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Article(id=1241777706585620736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1682265600000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992476363, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717171200000, pubDateStr=2024-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992476363, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992476363, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992476363, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241777699996368955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992474792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992784144, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=170, endPage=176, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241777707055382821, articleId=1241777706585620736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Explosive Disconnection Effect of Titanium Alloy Plate, columnId=1241046467696193882, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=SPECIAL BLASTING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The simulation test of blade loss in an aero engine plays a crucial role in casing containment design. The main challenge lies in controlling the breaking of rotor blades when they reach their maximum allowable speed. To investigate the optimal separation structure for rotor blades with artificial separation, two types of TC4 titanium alloy plates with Ⅴ-shaped grooves, one with a single hole and another with double holes at the center, were designed using explosive separation method. The selected size for the TC4 titanium alloy plate was 100 mm×80 mm×23 mm. The AUTODYN numerical simulation software's Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) algorithm was employed to conduct simulation calculations. Experimental comparisons were made on the damage and additional kinetic energy caused by five different schemes involving these two structures. Results indicated that scheme Ⅱ and Ⅴ failed to break off successfully, while scheme Ⅲ resulted in significant damage to the template. On the other hand, schemes Ⅰ and Ⅳ demonstrated better ability to separate the template. Under identical charge conditions, it was observed that the displacement of double-hole structured plates after fracture was significantly greater than that of single-hole structured plates with Ⅴ-grooves on both sides. Further analysis revealed that the Ⅴ-shaped slotted structure could reduce plate damage, enhance explosive energy efficiency, and minimize additional kinetic energy exerted on the plate. Moreover, compared to double-hole structures, this slotted structure also reduced peak speed by 20% and escape speed by 40%.

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WANG Meng (1974-), male, Huainan City, Anhui province, professor, mainly engaged in explosion mechanics and its aftereffects, (E-mail) .
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航空发动机叶片的丢失模拟试验对于机匣包容设计具有重大意义，该试验的难点在于如何控制转子叶片达到允许的最高转速时发生断离。为研究人为断离发动机转子叶片的最佳分离结构，采取爆炸分离的方法，设计了在断离处两侧开Ⅴ型槽下中心开单孔和中心开双孔两种结构TC4钛合金板的静态模拟试验。TC4钛合金板选用规格为100 mm×80 mm×23 mm，采用AUTODYN数值模拟软件进行仿真计算，并结合试验对比两种结构5个方案的板材损伤及附加动能大小。结果表明：方案Ⅱ、Ⅴ未成功断离，方案Ⅲ对样板损伤较大，方案Ⅰ、Ⅳ能较好地分离样板；在相同装药量情况下，双孔结构板材断裂后位移量明显大于两侧开Ⅴ型槽中心开单孔结构的材断裂后位移量。进一步分析得出：Ⅴ型开槽结构可以降低爆炸对板材的损伤，提高炸药能量利用率，降低对板材的附加动能，相较于双孔结构峰值速度降低20%，逸散速度降低40%。研究成果可为探究断离TC4钛合金板最佳结构提供参考。

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王猛（1974-），男，安徽省淮南市，教授，主要从事爆炸力学及其后效应研究，（E-mail）。
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王杰春（1998-），男，福建省龙岩市，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为爆炸力学，（E-mail）。

WANG Jie-chun (1998-), male, master candidate, Longyan City, Fujian Province, mainly engaged in explosion mechanics, (E-mail) .

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王杰春（1998-），男，福建省龙岩市，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为爆炸力学，（E-mail）。

WANG Jie-chun (1998-), male, master candidate, Longyan City, Fujian Province, mainly engaged in explosion mechanics, (E-mail) .

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王杰春（1998-），男，福建省龙岩市，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为爆炸力学，（E-mail）。

WANG Jie-chun (1998-), male, master candidate, Longyan City, Fujian Province, mainly engaged in explosion mechanics, (E-mail) .

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figureFileSmall=IryR8v2BO9CkvM+llrzDcA==, figureFileBig=jtjsFxJU3SgPtj0bTLB00Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777719734764460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706585620736, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Mises应力和等效应力关系图, figureFileSmall=IryR8v2BO9CkvM+llrzDcA==, figureFileBig=jtjsFxJU3SgPtj0bTLB00Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777719839622072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706585620736, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Velocity changes at measuring points 3 in schemes Ⅰ and Ⅱ, figureFileSmall=bf0S+acNFaRGDaCuDeYMqA==, figureFileBig=LgTKusj/BvJeW/W8b7FdoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777719931896769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706585620736, language=CN, label=图5, caption=方案Ⅰ、Ⅱ测点3速度变化, figureFileSmall=bf0S+acNFaRGDaCuDeYMqA==, figureFileBig=LgTKusj/BvJeW/W8b7FdoQ==, tableContent=null), 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Geometric parameters of the test scheme

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方案开孔方式炮孔直径/mm开槽深度/mm炮孔容积/mm3
1Ⅰ双孔5/3927
Ⅱ双孔4/2514
Ⅲ单孔71.53849
Ⅳ单孔62.02827
Ⅴ单孔52.51964
), ArticleFig(id=1241777722612056111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706585620736, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验方案几何参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案开孔方式炮孔直径/mm开槽深度/mm炮孔容积/mm3
1Ⅰ双孔5/3927
Ⅱ双孔4/2514
Ⅲ单孔71.53849
Ⅳ单孔62.02827
Ⅴ单孔52.51964
), ArticleFig(id=1241777722708525113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706585620736, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Structural parameters of TC4 titanium alloy plate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/（g·cm-3） Cg/（m·s-1） Tm/K Cp/（J·kg-1·K-1）屈服应力/GPa剪切模量/GPa S1Gruneisen系数
4.42841.918785601.09241.91.0281.23
), ArticleFig(id=1241777722817577026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706585620736, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

TC4钛合金板结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/（g·cm-3） Cg/（m·s-1） Tm/K Cp/（J·kg-1·K-1）屈服应力/GPa剪切模量/GPa S1Gruneisen系数
4.42841.918785601.09241.91.0281.23
), ArticleFig(id=1241777722922434633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706585620736, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameters of passivated RDX materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/（g·cm-3） A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 ω υ/（m·s-1） E/（kJ·m-3） P/GPa
1.657314.64.61.40.3279108.6×10626.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241777722993737808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706585620736, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

钝化RDX材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/（g·cm-3） A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 ω υ/（m·s-1） E/（kJ·m-3） P/GPa
1.657314.64.61.40.3279108.6×10626.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723132149849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706585620736, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Stress at measuring points of each scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点方案Ⅰ方案Ⅱ方案Ⅲ方案Ⅳ方案Ⅴ
σs σMises σs σMises σs σMises σs σMises σs σMises
11.3391.3471.2731.2651.3451.3501.3291.3331.3081.301
21.3411.3541.2861.2771.3641.3781.3611.3681.3191.327
31.3621.3761.3451.3291.3861.3961.3741.3841.3471.343
41.3281.3421.3341.2901.3741.3891.3631.3751.3201.331
51.3171.3251.2751.2541.3671.3731.3511.3571.3141.309
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723241201761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777706585620736, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各方案测点应力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点方案Ⅰ方案Ⅱ方案Ⅲ方案Ⅳ方案Ⅴ
σs σMises σs σMises σs σMises σs σMises σs σMises
11.3391.3471.2731.2651.3451.3501.3291.3331.3081.301
21.3411.3541.2861.2771.3641.3781.3611.3681.3191.327
31.3621.3761.3451.3291.3861.3961.3741.3841.3471.343
41.3281.3421.3341.2901.3741.3891.3631.3751.3201.331
51.3171.3251.2751.2541.3671.3731.3511.3571.3141.309
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钛合金板爆炸断离效果的研究
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王杰春 , 王猛 , 赵盟乔 , 陈刚 , 朱宇
爆破 | 特种爆破 2024,41(2): 170-176
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爆破 | 特种爆破 2024, 41(2): 170-176
钛合金板爆炸断离效果的研究
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王杰春 , 王猛 , 赵盟乔, 陈刚, 朱宇
作者信息
  • 安徽理工大学　化学工程学院，淮南　232000

    • 王杰春（1998-），男，福建省龙岩市，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为爆炸力学，（E-mail）。

    WANG Jie-chun (1998-), male, master candidate, Longyan City, Fujian Province, mainly engaged in explosion mechanics, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

王猛（1974-），男，安徽省淮南市，教授，主要从事爆炸力学及其后效应研究，（E-mail）。
Study on Explosive Disconnection Effect of Titanium Alloy Plate
Jie-chun WANG , Meng WANG , Meng-qiao ZHAO, Gang CHEN, Yu ZHU
Affiliations
  • School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232000, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.021
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摘要
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航空发动机叶片的丢失模拟试验对于机匣包容设计具有重大意义，该试验的难点在于如何控制转子叶片达到允许的最高转速时发生断离。为研究人为断离发动机转子叶片的最佳分离结构，采取爆炸分离的方法，设计了在断离处两侧开Ⅴ型槽下中心开单孔和中心开双孔两种结构TC4钛合金板的静态模拟试验。TC4钛合金板选用规格为100 mm×80 mm×23 mm，采用AUTODYN数值模拟软件进行仿真计算，并结合试验对比两种结构5个方案的板材损伤及附加动能大小。结果表明：方案Ⅱ、Ⅴ未成功断离，方案Ⅲ对样板损伤较大，方案Ⅰ、Ⅳ能较好地分离样板；在相同装药量情况下，双孔结构板材断裂后位移量明显大于两侧开Ⅴ型槽中心开单孔结构的材断裂后位移量。进一步分析得出：Ⅴ型开槽结构可以降低爆炸对板材的损伤，提高炸药能量利用率，降低对板材的附加动能，相较于双孔结构峰值速度降低20%，逸散速度降低40%。研究成果可为探究断离TC4钛合金板最佳结构提供参考。

TC4钛合金板  /  爆炸断离  /  仿真计算  /  SPH  /  应力集中

The simulation test of blade loss in an aero engine plays a crucial role in casing containment design. The main challenge lies in controlling the breaking of rotor blades when they reach their maximum allowable speed. To investigate the optimal separation structure for rotor blades with artificial separation, two types of TC4 titanium alloy plates with Ⅴ-shaped grooves, one with a single hole and another with double holes at the center, were designed using explosive separation method. The selected size for the TC4 titanium alloy plate was 100 mm×80 mm×23 mm. The AUTODYN numerical simulation software's Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) algorithm was employed to conduct simulation calculations. Experimental comparisons were made on the damage and additional kinetic energy caused by five different schemes involving these two structures. Results indicated that scheme Ⅱ and Ⅴ failed to break off successfully, while scheme Ⅲ resulted in significant damage to the template. On the other hand, schemes Ⅰ and Ⅳ demonstrated better ability to separate the template. Under identical charge conditions, it was observed that the displacement of double-hole structured plates after fracture was significantly greater than that of single-hole structured plates with Ⅴ-grooves on both sides. Further analysis revealed that the Ⅴ-shaped slotted structure could reduce plate damage, enhance explosive energy efficiency, and minimize additional kinetic energy exerted on the plate. Moreover, compared to double-hole structures, this slotted structure also reduced peak speed by 20% and escape speed by 40%.

TC4 titanium alloy plate  /  explosive disconnection  /  simulation calculation  /  SPH  /  stress concentration
王杰春, 王猛, 赵盟乔, 陈刚, 朱宇. 钛合金板爆炸断离效果的研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (2) : 170 -176 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.021
Jie-chun WANG, Meng WANG, Meng-qiao ZHAO, Gang CHEN, Yu ZHU. Study on Explosive Disconnection Effect of Titanium Alloy Plate[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (2) : 170 -176 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.021
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世界各国对航空发动机机匣包容能力提出的要求基本相同，即在发动机所允许的最高转速下，压气机及转子叶片发生失效断裂后应被机匣所包容[1]。随着航空发动机技术的不断革新，叶片最高转速不断提升，其所受的离心载荷增加、外物撞击、材料缺陷、疲劳等原因都有可能导致叶片发生断离事故。因此如何设计叶片飞脱静态试验，精准控制叶片断离时间，降低断离时附加的不平衡载荷具有现实意义。
火工装置在航天上的运用非常广泛，例如柔性切割索、电爆阀、电分插头、分离螺栓等等，武新峰等通过ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立了一种星箭连接装置仿真计算方法[2]，分析了装置分离过程及动态响应。孙海霞等采用ADAMS等对包带装置分离过程进行动力学仿真并通过实验验证了其可靠性[3]。胡坤伦等基于量纲分析确定影响因素[4]，通过AUTO-DYN确定爆炸分离钛合金板最小壁厚、装药直径和缓冲层厚度之间的最佳比例关系，实验结果与数值模拟相近。Takeuchi等对航天器分离过程进行模拟[5]，验证分离装置的动态冲击响应。BaoWZ等建立一种有限元断裂问题的数值模拟以提高模拟的准确性[6]。
对于钛合金板的分离实验往往采用聚能切割的方式，考虑到聚能装药结构复杂，在整机实验时难以在高转速下克服离心载荷，因此使用轴向打孔装药进行爆炸分离。朱宇等对比了轴向单孔装药和双孔装药爆炸切断钛合金板[7]，得出双孔装药方案更适用于切断实验。爆炸结束后，飞脱部分板材的动能由自身离心力势能转换和炸药爆炸产生的附加能量组成。杨仁树等提出双孔起爆时[8]，拉伸应变区应力波峰值明显大于单孔，且不是简单的数值叠加，可以达到单孔的3~6倍，会增加断离板材的附加动能。李涛等对Ⅴ型缺口处材料所受应力状态进行分析[9,10]，发现受拉伸载荷时缺口尖端所受应力会明显升高。现参考工程力学应力集中及工程爆破分散装药原理，设计出单孔Ⅴ型开槽和双孔不开槽两种断离处结构，通过数值模拟与试验比较两者优劣。
1　数值模拟
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炸药爆炸是一个瞬态高能量转变的过程。在对爆炸过程仿真计算时，Lagrange算法容易产生巨大的网格畸变和滑移面变形等问题，从而降低结果的准确性。Euler算法不会发生网格畸变，但是难以精准划分各类界面。故选取光滑粒子动力学（SPH）算法进行仿真计算。
SPH算法是一种无网格的Lagrange数值方法，J W Swegle等最早将该方法运用到模拟爆炸问题[11]。它将物质转化为带有能量、质量、动量的粒子来构成离散计算域，相邻物质材料的粒子自然地构成界面，物体间相互作用通过粒子间相互作用来描述。不同于传统Lagrange依赖网格来描述物体运动状态，SPH算法可以很好地模拟侵彻、高速撞击等物理现象。在仿真计算过程中设立高斯点，结合Mises准则判断模型断裂情况。
1.1　方案设计
TC4钛合金板选用规格为100mm×80 mm×23 mm，在确保相同装药体积和相同壁厚（保证板材受离心载荷不断裂）的情况下，拟设计断裂处单孔Ⅴ型开槽和双孔不开槽两种装药结构进行仿真计算。如图1所示，单孔Ⅴ型开槽结构在断离处中心位置设立一个直径7 mm的炮孔，在上下两处自由面各设立一个角度为60°，深度1.5 mm的三角形凹槽；双孔结构在断离处上下中心位置各设立一个直径5 mm的炮孔，自由面不做任何处理。为探究更好的断离效果，在保证壁厚一致的情况下对两种结构的孔径和开槽深度上进行调整，得到5组实验方案，参数如表1。
1.2　仿真模型
通常材料的断裂被视为三个阶段，微小孔的形成、扩展、联合，最终形成断裂。钛合金板属于高塑、高韧性材料，选用非耦合断裂模型中的Johson-cook模型及失效参数[12]，采用Mie-Gruneisen状态方程求解。模型中钛合金板密度4.428 g/cm3，其余参数如表2所示，其中Cp为比热容，Tm为参考温度，Cg为材料系数，S为常数。
选用炸药为钝化RDX，对于爆炸类的仿真模拟采用JWL方程有较高的精度[13]，符合炸药爆炸及其爆轰产物作用效应，其表达式为
式中：P为爆轰产物压力；E为爆轰产物的比内能；e为初始比内能；V=v/v0（v为爆轰产物比容，v0为炸药的初始比容）；A、B、R1、R2、ω为常数。钝化RDX状态参数如表3所示。
采用AUTONYD软件建立有限元模型，定义几何模型X方向上尺寸为23 mm，Y方向上尺寸为80 mm，Z方向上尺寸为100 mm。在断离处X方向远端自由面上每隔25 mm设立一个高斯点，用于判断钛合金板界面端变化情况；在钛合金板Y方向远端自由面中心位置设立一个高斯点，用于监测钛合金板断离后，断离处附加动能强弱。起爆点均设立在药柱表面中心位置，如图2所示。
1.3　计算结果与分析
五组实验方案仿真计算结果如图3所示，方案Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ仿真模型成功断离，方案Ⅱ、Ⅴ仿真模型未能完成断离。方案Ⅰ模型断裂处板材的损伤间距较小，断口面不平整；方案Ⅱ模型未发生明显形变，仅是在断离处两侧自由面略微鼓起，并存在细小裂纹；方案Ⅲ模型断离处损伤间距较大，发生位移明显；方案Ⅳ模型断离处损伤间距较小且断面较为平整；方案Ⅴ模型未完全断裂，断离处仍存在一些连结部位。
钛合金板为各向同性材料，冲击波破坏作用时不需要考虑方向。黑索金发生爆轰会沿着四周传递强冲击波，冲击波在断裂处X方向率先到达自由面。界面端的冲击波（强压缩）发生扰动，一部分仍然以压缩波的形式沿着自由面方向继续传播，另一部分反射形成拉伸波，材料在压缩波和拉伸波的共同作用下拉伸断裂。因此Tresca屈服准则、Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则等都不能很好地描述计算结果[14]，选用Mises屈服准则对界面高斯点进行分析。
Mises屈服准则是基于第四强度理论（畸变能量密度理论），该理论认为在多轴应力状态下，只要物体内一点处形变达到某一常数值时（Mises应力大于σs），材料发生屈服。分别取方案Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅴ中高斯点所记录的Mises应力及计算所得等效应力进行对比，如图4所示。三个方案中应力都先增加后降低。这是由于炸药在孔洞两端约束不足，能量在Y方向耗散。方案Ⅰ中Mises应力均大于计算所得等效应力，材料发生屈服；方案Ⅱ中所有点及方案Ⅲ中G2、G4两点等效应力高于Mises应力，判定未发生断离。结合表4得出，单孔开槽结构下装药直径7 mm对板材损伤较大，而装药直径5 mm时不能使板材完全断裂。
图5给出具体方案情况下测点3的速度时程曲线图。方案Ⅰ中监测点3处的速度在冲击波扰动下升至510 m/s，略微下降后回升到第二个峰值640 m/s，在0.025 ms处下降速度逐步变缓。其第一次达到峰值速度是冲击波扰动测点发生偏移，之后在界面形成的反射波导致测点反向偏移导致速度降低。此后发生断裂，测点在冲击波和爆轰产物作用下速度达到第二个峰值，随后下降至260 m/s左右是因为碎片在爆轰气体作用下逸散。方案Ⅱ测点在扰动作用下增至155 m/s，紧接着迅速下降至零点附近上下震荡。说明冲击波扰动不足以使测点发生大偏移，随后在稀疏波和材料本身弹性形变作用下回到零点附近，压缩波、爆轰产物、稀疏波等共同作用时测点速度在正负方向上来回波动，逐渐趋近于零。综上所述，方案Ⅰ和方案Ⅳ能较好地分离样板，方案Ⅱ、Ⅴ不能使样品分离，方案Ⅲ对板材损伤较大。
为进一步探究两种结构爆破作用后对断离部分的附加动能大小，取离心面几何中心为研究对象，对比方案Ⅰ和Ⅳ测点6Y方向速度变化并加以分析。由图6可知两种方案波形大体一致，方案Ⅰ速度峰值为100 m/s，随后震荡降低至50 m/s；方案Ⅳ峰值为82 m/s，随后震荡降低至30 m/s。
对图6进行积分可得方案Ⅰ位移量为1.9020，方案Ⅳ位移量为1.1963约为方案Ⅰ的0.6倍。初步判断这是因为Ⅴ型凹槽尖端处发生应力集中效应，当冲击波传递到凹槽时，压缩波和拉伸波形成的拉伸应力会在缺口尖端集中。材料尖端所受应力率先达到抗拉极限发生断裂，爆轰产物以及冲击波优先从X轴方向自由面释放，降低了爆炸能量对材料的径向作用。根据双孔爆炸载荷应变测试试验，在双孔连线垂直方向80 mm处所受拉伸应变峰值约为连线方向80 mm的3~6倍。说明双孔结构冲击波在径向上的叠加会增加断离部分板材的动能。综上所述，单孔开槽结构相比于双孔结构能够明显降低爆炸给断离部分提供的附加动能，峰值速度降低20%，逸散速度降低40%。
2　TC4钛合金板断离试验
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2.1　试验设计
依据表1设计5组试验方案，钛合金板规格为100 mm×80 mm×23 mm。两种结构示意图如图7所示，药孔一端使用绝缘黑胶布进行封孔，钝化黑索金压药密度0.88 g/cm3，末端与导爆索相连并用黑胶带进行固定。将电雷管固定在导爆索另一端，双孔结构中雷管置于两根导爆索中间位置。如图8所示，用铜丝将钛合金板悬挂于空中，底部铺设网格用于对比断离后样品偏移位置。
2.2　实验结果与分析
收集5组试验板材进行对比分析，损伤结果如图9所示。方案Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ钛合金板完全分离，方案Ⅱ、Ⅴ发生不同程度形变。方案Ⅰ断离处呈锯齿状，断离处两边损伤大，中间略微突起。方案Ⅱ未发生断离，双孔内侧有细小裂缝，两侧自由面略微鼓起；方案Ⅴ单孔方案未形成“鼓包”，孔径由5 mm扩增至7 mm。两方案出现不同的形变，因为双孔结构中药柱距离自由面近，球型冲击波到达自由面后与反射回来拉伸波形成拉伸作用，此时炮孔与自由面之间的板材受拉应力为主。单孔结构中药柱与自由面距离较远，爆炸产生冲击波在自由面产生的回波不足以使自由面端发生塑性形变，内部板材所受应力以压应力为主。方案Ⅲ钛合金板一侧损伤严重，板材不完整，爆炸产生较多碎片，初步判断是装药直径对炸药猛度的影响，板材在冲击载荷的作用下直接断裂飞出。方案Ⅳ断离处切口平整，因缺口尖端应力集中率先达到断裂强度，在缺口底部薄弱处形成裂隙，这些微小裂隙汇聚使板材断离。
为进一步探究两种方案所产生的附加动能，图10给出Ⅰ、Ⅳ两种方案爆炸后钛合金板落点图。方案Ⅳ落点距离中心位置约7 mm，方案Ⅰ约21 mm为方案Ⅳ的3倍。结合图9可推断出，即使双孔5 mm结构在断离处两侧逸散一部分能量，在双孔间Y方向上叠加的冲击波仍远高于单孔6 mm结构。因爆炸产生钛火阻碍高速摄影视场，未能计算出不同方案断离时的瞬时速度。综上所述，试验结果与仿真计算结果相符合，单孔开槽结构可以在减少装药量的同时得到更好的断离效果。
3　结论
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（1）单孔Ⅴ型开槽结构具有良好的断离能力，Ⅴ型缺口设计可以显著降低炸药对缺口外板材的破坏作用。利用缺口应力集中效应，可以提高炸药对局部的作用能力，提高能量利用率。
（2）单孔Ⅴ型开槽结构相比于双孔结构可以有效降低爆炸对断离部分的附加动能，峰值速度降低20%，逸散速度降低40%。
（3）单孔Ⅴ型开槽断离处平整，应力分布集中，可以降低爆炸对断离部分飞行姿态的影响，更适用于航空发动机包容性试验。
由于钛火的影响，未能对断离瞬时速度进行计算分析；Ⅴ型缺口应力集中效应与缺口深度、角度等多种因素相关，文中仅对60°缺口进行分析。航空发动机的不断发展对叶片断离试验也不断提出新要求，断离结构和方式的研究有待更进一步深入。
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2024年第41卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.021
  • 接收时间：2023-04-24
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2024-06-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-04-24
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    安徽理工大学　化学工程学院，淮南　232000

通讯作者:

王猛（1974-），男，安徽省淮南市，教授，主要从事爆炸力学及其后效应研究，（E-mail）。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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