Article(id=1241777705922924615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1696608000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992476205, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717171200000, pubDateStr=2024-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992476205, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992476205, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992476205, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241777699996368955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992474792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992784144, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=177, endPage=184, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241777706254274655, articleId=1241777705922924615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Influence of Air Overpressure induced by Blasting Excavation of Phase Ⅱ Diversion Upper Horizontal Adit of Meizhou Pumped Storage Power Station on Accident Gate, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Air overpressure generated from the blasting excavation may affect the safety of surrounding structures. The blasting operation area of the horizontal tunnel of the second phase of Meizhou Pumped storage power station is only 81 m away from the steel accident gate of the upper drainage tunnel of the second phase project, which has been built and put into the operation in the first phase. However, the blasting may affect the operation stable of the accident gate. Therefore, taking the blasting excavation of the horizontal hole above the water diversion of the second phase of Meizhou pumped storage power station as the object, the field monitoring of blasting air overpressure was carried out. The distribution rule of blasting air overpressure and its influence on the safety of the emergency gate in the upper reservoir of Meizhou pumped storage power station were analyzed, which provided support for analyzing the influence of blasting air overpressure on the safety of the emergency gate in the upper reservoir. The blasting air overpressure monitoring data show that the air overpressure level in front of the accident gate about 80 m away from the blasting master surface is distributed at 0.63~3.46 kPa, which is much smaller than the suggested corresponding blasting safety control standard of 100 kPa. The protective facilities before the gate can effectively reduce the air overpressure at the gate position, and the measured air overpressure in the fourth and fifth blasting is reduced by more than 55%. When the single and total charge volume are effectively controlled, the measured air overpressure value is much smaller than the suggested control standard value. Besides, there is no abnormality in the field macro investigation and other detection data, the blasting construction does not affect the safe operation of the accident gate on the reservoir.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
CHEN Ming (1977-), male, Ph. D, professor, mainly engaged in engineering blasting and rock dynamics research, (E-mail) .
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爆破开挖过程中产生的空气超压可能会影响周边建构筑物的安全。梅州抽水蓄能电站二期引水平洞的爆破作业区,距离在一期工程中已建好并投入运行的二期工程引水上平洞上库钢质事故闸门仅81 m,爆破作业可能会影响事故闸门的稳定运行。为此,以梅州抽水蓄能电站二期引水上平洞的爆破开挖为对象,开展了爆破空气超压现场监测工作,分析了爆破空气超压的分布规律及其对梅州抽水蓄能电站上库事故闸门的安全影响,为分析爆破空气超压对上库事故闸门的安全影响提供了支撑。现场的爆破空气超压监测数据表明:距离爆破掌子面约80 m的事故闸门前的空气超压水平分布在0.63~3.46 kPa,远小于建议的相应的爆破安全控制标准100 kPa;闸门前使用胶帘等防护设施可以有效减小闸门位置的空气超压,实测的第4次和第5次爆破空气超压减小了55%以上;单段装药量及总装药量得到有效控制时,实测的空气超压值远低于建议的控制标准;现场宏观调查及其他检测数据也未见异常,爆破施工未影响上库事故闸门的安全运行。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈明(1977-),男,博士、教授,主要从事工程爆破与岩石动力学研究,(E-mail)
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郑晶星(1978-),男,硕士、高级工程师,主要从事水利水电工程设计与施工管理,(E-mail)

ZHENG Jing-xing (1978-), male, master, senior engineer, mainly engaged in the design and construction management of water conservancy and hydropower engineering, (E-mail) .

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郑晶星(1978-),男,硕士、高级工程师,主要从事水利水电工程设计与施工管理,(E-mail)

ZHENG Jing-xing (1978-), male, master, senior engineer, mainly engaged in the design and construction management of water conservancy and hydropower engineering, (E-mail) .

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郑晶星(1978-),男,硕士、高级工程师,主要从事水利水电工程设计与施工管理,(E-mail)

ZHENG Jing-xing (1978-), male, master, senior engineer, mainly engaged in the design and construction management of water conservancy and hydropower engineering, (E-mail) .

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Performance parameters of the Blast-PRO explosion shock wave acquisition system

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参数名称取值
工作温度-10~60 ℃
A/D24 bit
采样速率4 M/1 M/250 kHz多档可选
动态范围100 dB
采集端量程-1~+1 V/-10~+10 V
传感器量程0~1 MPa
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Blast-PRO爆炸冲击波采集系统性能参数

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参数名称取值
工作温度-10~60 ℃
A/D24 bit
采样速率4 M/1 M/250 kHz多档可选
动态范围100 dB
采集端量程-1~+1 V/-10~+10 V
传感器量程0~1 MPa
), ArticleFig(id=1241777722368791533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705922924615, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Blasting parameters

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爆破顺序爆破类型总装药量/kg分段单段最大装药量/kg
1修边爆破36.001#、3#、5#、7#10.50
2掏槽爆破66.601#、3#、5#、7#、9#、11#16.80
3压顶爆破100.65-15.90
4第一次上台阶爆破143.70-15.00
5第二次上台阶爆破180.00-19.20
), ArticleFig(id=1241777722503009268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705922924615, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

爆破总装药量及最大单段药量

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爆破顺序爆破类型总装药量/kg分段单段最大装药量/kg
1修边爆破36.001#、3#、5#、7#10.50
2掏槽爆破66.601#、3#、5#、7#、9#、11#16.80
3压顶爆破100.65-15.90
4第一次上台阶爆破143.70-15.00
5第二次上台阶爆破180.00-19.20
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Peak air overpressure (unit: kPa)

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监测次序 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8
1未触发(<1.0)未触发(<1.0)未触发(<1.0)--1.521.961.90
2未触发(<1.0)-未触发(<1.0)未触发(<1.0)未触发(<1.0)2.32-未触发(<1.0)
3---未触发(<1.0)未触发(<1.0)--未触发(<1.0)
4---4.401.78--3.46
5---4.690.58--0.63
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空气超压峰值统计表(单位:kPa)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测次序 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8
1未触发(<1.0)未触发(<1.0)未触发(<1.0)--1.521.961.90
2未触发(<1.0)-未触发(<1.0)未触发(<1.0)未触发(<1.0)2.32-未触发(<1.0)
3---未触发(<1.0)未触发(<1.0)--未触发(<1.0)
4---4.401.78--3.46
5---4.690.58--0.63
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Calcalculated values of the empirical formula

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爆破顺序测点4空气超压峰值理论值P1/kPa测点4空气超压峰值实测值P2/kPa P1/P2
43.0294.4068.73%
53.304.6970.30%
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经验公式超压波计算值

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爆破顺序测点4空气超压峰值理论值P1/kPa测点4空气超压峰值实测值P2/kPa P1/P2
43.0294.4068.73%
53.304.6970.30%
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梅蓄电站二期上引水洞爆破开挖诱发空气超压对上库事故闸门的影响分析
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郑晶星 1 , 黄文锋 1 , 陈明 2 , 陈光泽 1 , 潘鑫豪 2 , 郑建月 2
爆破 | 安全与管理 2024,41(2): 177-184
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2024, 41(2): 177-184
梅蓄电站二期上引水洞爆破开挖诱发空气超压对上库事故闸门的影响分析
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郑晶星1 , 黄文锋1, 陈明2 , 陈光泽1, 潘鑫豪2, 郑建月2
作者信息
  • 1.南方电网调峰调频发电有限公司 工程建设管理分公司,广州 511402
  • 2.武汉大学 水资源工程与调度全国重点实验室,武汉 430072
  • 郑晶星(1978-),男,硕士、高级工程师,主要从事水利水电工程设计与施工管理,(E-mail)

    ZHENG Jing-xing (1978-), male, master, senior engineer, mainly engaged in the design and construction management of water conservancy and hydropower engineering, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

陈明(1977-),男,博士、教授,主要从事工程爆破与岩石动力学研究,(E-mail)
Influence of Air Overpressure induced by Blasting Excavation of Phase Ⅱ Diversion Upper Horizontal Adit of Meizhou Pumped Storage Power Station on Accident Gate
Jing-xing ZHENG1 , Wen-feng HUANG1, Ming CHEN2 , Guang-ze CHEN1, Xin-hao PAN2, Jian-yue ZHENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Engineering Construction Management Branch of the China Southern Power Grid Peak and Frequency Modulation Power Generation Co., LTD, Guangzhou 511402, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.022
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爆破开挖过程中产生的空气超压可能会影响周边建构筑物的安全。梅州抽水蓄能电站二期引水平洞的爆破作业区,距离在一期工程中已建好并投入运行的二期工程引水上平洞上库钢质事故闸门仅81 m,爆破作业可能会影响事故闸门的稳定运行。为此,以梅州抽水蓄能电站二期引水上平洞的爆破开挖为对象,开展了爆破空气超压现场监测工作,分析了爆破空气超压的分布规律及其对梅州抽水蓄能电站上库事故闸门的安全影响,为分析爆破空气超压对上库事故闸门的安全影响提供了支撑。现场的爆破空气超压监测数据表明:距离爆破掌子面约80 m的事故闸门前的空气超压水平分布在0.63~3.46 kPa,远小于建议的相应的爆破安全控制标准100 kPa;闸门前使用胶帘等防护设施可以有效减小闸门位置的空气超压,实测的第4次和第5次爆破空气超压减小了55%以上;单段装药量及总装药量得到有效控制时,实测的空气超压值远低于建议的控制标准;现场宏观调查及其他检测数据也未见异常,爆破施工未影响上库事故闸门的安全运行。

爆破开挖  /  空气超压  /  事故闸门  /  安全影响  /  现场测试

Air overpressure generated from the blasting excavation may affect the safety of surrounding structures. The blasting operation area of the horizontal tunnel of the second phase of Meizhou Pumped storage power station is only 81 m away from the steel accident gate of the upper drainage tunnel of the second phase project, which has been built and put into the operation in the first phase. However, the blasting may affect the operation stable of the accident gate. Therefore, taking the blasting excavation of the horizontal hole above the water diversion of the second phase of Meizhou pumped storage power station as the object, the field monitoring of blasting air overpressure was carried out. The distribution rule of blasting air overpressure and its influence on the safety of the emergency gate in the upper reservoir of Meizhou pumped storage power station were analyzed, which provided support for analyzing the influence of blasting air overpressure on the safety of the emergency gate in the upper reservoir. The blasting air overpressure monitoring data show that the air overpressure level in front of the accident gate about 80 m away from the blasting master surface is distributed at 0.63~3.46 kPa, which is much smaller than the suggested corresponding blasting safety control standard of 100 kPa. The protective facilities before the gate can effectively reduce the air overpressure at the gate position, and the measured air overpressure in the fourth and fifth blasting is reduced by more than 55%. When the single and total charge volume are effectively controlled, the measured air overpressure value is much smaller than the suggested control standard value. Besides, there is no abnormality in the field macro investigation and other detection data, the blasting construction does not affect the safe operation of the accident gate on the reservoir.

blasting excavation  /  air overpressure  /  accident gate  /  safety impact  /  site test
郑晶星, 黄文锋, 陈明, 陈光泽, 潘鑫豪, 郑建月. 梅蓄电站二期上引水洞爆破开挖诱发空气超压对上库事故闸门的影响分析. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (2) : 177 -184 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.022
Jing-xing ZHENG, Wen-feng HUANG, Ming CHEN, Guang-ze CHEN, Xin-hao PAN, Jian-yue ZHENG. Influence of Air Overpressure induced by Blasting Excavation of Phase Ⅱ Diversion Upper Horizontal Adit of Meizhou Pumped Storage Power Station on Accident Gate[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (2) : 177 -184 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.022
爆破是目前使用最广泛的岩体开挖方法,但爆破过程中产生的飞石、粉尘、有毒气体、空气超压等会对周围的环境稳定产生影响。其中,爆破冲击波是由炸药爆炸时在空气中产生的一种压缩波,当爆破冲击波及其产生的空气超压达到一定值时,会对爆破周围人员的生命安全以及建筑物的稳定产生较大的危害[1,2]。爆破空气冲击波及其衰减后形成的空气超压的影响范围可以达到后行洞开挖面前后单洞跨度3倍的区域,对人体及周围建筑物都会造成较大的影响[3]。当空气超压值达到1个大气压时,作用在人体上的力可近似达到4 kN到5 kN,在这样的冲击力作用下,人体所有内脏将会受到严重损伤,甚至造成伤亡[4]
众多学者对爆破空气冲击波超压的影响因素、衰减规律及其破坏作用原理进行了研究,为爆破安全防护提供参考。张学民等通过开展大断面隧道钻孔爆破空气冲击波的现场测试[5],分析了钻爆冲击波的传播规律及影响因素。高文乐等采用理论分析、数值模拟与现场监测相结合的方法[6],分析了隧道洞口爆破冲击波超压的衰减规律,为隧道洞口施工过程中的空气超压防护提供了理论依据。周贤舜等利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA分析了微差爆破冲击波超压的衰减规律[7],并通过引用爆源药量计算系数获得了隧道微差爆破冲击波超压预测公式,为隧道爆破冲击波的环境评价提供依据。爆破产生的空气冲击波超压(AOP)的强度受很多因素的影响,可分为可控因素和非可控因素两大类,可控因素包括爆破设计参数以及冲击波传播过程中的障碍,不可控因素包括爆区与监测点的距离、被爆岩体的地质构造等[8,9]。对于可控类的爆破,首先应该优化爆破设计参数,若作业条件不能满足爆破药量和安全间隔的要求,可在爆源、保护对象四周以及两者之间构筑障碍物,以削弱空气冲击波的强度,降低AOP值。对于不可控类的爆破,由于爆炸冲击波的威力比较大,对施工人员的生命财产安全形成较大隐患,故施工过程中需要做到的加强监测,根据冲击波的超压值设置安全警戒线,提前预防[10]
以梅州抽水蓄能电站二期引水上平洞的爆破开挖为对象,利用爆炸冲击波采集系统开展了爆破空气超压监测工作,并分析二期工程引水上平洞开挖爆破施工产生的爆破空气超压对上库事故闸门的影响。根据现场测试获得的洞室内及闸门上的爆破冲击空气超压数据,总结开挖爆破空气超压在洞室中的分布规律,为分析爆破空气超压对上库事故闸门的安全影响提供支撑。
梅州抽水蓄能电站(以下简称梅蓄)位于广东省五华县龙村镇黄狮村,总装机容量2400 MW,分两期建设,一、二期装机容量均为1200 MW,额定水头400 m。枢纽布置由上水库、下水库、地下输水发电系统等构成。上、下库按终期规模一次性建成,上水库正常蓄水位815.50 m,总库容4316万m3,主副坝各一座。下水库正常蓄水位413.50 m,总库容4962万m3。输水发电系统分为一期、二期,均按“一洞四机”布置,由三大洞室、引水系统、尾水系统、地面开关站构成。
梅蓄电站二期引水上平洞与一期引水上平洞平行布置,两者最短直线距离270.4 m。引水上平洞总长度约为288.43 m,洞径11.8 m,开挖断面为马蹄形,已完成洞长约192 m,开挖掌子面桩号Y0+261.134 m,有1#施工支洞直通开挖掌子面,上平洞段尚有约27 m未开挖;桩号Y0+233.134之前部分已经做好钢筋混凝土衬砌。上平洞待开挖段洞室围岩类别主要为Ⅳ类,受节理裂隙相互切割影响,组合形成不稳定楔形体,隧洞围岩稳定性较差。爆破作业区距离在一期工程中已建好并投入运行的二期工程引水上平洞上库钢质事故闸门仅81 m,隧洞断面分上下两个台阶进行爆破开挖,隧洞布置及上库事故闸门平面位置见图1所示。
因爆破作业区距离上库事故闸较近,爆破空气冲击波及其衰减后形成的空气超压可能会影响闸门的安全。为了降低爆破空气超压对二期上库事故闸门的影响,保证闸门安全,在闸门前设置了胶帘、排架幕墙、挡墙等防护设施,以降低爆破空气超压对事故闸门的安全影响[11,12],防护设施的布置如图2所示,图3为现场布置图。为进一步了解爆破空气冲击波及超压的分布规律及其影响,开展了爆破空气超压监测工作。
采用仪器为Blast-Pro爆炸冲击波采集系统,配上空气冲击波超声传感器,进行爆破引起的空气超压监测。如图4所示。Blast-Pro冲击测试仪可通过专用分析软件包对测量的数据进行综合分析,测试系统的性能参数如表1所示。
结合现场的爆破开挖试验,进行了5次爆破空气超压监测,依次是修边爆破、掏槽爆破、压顶爆破、第一次上台阶爆破和第二次上台阶爆破,具体的爆破参数见表2。第一次上台阶爆破时,结合前期的爆破测试数据,将掏槽爆破与压顶爆破放在一个网路起爆,爆破设计如图5所示。第二次上台阶爆破时,进一步增大循环进尺,并加大总装药量及单段药量,爆破参数与后期拟使用的参数基本一致,爆破设计如图6所示。
针对梅州抽水蓄能电站二期引水上平洞施工过程中的5次开挖爆破,进行了空气超压跟踪监测。监测测点布置如图7所示,图8为现场的测点布置图。
梅州抽水蓄能电站二期引水上平洞施工过程中的5次开挖爆破试验,每次爆破都进行了空气超压跟踪监测。监测中的空气超压峰值如表3所示。
表3所示的历次爆破空气超压监测统计数据可知,胶帘具备一定减小空气超压的作用,后两次爆破过程中位于胶帘前后P4P5测点的空气超压波形图如图9~10所示,分析可知,第4次和第5次爆破中胶帘分别减小空气超压59.5%和87.6%;闸门前空气超压分布为0.63~3.46 kPa,压力较低,远小于1 MPa;此外,由于事故钢闸门是刚性闸门,爆炸冲击波经闸门反射、叠加,会导致闸门前测点的空气超压值增大。因此,第1、2次爆破时,距离爆源近的测点(P1P2P3P4P5)未触发,而距闸门近的测点(P6P7P8)有数据。
进一步分析各个测点的监测数据与爆破位置的关系可知,前三次爆破试验,装药比较分散,虽然单段药量变化不大,但是测试设备未触发,预测的空气超压值小于1 kPa。后两次爆破试验,隧洞的上台阶爆破总药量较大,且空气冲击波方向正对测点,实测的空气超压值较前三次的修边或压顶爆破的显著增大,根据如图11~图12所示,第2、5次爆破时胶帘后P5P6测点的空气冲压波形图可知,一次爆破的总药量及冲击波方向显著影响空气超压值。
在多次爆破空气超压测试中,分析多个爆破空气超压波形可知,由于冲击波反射叠加增强效应,导致爆破超压作用持续时间一般都大于起爆网络设计的总延时。
《爆破安全规程》(GB6722—2014)给出了建筑物的破坏程度与超压关系[13],但缺少水工钢闸门的空气超压(冲击波)控制标准。参考水下爆破时闸门前允许水击波压力值一般为200~400 kPa,同时考虑到水工钢闸门具有较高的强度以及闸门前存在约450 kPa的静水压力,本工程事故闸门处允许的空气超压应该在200 kPa以上。但为确保事故闸门安全,本工程严格控制闸门后的空气超压值,建议空气超压安全控制值取100 kPa。
根据前述的爆破安全监测数据可知,现场空气超压实测值为0.63~3.46 kPa,远小于建议的相应的爆破安全控制标准100 kPa,现场的宏观调查及巡视检查也未见上库事故闸门的异常情况,可见,爆破施工对上库事故闸门的影响是可控的,现场施工爆破未影响闸门的安全运行。
Kinney空气超压峰值计算公式为[14]
式中:,为比例爆炸距离;R为起爆距离,m;W为TNT药量,kg。测点4的空气超压峰值见表4
根据公式计算可得测点4正在第一次台阶爆破和第二次台阶爆破时空气超压峰值理论解为3.02 kPa、3.30 kPa,比实测值分别低1.38 kPa、1.39 kPa,约1/3。相对于第5次爆破,在单段药量增大一倍、单次爆破总装药量增大一倍时,根据经验公式计算得胶帘前爆破空气超压峰值理论解为4.22 kPa。根据测得的爆破空气超压非线性、指数型的衰减特性、胶帘对空气超压的屏蔽作用,并考虑到1#施工支洞的泄气通道作用,可推测现场实测事故闸门处爆破空气超压值仍会远小于建议的爆破安全控制标准100 kPa,梅蓄电站二期工程引水上平洞开挖的爆破参数做适当的调整,爆破施工对上库事故闸门的负面影响仍是可控的。
通过现场测试获得的洞室内及上库事故闸门上的爆破冲击超压数据,分析了爆破开挖空气超压对钢闸门的影响,得到以下结论:
(1)一次爆破的总药量及冲击波传播方向显著影响空气超压值;空气超压防护设施具备较好的降压作用,可显著削减空气超压。
(2)事故闸门前的空气超压值约为0.63~3.46 kPa,压力较低,远低于建议的控制标准100 kPa。结合现场的实际爆破空气超压监测数据及宏观调查,爆破施工未影响上库事故闸门的安全运行。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51979205)
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2024年第41卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.022
  • 接收时间:2023-10-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-07
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51979205)
国家自然科学基金项目(51979205)
作者信息
    1.南方电网调峰调频发电有限公司 工程建设管理分公司,广州 511402
    2.武汉大学 水资源工程与调度全国重点实验室,武汉 430072

通讯作者:

陈明(1977-),男,博士、教授,主要从事工程爆破与岩石动力学研究,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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