14],来替代在孔壁施加爆破荷载的方法,即将炮孔壁上的爆破荷载进行衰减,然后施加到开挖轮廓面。在开挖轮廓面上施加的三角形脉冲荷载如图4(b)所示,其中pm为开挖轮廓面上的荷载峰值,t1为升压时间,t2为正压时间。炮孔壁初始爆破荷载峰值有两种,即爆破气压峰值和炮孔壁冲击波峰值。炮孔壁初始气压为[15]
式中:pD为炮孔壁初始气压,Pa;ρe为炸药密度,kg/m3Dv为炸药爆轰速度,m/s;γ为凝聚态炸药性质和装药密度相关的常数,一般γ取值为3。
炮孔壁上冲击波峰值如式(2)所示
式中:pb为炮孔壁上的冲击压力峰值,Pa;vc为炸药体积,m3vb为药室体积,m3n为爆破增大系数,一般取8~11。
对于多孔爆破,爆破荷载的等效简化往往是将同一段炮孔的爆破荷载进行合并考虑,由于同段炮孔的起爆时间相同,各炮孔产生的应力波抵达计算点的时间基本一致,因此可以将同一段别的多孔爆破荷载视作单孔爆破荷载的叠加,多孔爆破荷载升压时间和正压时间计算如下[16]
式中:tr为荷载升压时间,s;ts为荷载正压时间,s;K为岩石体积压缩模量,Pa;μ为岩石泊松比;Q是同段位所有炮孔总装药量,kg;r为比例距离。
计算多孔爆破施加在开挖轮廓面上的荷载,通常先计算多孔爆破施加在等效弹性边界上的荷载,然后将等效弹性边界上的荷载衰减到开挖轮廓面进行计算。由于掏槽眼爆破后会产生新的自由面,在此基础上后续炮孔再爆破所受夹制作用会大大降低,因此对于掏槽眼和非掏槽眼,两者的弹性边界确定方法也不一样。对于掏槽眼,如果将多孔爆破产生的粉碎区和裂隙区所包围的岩体视作一个爆源,那么就可以将掏槽眼多孔爆破的裂隙区包络线视作其等效弹性边界[17],然后将简化后的爆破荷载施加到等效边界。
图5(a)表示单个掏槽眼起爆时将作用在炮孔壁上的爆破荷载等效成作用于弹性边界,作用在炮孔壁上的爆轰压力初始值会随着应力波传播距离增加而衰减,其变化规律如下
式中:p表示计算点位置的应力峰值,Pa;p0表示炮孔壁上的初始应力峰值,Pa;表示对比距离,r1为计算点到炮孔中心的距离,m;r0为炮孔半径,m;α为应力波或冲击波衰减系数,α=2± μ/(1-μ),冲击波时取加号,应力波时取减号;μ为泊松比。
岩石在爆破过程中,冲击波作用区域为粉碎区,应力波作用区域为裂隙区,所以最终作用在等效弹性边界上的应力峰值pe
式中:r0为炮孔半径,m;r1为粉碎区半径,m;r2为裂隙区半径,m。
图5(b)表示多个掏槽眼同时起爆的等效弹性边界确定方法。对于同一段别掏槽眼,可以认为每个炮孔起爆后应力波传递到等效弹性边界的时间相同,其荷载峰值考虑为单个炮孔爆破应力波峰值在一定程度上的叠加,可表示为
其中,k为掏槽眼同时起爆的影响系数。由于将掏槽眼爆破产生的粉碎区和裂隙区作为一个爆源,因此以各掏槽眼单独爆破形成裂隙区面积之和与包络线圆面积的比值来计算k值较为合理,计算如下
式中:n为掏槽眼个数;r2为裂隙区半径,m;r3为等效弹性边界圆半径,m。
对于非掏槽眼,由于存在掏槽眼创造的新临空面,爆破后能量会沿着自由面方向释放,对炮孔以内的岩体反而损伤不强,因此可近似将每段非掏槽炮眼连线作为等效弹性边界,如图6所示。
为了确定施加在开挖轮廓面上的爆破荷载曲线峰值,Hsin和Hao总结并提出了经验公式和根据应力波衰减规律的理论计算方法[18],数值模拟中主要使用理论计算方法。当弹性边界上的等效荷载峰值获得后,可根据理论计算法将爆破荷载衰减到开挖轮廓面上
式中:pb为作用在开挖轮廓面上的爆破荷载峰值,Pa;pe为作用在等效弹性边界上的爆破荷载峰值,Pa;为对比距离,r4为开挖轮廓半径,m;r3为等效弹性边界半径,m;α为应力波衰减系数。
由于龙首矿地下开采开挖轮廓面和等效弹性边界并非圆形,所以采用等代圆法将其近似为圆形,圆心取等效弹性边界和开挖轮廓面的质心,则半径为
式中,A为开挖轮廓面或等效弹性边界的面积,m2
根据龙首矿已有资料,不同矿岩及充填体的物理力学参数见表3所示[19],其中充填体的组成成分为龙首矿西二充填料仓内的棒磨砂、河砂、破碎废石,以及胶凝材料水泥和外加剂MF505[20]。此外,FLAC3D模拟计算需要体积模量和剪切模量,可以根据式(11)和(12)计算获得(表3)。
根据粉碎区的计算方法和龙首矿使用的爆破参数,最终计算出粉碎区的半径如表4所示,根据粉碎区半径,最终爆破产生的粉碎区如图7所示。通过爆破参数和等效弹性边界的计算,最终得到掏槽眼、辅助眼和周边眼传导到开挖轮廓面上的爆破荷载峰值分别为pm1=3.44 MPa,pm2=1.76 MPa,pm3=1.18 MPa。
根据龙首矿露天转地下开采现状,结合设计资料和地质资料,建立了龙首矿露天转地下开采大型三维数值模型,模型包括露天边坡和露天坑,以及围岩、矿体、地下开采各类巷道、斜坡道等,然后以三维模型为基础开展了地下开采数值计算研究。结果表明:随着地下开采进行,安全顶柱区域的矿岩体位移逐渐增加,且不同区域存在差异。考虑到三维模型以及进路式回采模拟的复杂性。因此,在最大位移区域截取二维截面Ⅰ-Ⅰ用于爆破振动影响下安全顶柱的稳定性研究,如图8所示。
以截取的最大位移截面为基础建立长1000 m、高500 m的二维模型,如图9(a)所示。由于模型区域较大而开采区域相对较小,导致各类云图的核心区域相对偏小,因此,为了便于观察和分析计算结果,可截取采场和安全顶柱附近区域进行分析,如图9(b)所示。
开采进路和露天坑底之间的区域即为预留的安全顶柱,其厚度为60 m。模拟开挖区域为1460~1400 m中段,根据实际开采布置,将矿体划分为六边形进路从上到下作业。由于进路较多,各分层的开挖将进行简化,即采用隔一采一模式分两次开挖和充填。此外,由于矿区中段较多,而最上部中段开挖对安全顶柱的影响最大,故以该中断为例展开研究。在顶柱内设置了五个监测点,将分别以上、中和下三个分层的进路爆破开挖和充填为例展开研究,如图9(b)所示。
对于固定边界或弹性边界而言,应力波传播至边界会引起波的反射,不仅增加计算量,还影响结果的可靠性,因此边界选取在动力分析中非常关键。目前有两类方法可解决该问题,即:可建立一个足够大的模型,使应力波还未到达边界就已耗散,或在反射过程中耗散,以减小反射波的影响;此外,可选择粘性边界和自由场边界以吸收入射波或减少模型边界上波的反射。本研究模型的顶部为自由边界,在底部和四周施加Lysmer和Kuhlemeyer提出的粘性边界[21],该边界每一时步都会计算法向和切向粘滞力,以荷载形式施加到边界上,并对入射波进行吸收。
考虑到应力波在传播过程中逐渐衰减,可引入阻尼系数。FLAC3D动力分析有三种可供选择的阻尼形式,即:瑞利阻尼、局部阻尼、滞后阻尼。参考类似研究,可选择被广泛应用的瑞利阻尼[22]。此外,计算还需用到最小临界阻尼比ξmin和最小中心频率ωmin,其中ξmin取0.01,ωmin取模型自振频率或支配输入频率的中心值,这里取100。根据第二节中的公式,可计算得到各段爆破荷载(表5),然后以三角波荷载方式写入计算程序,从而将爆破荷载施加到进路开挖面,效果如图10所示。
为了确保结果的可靠性,首先应计算并获得初始地应力场,然后将初始应力场的位移和速度清零,将爆破荷载施加到开挖轮廓面上,最后逐层隔一采一开挖和充填,使安全顶柱的位移、速度、应力和塑性区与进路开挖和施加的爆破荷载有关,则可得到它们的演化规律。
图11可见,随着自上而下的分层开挖和充填的进行,安全顶柱的位移逐渐增大,当最底分层的开采和充填结束后,最大位移达到1.63 cm,位于第一分层的中部区域。在充填矿体上方,安全顶柱整体上向下沉降,而充填体下方矿岩整体向上变形。
图12中,离监测点较远的中下部分层爆破开挖时,监测点爆破振动引起的位移变化不明显,近似为水平直线。上部分层爆破时,虽然距离爆破开挖位置较远的3、4和5号监测曲线变化也不明显,但1、2号监测点的位移曲线出现了波峰现象,尤其是测点1的波峰最为显著。此外,1、2号测点曲线的峰值位移出现时间分别对应于掏槽眼、辅助眼和周边眼的爆破作业和振动波的传播,可见每段炮孔爆破都会使临近围岩出现爆破振动位移峰值,然而位移峰值会迅速衰减,即主要表现为弹性位移。距离爆破位置越近的测点位移变化越大,其中测点1的掏槽孔爆破引起的位移峰值最大,达到了0.74 mm,在爆破结束后,最终爆破振动仅产生了0.02 mm的永久位移。
爆破开挖后模型的整体速度如图13所示,在二维空间下振动速度以爆破位置为中心,向四周扩散,在三维空间下振动速度应该呈现球形,并向四周扩散。爆破中心区域振速最大,往四周传播后振速逐渐衰减。
由于图13为爆破开挖后某一时间步的振速云图,因此不能体现振速的变化规律。从图14可以看出,最上分层爆破开挖时,监测点1的振速最大,为37.5 cm/s。往下开采到中分层时,监测点1的振速变小,最大振速为0.22 cm/s。与测点1相比,其他监测点的振速偏小,此外下分层开采时所有监测点的振速曲线几乎无波动,表明往下开采后,爆破振动的影响快速下降。在图14(a)和(b)中出现的振速峰值与各段爆破作业时间对应。对比图12发现,振速曲线与位移曲线的变化规律相似,各段峰值的大小顺序和起始时间步也一致,表明爆破引起的位移也可用来衡量爆破振动强度。
图14中,当上分层开采时安全顶柱的振动速度峰值为37.5 cm/s。根据国内外学者对岩体爆前、爆后新增裂隙调查,以及爆前、爆后声波测试结果对比,基于爆破振速的岩石损伤判断可采用两种判据[23,24],如表67所示。由于龙首矿主要围岩为花岗岩和橄榄岩,结合上述两种判据,当振速峰值达到37.5 cm/s时,开挖进路周围矿岩受到轻微的拉伸层裂,因此,顶柱处于安全状态。
为了探索爆破振动对开采区域应力场的影响,可分析开采进路和安全顶柱区域的最大主应力、最小主应力以及最大剪应力。由图15(a)的最大主应力云图可知,当矿体爆破开挖并充填后,在充填体内产生了拉应力集中,应力场稳定后,最大拉应力小于0.28 MPa;根据最小主应力云图15(b),在开挖进路西侧(左下侧)产生了压应力集中,最大值达到11.62 MPa;由最大剪应力云图15(c)可知,在开挖进路两侧还出现了剪应力集中,最大值达到了4.43 MPa,因此对于引发应力集中的区域,在开采时需引起重视。
此外,需要注意的是:在实施图15中的下分层开挖时,最大主应力、最小主应力以及最大剪应力值最大,而其他开挖步骤下对应的各应力值相对偏小。随着开挖往下继续,安全顶柱总体表现为受拉状态,最大拉应力同样小于0.28 MPa,最小主应力总体上小于3 MPa,而剪应力总体小于1.5 MPa。可见在开挖最上部中段时,安全顶柱区域的应力集中不明显,且较为稳定。
在FLAC3D动力分析中采用摩尔库伦模型后,在动力加载过程中某一单元应力曲线到达或超过摩尔强度包络线时,即达到或超过屈服强度,则这一单元发生塑性变形。根据单元的屈服类型和状态,可分为拉伸塑性区(tension-n、tension-p)和剪切塑性区(shear-n、shear-p)。
龙首矿最上部中段开采过程中塑性区演化如图16所示。在初次爆破开挖后,塑性区数量较少,主要为剪切塑性区,集中在进路周边矿岩体,表现为松动圈特征。随着爆破开挖和充填向下发展,在第一分层顶板出现少量拉伸塑性区。进路充填后,由于应力扰动,充填体主要表现为剪切塑性区,而当前开挖进路周边围岩和充填体上出现了正处于发展中的剪切塑性区,而充填完毕后主要表现为稳定的塑性区状态,而充填区的左右两端仍然存在发展中的剪切塑性区,见图16(c)
整体而言,塑性区主要集中于开挖矿体和充填体,以及周边小范围矿岩内;安全顶柱的最底部出现少许稳定的拉伸塑性区,且未向安全顶柱扩展,因此安全顶柱的塑性区相对较少。在开挖和充填的区域大部分为相对稳定的塑性区,而正处于发展中的塑性区相对较少,因此,随着开采的向下发展,爆破开挖扰动对安全顶柱的影响应会逐渐减弱。
为了研究龙首矿露天转地下开采安全顶柱稳定性的演化规律,构建了矿区三维模型;以最上部中段开采为例计算并获取了安全顶柱最危险截面位置并建立了二维模型,通过爆破荷载等效施加开展了六边形进路隔一采一模拟,获取了安全顶柱的位移、应力、爆破振速以及塑性区的演化规律,主要成果如下:
矿岩体位移和爆破振速曲线都出现了三个峰值集中区,分别对应于掏槽眼、辅助眼和周边眼的爆破作业。爆破振动波传播到安全顶柱各监测点后,主要产生了弹性位移,而永久位移相对较小。
距离最近的测点1的最大振速为37.5 cm/s,表明此处岩体受到了轻微拉伸层裂,但安全顶柱仍处于安全状态。随着开挖往下发展,安全顶柱总体表现为受拉状态,应力集中不明显,且较为稳定。安全顶柱的最底部出现了少许稳定的拉伸塑性区,但未向内部扩展。总之,随着开采往下发展,爆破开挖扰动对安全顶柱的影响会逐渐减弱。
考虑到实际地质情况更为复杂,且矿区中段较多,本研究仅针对最上部中段开展了进路回采模拟,计算结果难免与实际存在偏差;此外,在生产中更需要规范化作业,结合各类监测手段确保安全顶柱的稳定性;研究成果可为该矿山安全顶柱监测优化提供指导。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52174088)
  • 冻融裂隙岩体冲击疲劳损伤致裂定量表征及成灾机理研究
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2024年第41卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.010
  • 接收时间:2023-12-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-17
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52174088)
国家自然科学基金(52174088)
A study on quantitative characterization and disaster mechanism of impact fatigue damage of frozen-thawed fractured rock mass
冻融裂隙岩体冲击疲劳损伤致裂定量表征及成灾机理研究
作者信息
    1.兰州有色冶金设计研究院有限公司,兰州 730000
    2.中共甘肃省白银市委党校,白银 730900
    3.中国市政工程西北设计研究院有限公司,兰州 730000
    4.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,武汉 430070

通讯作者:

李菊红(1985-),女,高级工程师,主要从事道路桥梁设计方面的研究,(E-mail)
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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