Article(id=1241777705558020151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1677600000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992476119, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717171200000, pubDateStr=2024-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992476119, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992476119, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992476119, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241777699996368955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992474792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992784144, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=51, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241777705868398659, articleId=1241777705558020151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Design and Practice of Rock Plug Blasting in Cryogenic Environment, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Yinsong Water Diversion Project is a large-scale water diversion project aimed at solving the urban water supply problem in the central region of Jilin Province. The rock plug blasting at the intake is a key control engineering aspect of the project. The rock plug has a trumpet-shaped opening with a top width of 28.4 m, bottom width of 7.0 m, and thickness of 15.76 m. The construction site is located in a cold zone with temperatures ranging from-10℃ to-15℃ during the freezing period, resulting in an ice cover thickness of approximately 0.5 m. There are limited reference cases for implementing rock plug blasting operations under such low-temperature frozen conditions. To address the technical challenges faced, both 1∶1 scale rock plug blasting tests and low-temperature tests on explosive materials were conducted. The results of the 1∶1 scale rock plug blasting test were consistent with the original design, as confirmed through post-blast inspections which showed that the shape and dimensions of the intake met design requirements and achieved expected goals. This verified the feasibility of groove excavation hole layout, charge structure, amount of explosives used, and initiation network as planned in the design. The low-temperature test on explosive materials resolved issues related to phase separation and loss of sensitizing bubbles for ordinary emulsion explosives under low-temperature frozen environments. It also examined reliability by using physically treated solid particles for sensitized high-water-resistant emulsion explosives; experimental measurements met technical requirements. All communication, timing synchronization, and networking functions for high-precision digital electronic detonators operated normally. The high-energy detonation of the explosive charge was effectively controlled by implementing protective measures such as setting end caps and using epoxy resin. The sensitivity to detonation did not show any significant changes. Through a comparison with conventional blasting holes, it was observed that the equipment subjected to low-temperature testing met the design requirements satisfactorily. Based on the results of these two experiments, optimization of the blasting scheme was carried out. During actual operations, issues such as protruding ice formations on the inner walls of boreholes and difficulties in loading explosive charges were successfully resolved. The initiation network employed three main lines encircling the lining connection section, each distinguished by a different color. Electronic detonators were grouped according to their corresponding color-coded main line connections. This circular arrangement of blast initiation lines effectively prevented water leakage at low temperatures, ensuring waterproof integrity within connecting components and facilitating subsequent drilling and charging operations. To alleviate pressure build-up after blasting, relief holes were excavated in the upper ice layer above rock plugs for pressure release purposes. The resulting cross-section after blasting closely matched the design specifications without any noticeable collapse at tunnel entrances or excessive vibration levels at critical monitoring points during blasting operations. This study demonstrates that effective control over blast vibrations and environmental protection can be achieved through well-executed rock plug blasting techniques.

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引松供水是解决吉林省中部地区城市供水问题的大型调水工程,取水口的岩塞爆破是项目的重点控制性工程。该岩塞为喇叭口形状,顶宽28.4 m,底宽7.0 m,塞体厚15.76 m。施工地处低温地带,气温在-10~-15℃左右,正直冰冻期,冰盖厚约0.5 m。在低温冰冻的环境下实施岩塞爆破作业,可参考的工程案例较少。针对所面临的技术难点,分别进行了1∶1岩塞爆破试验和爆器材低温试验。1∶1岩塞爆破试验与原位岩塞爆破方案基本一致,爆后经检查,进水口形状、尺寸与设计基本符合,达到了预期目标,实际验证了设计中的掏槽孔等相关炮孔布置、装药结构、炸药使用量和起爆网路的可行性。爆破器材低温试验解决了低温冰冻环境下普通乳化炸药的水相氧化剂析晶与敏化气泡丧失后拒爆的问题,检验了采用了物理方式的固体颗粒进行敏化高抗水乳化炸药的可靠性,试验实测值达到了技术要求。高精度数码电子雷管的通讯、授时、组网全部正常。高能导爆索因采取设置端头帽和环氧树脂等防护措施,爆轰感度没有明显变化。通过正常装药的爆破孔爆破对比,经过低温试验的爆破器材较好地满足设计要求。根据两次试验结果,对爆破方案进行了优化。在实际作业过程中遇到炮孔内壁出现凸起冰凌,药柱无法装入等问题都得到很好的解决。起爆网路采用的是将沿衬砌连接段环绕一周的三条主线分为不同颜色,电子雷管按分组接在对应颜色的主线上。环形的爆破主线的能有效避免低温渗漏水导致连接件内防水失效,也为后续拆除钻孔、装药作业平台提供便利。通过在岩塞上部冰层开凿泄压孔进行爆破破冰,及时泄放压力。爆后断面与设计相差很小,洞口外侧未发现垮塌,关键部位爆破振动监测点峰值均有效控制在安全允许范围内,达到了预期的一次爆通成型、控制爆破振动和环境保护的效果,证明该岩塞爆破良好。本次爆破成功表明在低温冰冻的气候环境下实施精准的岩塞爆破是可行,可为类似环境下的岩塞爆破施工提供相关数据参考。

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迟祥(1992-),男,辽宁省营口大石桥市,大学本科、中级爆破工程师,从事爆破设计施工、安全评估评估及安全监理等方面的研究,(E-mail)

CHI Xiang (1992-), male, Yingkou Dashiqiao City, Liaoning Province, undergraduate, intermediate blasting engineer, engaged in blasting design and construction, safety assessment and safety supervision and other aspects of research, (E-mail) .

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迟祥(1992-),男,辽宁省营口大石桥市,大学本科、中级爆破工程师,从事爆破设计施工、安全评估评估及安全监理等方面的研究,(E-mail)

CHI Xiang (1992-), male, Yingkou Dashiqiao City, Liaoning Province, undergraduate, intermediate blasting engineer, engaged in blasting design and construction, safety assessment and safety supervision and other aspects of research, (E-mail) .

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迟祥(1992-),男,辽宁省营口大石桥市,大学本科、中级爆破工程师,从事爆破设计施工、安全评估评估及安全监理等方面的研究,(E-mail)

CHI Xiang (1992-), male, Yingkou Dashiqiao City, Liaoning Province, undergraduate, intermediate blasting engineer, engaged in blasting design and construction, safety assessment and safety supervision and other aspects of research, (E-mail) .

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articleId=1241777705558020151, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=低温冰冻), Keyword(id=1241777711555875183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=可靠性), Keyword(id=1241777711648149877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=岩塞爆破设计)], refs=[Reference(id=1241777716215747249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=12, pageEnd=16, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=丁隆灼, journalName=四川水力发电, refType=null, unstructuredReference=丁隆灼. 水下岩塞爆破及其在水电工程中的应用[J]. 四川水力发电, 1998(3): 12-16., articleTitle=水下岩塞爆破及其在水电工程中的应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777717738279610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=12, pageEnd=16, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=DING L Z, journalName=Sichuan Water Power, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DING L Z. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Control measurement and results analysis of harmful effects of underwater rock plug blasting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777718245790454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=22, issue=5, pageStart=13, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=赵根, 吴新霞, 周先平, journalName=工程爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵根, 吴新霞, 周先平, . 深水条件下岩塞钻孔爆破关键技术及应用[J]. 工程爆破, 2016, 22(5): 13-17., articleTitle=深水条件下岩塞钻孔爆破关键技术及应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777718342259457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=22, issue=5, pageStart=13, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=7, authorNames=ZHAO G, WU X X, ZHOU X P, journalName=Engineering Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO G, WU X X, ZHOU X P, et al. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Design & construction of blasting for rock plugunder water of spillway tunnel of Huaxi reservoir extension project, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777719537636215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=9, issue=2, pageStart=69, pageEnd=72, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=18, authorNames=郑坚, 张仁高, journalName=工程爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郑坚, 张仁高. 引水隧洞进水口岩塞爆破[J]. 工程爆破, 2003, 9(2): 69-72., articleTitle=引水隧洞进水口岩塞爆破, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777719634105216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=9, issue=2, pageStart=69, pageEnd=72, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=19, authorNames=ZHENG J, ZHANG R G, journalName=Engineering Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHENG J, ZHANG R G. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Blasting of rock plug in water inlet of a diversion tunnel, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777719722185605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=11, issue=4, pageStart=27, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=20, authorNames=陈志刚, 潘伟君, journalName=工程爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈志刚, 潘伟君. 循环水泵房进水口岩塞爆破设计与施工[J]. 工程爆破, 2005, 11(4): 27-31., articleTitle=循环水泵房进水口岩塞爆破设计与施工, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777719839626132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=11, issue=4, pageStart=27, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=21, authorNames=CHEN Z G, PAN W J, journalName=Engineering Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Z G, PAN W J. Blasting design and construction of rock stopper of the water inlet of circulating water pump house[J]. Engineering Blasting, 2005, 11(4): 27-31. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Blasting design and construction of rock stopper of the water inlet of circulating water pump house, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777719973843873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=12, pageEnd=15, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=22, authorNames=杨杰, 祈茂富, 朱全环, journalName=煤矿爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨杰, 祈茂富, 朱全环. 浅谈提高乳化炸药的抗冻性[J]. 煤矿爆破, 2011(3): 12-15., articleTitle=浅谈提高乳化炸药的抗冻性, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777720074507177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=12, pageEnd=15, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=23, authorNames=YANG Jie, QI Mao-fu, ZHU Quan-huan, journalName=Coal Mine Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Jie, QI Mao-fu, ZHU Quan-huan. Discussion on improving the frost resistance of emulsion explosives[J]. Coal Mine Blasting, 2011(3): 12-15. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Discussion on improving the frost resistance of emulsion explosives, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777720212919221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=24, authorNames=中华人民共和国国家标准, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国国家标准. GB6722—2014爆破安全规程[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2014., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241777709928485112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241777709932679418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, companyId=1241777709928485112, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Jilin Dongdelai Blasting Demolition Co, Ltd, Jilin 132000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241777709949456636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, companyId=1241777709928485112, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=吉林东德来爆破拆除有限公司,吉林市 132000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241777713216819588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Longitudinal profile of water intake (unit: m), figureFileSmall=N/jz7l4dFPMOAZeDc1fodw==, figureFileBig=hd9/RsdtP56QzpCbTIsOXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777713334260108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=CN, label=图1, caption=取水口纵剖面图(单位:m), figureFileSmall=N/jz7l4dFPMOAZeDc1fodw==, figureFileBig=hd9/RsdtP56QzpCbTIsOXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777713543975328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=1∶1 Longitudinal section of rock plug (unit: cm), figureFileSmall=cBWPzy7Z1c9jJzWmH0XLTg==, figureFileBig=cotAi6RXF69T36vg5+pTMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777713644638633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1∶1岩塞纵剖面图(单位:cm), figureFileSmall=cBWPzy7Z1c9jJzWmH0XLTg==, figureFileBig=cotAi6RXF69T36vg5+pTMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777713732719021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=1∶1 Effect diagram of rock plug blasting test, figureFileSmall=ASUr69oL1c8zXz1kUJKa3A==, figureFileBig=jIYLn8/6qM2hdUQLFaXfSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777713845965241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1∶1岩塞爆破试验效果图, figureFileSmall=ASUr69oL1c8zXz1kUJKa3A==, figureFileBig=jIYLn8/6qM2hdUQLFaXfSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777713971794374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Blast hole layout (unit: cm), figureFileSmall=9anpvEHP8GOVzQzWJTE9/A==, figureFileBig=r7p66fps7QdGUVwIeR9M1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777714114400720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=CN, label=图4, caption=炮孔布置图(单位:cm), figureFileSmall=9anpvEHP8GOVzQzWJTE9/A==, figureFileBig=r7p66fps7QdGUVwIeR9M1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777714303144419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Blasting network layout, figureFileSmall=SnKxMNywaK6epgdLU2JA2A==, figureFileBig=aRUtvTgcZQ5yjYPEuX8lnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777714428973550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=CN, label=图5, caption=爆破网路布置图, figureFileSmall=SnKxMNywaK6epgdLU2JA2A==, figureFileBig=aRUtvTgcZQ5yjYPEuX8lnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777714558996985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=EN, 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journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=CN, label=图9, caption= Vdy3测点振动速度振动历程, figureFileSmall=n+as6jJkvImJcGUMeHEW4w==, figureFileBig=SkPMOx100CG2hEBSDRBZfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777715355914841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

High water resistance emulsion explosive test results table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号项目数量技术要求常温实测值试验实测值结果
1爆速3节≥3.2×103 m/s5.1×103 m/s3.8×103 m/s合格
2猛度2节≥12 mm X=15.6 mm X=13.1 mm合格
3殉爆10节≥30 mm爆炸完全基本爆炸完全合格
), ArticleFig(id=1241777715452383844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

高抗水乳化炸药试验结果表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号项目数量技术要求常温实测值试验实测值结果
1爆速3节≥3.2×103 m/s5.1×103 m/s3.8×103 m/s合格
2猛度2节≥12 mm X=15.6 mm X=13.1 mm合格
3殉爆10节≥30 mm爆炸完全基本爆炸完全合格
), ArticleFig(id=1241777715548852846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Design results of rock plug blasting at water intake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类别炮孔编号孔数/个孔径/mm平均孔深/m单孔平均装药量/(kg·孔)各类别总计/kg
中心掏槽孔 T01906.5520.0182.2
第一圈掏槽孔 T1~T88906.6020.3
第一圈主炮孔 Z1~Z1010906.7917.0169.7
第二圈主炮孔 Z11~Z2212906.9317.3207.1
第三圈主炮孔 Z23~Z4018907.0617.7319.0
第四圈主炮孔 Z41~Z6222907.0817.9394.1
光爆孔 G1~G4040757.089.0360.9
炸药总量/kg1633
), ArticleFig(id=1241777715649516151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

取水口岩塞爆破设计成果表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类别炮孔编号孔数/个孔径/mm平均孔深/m单孔平均装药量/(kg·孔)各类别总计/kg
中心掏槽孔 T01906.5520.0182.2
第一圈掏槽孔 T1~T88906.6020.3
第一圈主炮孔 Z1~Z1010906.7917.0169.7
第二圈主炮孔 Z11~Z2212906.9317.3207.1
第三圈主炮孔 Z23~Z4018907.0617.7319.0
第四圈主炮孔 Z41~Z6222907.0817.9394.1
光爆孔 G1~G4040757.089.0360.9
炸药总量/kg1633
), ArticleFig(id=1241777715771150982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Rock plug blasting procedure at water intake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号响数孔类时间/ms延迟时间/ms孔号孔数/个单响药量/kg
1第1响观测信号点10001000   
掏槽孔 T0120.0
2第2响掏槽孔1100100 T1T2239.9
3第3响掏槽孔11099 T3T4241.6
4第4响掏槽孔11189 T5T6241.6
5第5响掏槽孔11279 T7T8240.8
6第6响第一圈主爆孔1200100 Z1Z2234.5
7第7响第一圈主爆孔12099 Z3Z4233.7
8第8响第一圈主爆孔12189 Z5Z6232.4
9第9响第一圈主爆孔12279 Z7Z8233.3
10第10响第一圈主爆孔12369 Z9Z10234.5
11第11响第二圈主爆孔1300100 Z11~Z13352.3
12第12响第二圈主爆孔13099 Z14~Z16346.8
13第13响第二圈主爆孔13189 Z17~Z19349.3
14第14响第二圈主爆孔13279 Z20~Z22352.2
15第15响第三圈主爆孔1400100 Z23~Z25353.7
16第16响第三圈主爆孔14099 Z26~Z28352.8
17第17响第三圈主爆孔14189 Z29~Z31344.1
18第18响第三圈主爆孔14279 Z32~Z34349.3
19第19响第三圈主爆孔14369 Z35~Z37354.7
20第20响第三圈主爆孔14459 Z38~Z40356.0
21第21响第四圈主爆孔1500100 Z41~Z43361.9
22第22响第四圈主爆孔15099 Z44~Z46349.1
23第23响第四圈主爆孔15189 Z47~Z50457.3
24第24响第四圈主爆孔15279 Z51~Z53342.6
25第25响第四圈主爆孔15369 Z54~Z56356.8
26第26响第四圈主爆孔15459 Z57~Z59358.1
27第27响第四圈主爆孔15540 Z60~Z62357.2
28第28响光爆孔157925 G1~G5553.5
29第29响光爆孔15889 G6~G10547.8
30第30响光爆孔15979 G11~G15535.8
31第31响光爆孔16069 G16~G20533.8
32第32响光爆孔16150 G21~G25535.6
33第33响光爆孔16249 G26~G30546.7
34第34响光爆孔16339 G31~G35550.6
35第35响光爆孔16429 G36~G40548.7
合计1599.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241777715867619986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

取水口岩塞爆破程序表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号响数孔类时间/ms延迟时间/ms孔号孔数/个单响药量/kg
1第1响观测信号点10001000   
掏槽孔 T0120.0
2第2响掏槽孔1100100 T1T2239.9
3第3响掏槽孔11099 T3T4241.6
4第4响掏槽孔11189 T5T6241.6
5第5响掏槽孔11279 T7T8240.8
6第6响第一圈主爆孔1200100 Z1Z2234.5
7第7响第一圈主爆孔12099 Z3Z4233.7
8第8响第一圈主爆孔12189 Z5Z6232.4
9第9响第一圈主爆孔12279 Z7Z8233.3
10第10响第一圈主爆孔12369 Z9Z10234.5
11第11响第二圈主爆孔1300100 Z11~Z13352.3
12第12响第二圈主爆孔13099 Z14~Z16346.8
13第13响第二圈主爆孔13189 Z17~Z19349.3
14第14响第二圈主爆孔13279 Z20~Z22352.2
15第15响第三圈主爆孔1400100 Z23~Z25353.7
16第16响第三圈主爆孔14099 Z26~Z28352.8
17第17响第三圈主爆孔14189 Z29~Z31344.1
18第18响第三圈主爆孔14279 Z32~Z34349.3
19第19响第三圈主爆孔14369 Z35~Z37354.7
20第20响第三圈主爆孔14459 Z38~Z40356.0
21第21响第四圈主爆孔1500100 Z41~Z43361.9
22第22响第四圈主爆孔15099 Z44~Z46349.1
23第23响第四圈主爆孔15189 Z47~Z50457.3
24第24响第四圈主爆孔15279 Z51~Z53342.6
25第25响第四圈主爆孔15369 Z54~Z56356.8
26第26响第四圈主爆孔15459 Z57~Z59358.1
27第27响第四圈主爆孔15540 Z60~Z62357.2
28第28响光爆孔157925 G1~G5553.5
29第29响光爆孔15889 G6~G10547.8
30第30响光爆孔15979 G11~G15535.8
31第31响光爆孔16069 G16~G20533.8
32第32响光爆孔16150 G21~G25535.6
33第33响光爆孔16249 G26~G30546.7
34第34响光爆孔16339 G31~G35550.6
35第35响光爆孔16429 G36~G40548.7
合计1599.1
), ArticleFig(id=1241777715959894681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Monitoring results of blasting vibration effect

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点编号测点部位至岩塞中心距离/m峰值振动速度
水平径向水平切向竖直向
水平高差振速/(cm·s-1峰频/Hz振速/(cm·s-1峰频/Hz振速/(cm·s-1峰频/Hz
Vdy1库岸公路边134.4510.61.6323.41.2427.32.1727.3
Vdy2库岸公路边187.7410.81.0323.40.5039.11.1735.1
Vdy3库岸公路边241.5510.50.5519.50.5131.20.5331.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241777716047975074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705558020151, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

爆破振动效应监测成果表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点编号测点部位至岩塞中心距离/m峰值振动速度
水平径向水平切向竖直向
水平高差振速/(cm·s-1峰频/Hz振速/(cm·s-1峰频/Hz振速/(cm·s-1峰频/Hz
Vdy1库岸公路边134.4510.61.6323.41.2427.32.1727.3
Vdy2库岸公路边187.7410.81.0323.40.5039.11.1735.1
Vdy3库岸公路边241.5510.50.5519.50.5131.20.5331.2
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低温冰冻环境下的岩塞爆破设计与施工实践
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迟祥 , 姚春雨
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024,41(2): 51-59
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024, 41(2): 51-59
低温冰冻环境下的岩塞爆破设计与施工实践
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迟祥 , 姚春雨
作者信息
  • 吉林东德来爆破拆除有限公司,吉林市 132000
  • 迟祥(1992-),男,辽宁省营口大石桥市,大学本科、中级爆破工程师,从事爆破设计施工、安全评估评估及安全监理等方面的研究,(E-mail)

    CHI Xiang (1992-), male, Yingkou Dashiqiao City, Liaoning Province, undergraduate, intermediate blasting engineer, engaged in blasting design and construction, safety assessment and safety supervision and other aspects of research, (E-mail) .

Design and Practice of Rock Plug Blasting in Cryogenic Environment
Xiang CHI , Chun-yu YAO
Affiliations
  • Jilin Dongdelai Blasting Demolition Co, Ltd, Jilin 132000, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.007
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引松供水是解决吉林省中部地区城市供水问题的大型调水工程,取水口的岩塞爆破是项目的重点控制性工程。该岩塞为喇叭口形状,顶宽28.4 m,底宽7.0 m,塞体厚15.76 m。施工地处低温地带,气温在-10~-15℃左右,正直冰冻期,冰盖厚约0.5 m。在低温冰冻的环境下实施岩塞爆破作业,可参考的工程案例较少。针对所面临的技术难点,分别进行了1∶1岩塞爆破试验和爆器材低温试验。1∶1岩塞爆破试验与原位岩塞爆破方案基本一致,爆后经检查,进水口形状、尺寸与设计基本符合,达到了预期目标,实际验证了设计中的掏槽孔等相关炮孔布置、装药结构、炸药使用量和起爆网路的可行性。爆破器材低温试验解决了低温冰冻环境下普通乳化炸药的水相氧化剂析晶与敏化气泡丧失后拒爆的问题,检验了采用了物理方式的固体颗粒进行敏化高抗水乳化炸药的可靠性,试验实测值达到了技术要求。高精度数码电子雷管的通讯、授时、组网全部正常。高能导爆索因采取设置端头帽和环氧树脂等防护措施,爆轰感度没有明显变化。通过正常装药的爆破孔爆破对比,经过低温试验的爆破器材较好地满足设计要求。根据两次试验结果,对爆破方案进行了优化。在实际作业过程中遇到炮孔内壁出现凸起冰凌,药柱无法装入等问题都得到很好的解决。起爆网路采用的是将沿衬砌连接段环绕一周的三条主线分为不同颜色,电子雷管按分组接在对应颜色的主线上。环形的爆破主线的能有效避免低温渗漏水导致连接件内防水失效,也为后续拆除钻孔、装药作业平台提供便利。通过在岩塞上部冰层开凿泄压孔进行爆破破冰,及时泄放压力。爆后断面与设计相差很小,洞口外侧未发现垮塌,关键部位爆破振动监测点峰值均有效控制在安全允许范围内,达到了预期的一次爆通成型、控制爆破振动和环境保护的效果,证明该岩塞爆破良好。本次爆破成功表明在低温冰冻的气候环境下实施精准的岩塞爆破是可行,可为类似环境下的岩塞爆破施工提供相关数据参考。

岩塞爆破  /  低温冰冻  /  可靠性  /  岩塞爆破设计

The Yinsong Water Diversion Project is a large-scale water diversion project aimed at solving the urban water supply problem in the central region of Jilin Province. The rock plug blasting at the intake is a key control engineering aspect of the project. The rock plug has a trumpet-shaped opening with a top width of 28.4 m, bottom width of 7.0 m, and thickness of 15.76 m. The construction site is located in a cold zone with temperatures ranging from-10℃ to-15℃ during the freezing period, resulting in an ice cover thickness of approximately 0.5 m. There are limited reference cases for implementing rock plug blasting operations under such low-temperature frozen conditions. To address the technical challenges faced, both 1∶1 scale rock plug blasting tests and low-temperature tests on explosive materials were conducted. The results of the 1∶1 scale rock plug blasting test were consistent with the original design, as confirmed through post-blast inspections which showed that the shape and dimensions of the intake met design requirements and achieved expected goals. This verified the feasibility of groove excavation hole layout, charge structure, amount of explosives used, and initiation network as planned in the design. The low-temperature test on explosive materials resolved issues related to phase separation and loss of sensitizing bubbles for ordinary emulsion explosives under low-temperature frozen environments. It also examined reliability by using physically treated solid particles for sensitized high-water-resistant emulsion explosives; experimental measurements met technical requirements. All communication, timing synchronization, and networking functions for high-precision digital electronic detonators operated normally. The high-energy detonation of the explosive charge was effectively controlled by implementing protective measures such as setting end caps and using epoxy resin. The sensitivity to detonation did not show any significant changes. Through a comparison with conventional blasting holes, it was observed that the equipment subjected to low-temperature testing met the design requirements satisfactorily. Based on the results of these two experiments, optimization of the blasting scheme was carried out. During actual operations, issues such as protruding ice formations on the inner walls of boreholes and difficulties in loading explosive charges were successfully resolved. The initiation network employed three main lines encircling the lining connection section, each distinguished by a different color. Electronic detonators were grouped according to their corresponding color-coded main line connections. This circular arrangement of blast initiation lines effectively prevented water leakage at low temperatures, ensuring waterproof integrity within connecting components and facilitating subsequent drilling and charging operations. To alleviate pressure build-up after blasting, relief holes were excavated in the upper ice layer above rock plugs for pressure release purposes. The resulting cross-section after blasting closely matched the design specifications without any noticeable collapse at tunnel entrances or excessive vibration levels at critical monitoring points during blasting operations. This study demonstrates that effective control over blast vibrations and environmental protection can be achieved through well-executed rock plug blasting techniques.

rock plug blasting  /  low temperature freezing  /  reliability  /  rock plug blasting design
迟祥, 姚春雨. 低温冰冻环境下的岩塞爆破设计与施工实践. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (2) : 51 -59 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.007
Xiang CHI, Chun-yu YAO. Design and Practice of Rock Plug Blasting in Cryogenic Environment[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (2) : 51 -59 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.007
岩塞爆破是一种水下控制爆破,在已建水库或天然湖泊中取水、发电、灌溉、供水和泄洪时,为修建隧洞的取水口,避免在深水中建造围堰,采用岩塞爆破是一种经济而有效的方法。其特点是在施工时在进水口处预留一定厚度的岩石(即岩塞),待其它部位施工完毕后,再将预留的岩塞一次爆除。一般其作业环境复杂、技术含量、施工难度大,对装药、网络布置、起爆等各环节可靠性要求很高。
我国七十年代初开始应用岩塞爆破施工技术,辽宁清河热电厂是我国第一个成功实施的水下岩塞爆破工程[1]。目前岩塞爆破施工,除刘家峡洮河口排沙洞岩塞爆破采用药室法外[2],通常采用在岩塞体布置密集炮孔的钻孔法为主,典型的岩塞爆破工程实例有长甸电站改造工程[3,4]、桓集隧道工程[5]、北京密云水库[6,7]、贵州唐寨电厂[8]、贵阳花溪水库[9]、温州发电厂2/3期等岩塞爆破工程[10,11],但在低温冰冻的环境下实施岩塞爆破作业,可供参考的文献与工程案例较少,具有一定的施工难度。
吉林省中部城市引松供水工程从第二松花江丰满水库库区引水,是解决吉林省中部地区城市供水问题的大型调水工程,是松辽流域水资源优化配置的主要工程之一,隧洞取水口的岩塞爆破施工更是该项目的重点控制性工程。
根据施工进度计划安排,该岩塞爆破施工正直3月份,气候寒冷,日平均气温低于零度。施工地点位于松花湖左岸,丰满大坝上游约1.4 km处,岩塞中心上距环湖公路约60 m。勘探时水深6.02~14.48 m,冰厚0.5 m。覆盖层分布高程241.18~249.64 m,基岩面高程239.88~247.64 m。地表坡度16~26°,基岩面坡度11~19°。
岩塞为喇叭口形状,顶口宽度28.4 m,底口宽度7.0 m,据探测孔资料岩塞岩体厚度15.76 m,岩石为弱风化状态,根据RQD可进一步分为弱风化上带和下带。弱风化上带厚度7.3 m,岩体较破碎,裂隙切割块体呈小碎块状;弱风化下带岩体完整性相对较好,裂隙切割呈碎块状或中等块状。岩塞覆盖层为Ⅴ类,弱风化上带为Ⅳ类,弱风化下带以Ⅲ类为主。见图1
(1)岩塞厚度的选择应满足稳定要求,并保证施工期的安全。
(2)岩塞必须保证一次爆通成型,不允许出现拒爆或者爆破不完全。
(3)取水口常年在深水下运行,爆后洞脸和岩塞进口段不可能进行衬砌和其它加固处理,所以岩塞爆破布置及参数选取等要充分考虑保证进口和洞脸的整体稳定性。
(4)岩塞的开口尺寸及体形应能满足进水流态的要求,应保证爆后形成的进水口具有较好的水力条件。
(5)爆破设计中的主要技术措施和关键问题必须通过模拟试验进行验证,从而使设计工作做到技术措施落实、方法可行。
(6)因施工顺序限制,装药完成后需要拆除集渣坑上方临时搭建的钻孔、装药作业平台。因此对装入孔内的乳化炸药、数码电子雷管、导爆索和起爆网路各连接点提出了必须能承受水下低温、冰冻、高压环境一周时间,仍然可以保证正常起爆。因此,需要对使用的相关爆破器材进行抗水、抗压和耐受低温试验。
(7)工程所处位置邻近建筑物有丰满水电站大坝、厂房及水工隧洞等,需要绝对保证安全。
(8)在取水口处采用岩塞爆破对水库里面的水环境存在一定的影响,需要控制爆破危害效应对库区水质的影响。
为了给原位岩塞爆破提供技术支持和实践验证,进行现场实地1∶1岩塞爆破试验研究,试验岩塞位于原位岩塞口上游,与原位岩塞口中心相距约56 m。岩塞体为近似倒圆台体,岩塞轴线仰角75°,岩塞底面为圆形,与岩塞轴线垂直,内径7.0 m,岩塞边线与轴线夹角10°。岩塞中心岩体设计厚度7.7 m,岩塞岩体设计方量约为426 m3(如图2所示)。
(1)试验洞的选择应尽量保证与原位工程的相似性,在位置选择上尽量靠近原位工程,但同时保证爆破时不影响原位工程的安全。
(2)应通过详细的勘察尽量保持地形和地质的相似性。试验洞进口岩塞处的岩面线的坡度应尽量与原位岩塞处的岩面线坡度相近,岩性应与主洞相同,围岩分类应与主洞接近。
(3)试验洞进口上部无不稳定岩体及不利组合结构,保证试验洞进口爆破的稳定性。
1∶1岩塞爆破试验相关爆破参数、爆破器材、起爆网路等完全与原位岩塞爆破方案基本一致,作业过程严格按照爆破设计方案执行。起爆瞬间,水面出现鼓包后形成漩涡,随后竖井出现约20 m高的喷射状涌水(如图3所示),表明岩塞已经顺利贯通。
根据1∶1岩塞爆破试验效果,认为在爆破试验中设计的掏槽孔、主爆孔、光爆孔布置基本合理,装药结构、炸药使用量、起爆网路可行性得到实际验证,关键部位爆破振动峰值均控制在安全允许范围内。经检查,进水口形状、尺寸与设计基本符合,达到了预期目标。通过理论分析及试验对比,最终确定炮孔的布置型式及相关爆破参数,为岩塞的爆通提供科学的试验验证,以保证原位岩塞爆破一次成功。
针对该岩塞爆破施工所在地的低温(-10~-15℃)冰冻环境,选取专用试验场地,将普通乳化炸药、高抗水乳化炸药(以固体颗粒进行敏化,ϕ 32 mm和ϕ 35 mm两种规格药卷)、高精度数码电子雷管、设置端头帽和环氧树脂的高能导爆索,分别装入为试验特制的灌水高压气瓶中,将罐内压力调整为0.1 MPa后,置于事先开挖好的浅水(水深2 m)基坑内,进行为期一周的耐高压、低温试验,试验结果如下:
(1)普通乳化炸药外部包装破裂,切开后,水相氧化剂析晶,使用电子雷管起爆,炸药不能正常爆轰。
(2)高抗水乳化炸药外观正常,表面触感变硬,切开后,基质粘度没有明显变化,装入试压管内试爆,外部试压管全部破碎,边缘有少量炸药出现拒爆情况。
(3)高精度数码电子雷管接线端口处无渗水痕迹,雷管壳体外观正常,雷管接入试验起爆网路中与起爆器通联正常,授时后可以按照设计延期时间进行组网起爆。
(4)高能导爆索外观正常,索体触感变硬,切开端头部位未见内部猛炸药有受潮迹象,使用数码电子雷管激发,可以正常传爆。
(5)将经过耐高压、低温试验的高抗水乳化炸药、数码电子雷管、高能导爆索按照装药结构进行制作绑扎,装入爆破试验的爆破孔中,可以正常起爆。
试验结果表明,在低温冰冻环境下,普通乳化炸药的乳状液不稳定,水相氧化剂析晶、敏化气泡的部分丧失后拒爆[12],虽然高抗水乳化炸药的猛度、感度和殉爆距离都有不同程度的衰减,但因采用了物理方式的固体颗粒进行敏化等技术措施,仍可以达到使用要求(如表1所示)。高精度数码电子雷管的通讯、授时、组网全部正常,起爆能力没有明显变化。高能导爆索的爆轰、感度没有明显变化。通过爆破试验,与正常装药的爆破孔对比,爆破效果基本一致,满足设计使用要求。
为保证岩塞爆破的绝对万无一失,根据试验结果,在原方案的基础上,进行了部分优化设计:
(1)在填塞段加入细塑料管泄水、泄压。
(2)将每个起爆药包内雷管数量变为两发,增加起爆能量。
(3)起爆网路延期时间要准确,防止先爆炮孔的冲击波对后续炮孔产生增压影响。
根据试验岩塞地质勘察报告,岩塞顶面处覆盖层为混合土碎块石,厚度为1~3 m。本设计孔深根据覆盖层厚度的分布,按孔底到库内岩面线的距离0.3~0.5 m为控制钻孔长度。
因岩塞外口大、内口小,岩塞由内至外随孔深增加抵抗线逐渐增大。为使塞体内岩石充分破碎,主要控制抵抗线的最大值及上下抵抗线的差值。设计中以最大抵抗线W≤1.5 m为控制值。
设计中排孔钻孔直径取值为90 mm,抵抗线W≤1.5 m,孔口处最大孔距不大于0.8 m,孔底处最大孔间距不大于1.5 m。
为保证爆破效果,钻孔孔口均需堵塞,封堵材料采用黄泥或者锚固剂堵口,封堵长度1.0~1.2 m。
对于岩塞爆破,掏槽孔的设计布置至关重要,是决定整个岩塞爆破成功与否的关键。
根据爆破试验效果,通过理论计算分析,认为在爆破试验中设计的掏槽孔布置基本合理,最终确定掏槽孔的布置型式及相关爆破参数。
在直径0.8 m范围内布置空孔及掏槽孔(如图4所示),具体布置如下:
(1)1个中心掏槽孔,孔径90 mm。
(2)在半径0.2 m的圆周上布置6个空孔,孔径90 mm。
(3)在半径0.4 m的圆周上布置8个掏槽孔,孔径90 mm。
根据理论分析和爆破试验效果,并参考国内外已成功实施的工程经验,本次设计主爆孔采用环形布置形式,共布置四圈,整体均匀布置(如图4所示),具体布置如下:
(1)第一圈主爆孔:半径0.90 m,孔距56 cm,排距(抵抗线)50 cm,外扩角2.0°,孔径90 mm,共10孔。
(2)第二圈主爆孔:半径1.55 m,孔距80 cm,排距(抵抗线)65 cm,外扩角5.0°,孔径90 mm,共12孔。
(3)第三圈主爆孔:半径2.20 m,孔距76 cm,排距(抵抗线)65 cm,外扩角8.0°,孔径90 mm,共18孔。
(4)第四圈主爆孔:半径2.90 m,孔距83 cm,排距(抵抗线)70 cm,外扩角10.0°,孔径90 mm,共22孔。
光爆孔炮孔布置如下:半径3.50 m,孔距55 cm,排距(抵抗线)60 cm,外扩角10.0°,孔径75 mm,共40孔。
在炮孔布置合理的情况下,岩塞爆破的效果主要取决于炸药单耗,通过已成功实施的1∶1岩塞爆破试验,并结合工程现场实际情况,选取炸药单耗q=3.5 kg/m3
在竹片上敷设高能导爆索两根,置于药卷下部,孔底和孔口两个起爆药包,每个起爆药包两发数码电子雷管,每个雷管的聚能穴均朝向炮孔中心。各炮孔具体装药结构数据如下:
(1)掏槽孔
采用4个ϕ 32药卷捆扎并排连续装药。封堵长度约1.03~1.2 m。
(2)第一、二、三、四圈主爆孔
底部2.25 m加强装药,采用1个ϕ 35+3个ϕ 32药卷捆扎并排连续装药,中间段2.03 m采用3个ϕ 32药卷捆扎并排连续装药,减弱段采用2个ϕ 32药卷捆扎并排连续装药。封堵长度约1.0~1.2 m。
(3)光爆孔
底部2.05 m或2.46 m加强装药,采用2个ϕ 32药卷捆扎并排连续装药,其余段采用1个ϕ 32药卷连续装药。封堵长度1.0~1.2 m。见表2
本工程采用环形布置型式爆破方案,为了减少爆破震动对洞脸边坡、洞内结构及周边建筑物的影响,设计将岩塞爆破分为35响起爆,具体起爆程序及爆破时间间隔详情见表3图5
输水总干线取水口位于丰满水库库区内,距离丰满水库大坝上游约1.4 km处的左岸岸边(如图6所示),丰满电站主要建构筑物为发电厂房和大坝主体结构,主体为混凝土重力坝,相比之下发电厂房中心控制室设备等更易受爆破振动的影响,因此选择发电厂房为核心保护物进行计算。
爆破振动安全校核,采用公式如下
式中:V为爆破引起的地面震动的最大速度,cm/s;C为一次齐爆的最大药量,62kg;R为爆破中心至被保护建筑物的距离,1400m;K为与土石介质特性有关的指数,取K=150;a为与距离有关的衰减指数,近距离取a值为2。
经计算V=0.00135 cm/s,远小于《爆破安全规程》GB6722—2014规定[13],运行中的水电站及发电厂中心控制室设备的安全极限振动速度0.6 cm/s,且根据现场爆破试验取得的测振数据,满足电站所在地基础质点峰值振动速度。
在实际施工过程中出现的特殊问题和解决办法:
(1)该岩塞爆破施工正直松花湖冰冻期,冰盖厚度约为0.5 m,为保证爆破后压力及时泄放和湖水顺利流入取水口,需要在岩塞上部冰层开凿泄压孔(如图7所示)。
(2)炮孔在装入药柱前经过多次吹扫,但部分炮孔内壁出现凸起冰凌,药柱无法正常装入。现场使用PPR管特制的炮杆,管头加装小于孔径的木塞,固定后推送入炮孔,将冰凌撞碎后,药柱得以顺利装入炮孔内。
(3)在网路连接过程中,因低温导致数码电子雷管卡扣连接件内防水失效,从而引起起爆器检测电流过大。为了解决这一问题,将三条不同颜色的爆破主线沿衬砌完成的连接段环绕一周,并绑扎牢固,所有电子雷管卡扣按照预先分组,卡接在对应颜色的爆破主线上,形成复式起爆网路,避开渗漏水对网路的影响。同时卡接在环形主线的起爆网路也对后续拆除搭建的钻孔、装药作业平台,提供便利。
2021年3月20日11时58分,随着总指挥的一声令下,一股强烈的振动打破了冰面的宁静,岩塞所在部位的冰面在爆炸冲击波作用下,以泄压孔为圆心,形成一个直径约为15 m的鼓包(见图8),隆起约1 m后马上下沉,小幅度震荡数次后,冰体结构振动折裂破冰,随后一股水柱从泄压孔喷出,闸门竖井出现涌水,取水口顺利贯通,丰满水库清澈的湖水顺利的流进了取水口。
通过检测,爆破后断面与设计相差很小,洞口外侧未发现垮塌,水流量监测稳定。丰满大坝主体结构、电厂厂房等关键部位爆破振动监测点传感器未被触发,沿水库岸边公路布设的爆破振动监测点峰值均有效控制在安全允许范围内(见表4),库区水质监测正常,达到了预期的一次爆通成型、控制爆破振动和环境保护的效果,证明该岩塞爆破取得圆满成功。见图9
针对爆破施工所在地的低温冰冻环境等技术难点,围绕爆破器材低温试验、孔网参数、装药结构、起爆网络设计等关键工序进行了研究,得出以下结论:
(1)起爆前在岩塞上部冰层开凿的泄压孔,使爆破后得以顺利破冰,将压力及时泄放,降低了爆破冲击波在水中传播的峰值,减小了对丰满大坝主体结构、电厂厂房、水库库区等关键部位的影响。
(2)高抗水乳化炸药、高精度数码电子雷管、高能导爆索,在通过相关措施处理后,能够承受水下低温、冰冻、高压环境一周作业的时间后,仍可以正常起爆,保证爆破效果。
(3)采用合理的孔网参数和装药结构可以改善爆破效果,降低钻孔偏差对爆破结果带来的影响。
(4)环形爆破主线的起爆网路能有效避免低温渗漏水导致数码电子雷管卡扣连接件内防水失效,同时卡接在环形主线的起爆网路也对后续拆除搭建的钻孔、装药作业平台,提供便利。
本次岩塞爆破成功表明在低温、冰冻的气候环境下实施精准的岩塞爆破是可行、有效的。通过试验和精细设计,为岩塞爆破的顺利进行提供数据支撑,有效地保证了施工质量和进度,最终取得了良好的爆破效果,为今后岩塞爆破设计与施工提供相关数据参考。
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2024年第41卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.007
  • 接收时间:2023-03-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-01
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    吉林东德来爆破拆除有限公司,吉林市 132000
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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