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Article(id=1241777705209888932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1690732800000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992476036, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717171200000, pubDateStr=2024-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992476036, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992476036, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992476036, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241777699996368955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992474792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992784144, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=245, endPage=252, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241777705507684536, articleId=1241777705209888932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Explosion Equivalent and its Influencing Factors of DT-3 under External Flame Stimulation, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the explosion equivalent of DT-3 and its influencing factors caused by fire stimulus during storage, transportation and use, the propagate detonation ability of that was studied by the extremely insensitive to detonating substances (EIDS) gap test. High-speed cameras and a shock wave pressure acquisition system were utilized to obtain information on the deflagration processes and shock wave hazards of DT-3 under external flame effect. Additionally, an infrared thermal imager was employed to determine the highest temperature of the surface fireball. Further calculations were conducted to determine the explosive TNT equivalent of 18 kg and 120 kg DT-3 samples. The experimental results indicate that direct exposure to a strong shockwave does not cause DT-3 propagation detonation. However, different packing strengths can lead to deflagration events under external fire conditions, potentially resulting in an overall detonation reaction. The average TNT equivalents for standard packaged 18 kg and 120 kg DT-3 samples were found to be 0.629 and 0.0293 respectively. Furthermore, there is no positive correlation between the scale effect and shock wave impact. Under fire stimulus conditions, package design strength significantly influences the explosive characteristics of DT-3. To enhance safety measures, it is recommended that package design strength be reduced within acceptable limits for actual usage in order to effectively mitigate the risk of detonation hazard.

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XU Sen (1981-), Professor, mainly engaged in explosion mechanics, detonation of energetic materials and risk classification, (E-mail) .
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为了研究单推-3液体推进剂在储运和使用过程中遭遇火灾刺激时的爆炸当量，利用极不敏感引爆物质（EIDS）隔板试验确定单推-3的冲击波感度，采用高速摄像机、红外热成像仪、压力数据采集系统分别记录火烧刺激条件下不同尺度（18和120 kg）单推-3储罐的燃爆过程、火球表面最高温度以及冲击波超压峰值，进一步计算了爆炸TNT当量。结果表明：单推-3在强冲击波的直接作用下不能传播爆轰。不同包装强度单推-3在外部火灾条件下发生了爆燃，甚至是整体爆轰反应，制式包装18和120 kg单推-3爆炸平均TNT当量分别为0.629和0.0293，其产生的冲击波效应与尺度效应之间不存在正相关关系。显然，样品的制式包装设计强度对其爆炸烈度具有显著影响，应在实际使用允许范围内，降低单推-3液体推进剂壳体的设计压力，以有效减弱其整体爆炸危险性。

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徐森（1981-），男，教授，主要从事爆炸力学、含能材料爆轰、危险性分级方面的研究，（E-mail）。
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徐飞扬（1992-），男，博士后，主要从事液体推进剂爆燃反应机理及安全阈值量化表征方面研究，（E-mail）。

XU Fei-yang (1992-), Postdoctor, mainly engaged in liquid propellant deflagration reaction mechanism and quantitative characterization of safety threshold, (E-mail) .

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徐飞扬（1992-），男，博士后，主要从事液体推进剂爆燃反应机理及安全阈值量化表征方面研究，（E-mail）。

XU Fei-yang (1992-), Postdoctor, mainly engaged in liquid propellant deflagration reaction mechanism and quantitative characterization of safety threshold, (E-mail) .

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徐飞扬（1992-），男，博士后，主要从事液体推进剂爆燃反应机理及安全阈值量化表征方面研究，（E-mail）。

XU Fei-yang (1992-), Postdoctor, mainly engaged in liquid propellant deflagration reaction mechanism and quantitative characterization of safety threshold, (E-mail) .

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New York: United Nations Publication, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777728886735149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705209888932, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=35, pageEnd=50, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=20, authorNames=徐森, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐森. 爆炸品危险性分级程序改进及典型试验方法研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2011: 35-50., articleTitle=爆炸品危险性分级程序改进及典型试验方法研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777728979009841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705209888932, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=35, pageEnd=50, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=21, authorNames=XU Sen, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Sen. Research on the improving of explosives hazard classification procedures and typical test methods[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science & Technology, 2011: 35-50. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on the improving of explosives hazard classification procedures and typical test methods, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777729079673143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705209888932, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=628, issue=11, pageStart=2372, pageEnd=2374, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=22, authorNames=M Klap tke T M, RIEN CKER C M, ZEWEN H, journalName=Zeitschrift Für Anorganische Und Allgemeine Chemie, refType=null, unstructuredReference=M Klap tke T M, RIEN CKER C M, ZEWEN H. Calculated and experimentally obtained heats of combustion of hydrazinium nitrate, monomethylhydrazinium nitrate, and n, n-dimethylhydrazinium nitrate[J]. 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Research on temperature detection of premixed flame based on free radical spectrum[D]. Beijing: North China Electric Power University, 2020: 8-22. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on temperature detection of premixed flame based on free radical spectrum, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777729461354821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705209888932, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1983, volume=8, issue=5, pageStart=158, pageEnd=167, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=26, authorNames=HELD M, journalName=Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HELD M. TNT-Equivalent[J]. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 1983, 8(5): 158-167., articleTitle=TNT-Equivalent, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777729557823819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705209888932, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=36, issue=6, pageStart=53, pageEnd=56, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=27, authorNames=张玉磊, 王胜强, 袁建飞, journalName=弹箭与制导学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张玉磊, 王胜强, 袁建飞, 等. 不同量级TNT爆炸冲击波参数相似律实验研究[J]. 弹箭与制导学报, 2016, 36(6): 53-56., articleTitle=不同量级TNT爆炸冲击波参数相似律实验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777729658487115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705209888932, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=36, issue=6, pageStart=53, pageEnd=56, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=28, authorNames=ZHANG Yu-lei, WANG Sheng-qiang, YUAN Jian-fei, journalName=Journal of Projectiles, Rockets, Missiles and Guidance, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Yu-lei, WANG Sheng-qiang, YUAN Jian-fei, et al. Experimental research on similarity law of explosive shock wave parameters with different orders of magnitude TNT[J]. Journal of Projectiles, Rockets, Missiles and Guidance, 2016, 36(6): 53-56. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Experimental research on similarity law of explosive shock wave parameters with different orders of magnitude TNT, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777731176825168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705209888932, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=17, issue=3, pageStart=1071, pageEnd=1080, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=29, authorNames=XU H B, CHENG L K, ZHANG D Z, journalName=Defence Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU H B, CHENG L K, ZHANG D Z, et al. Mitigation effects on the reflected overpressure of blast shock with water surrounding an explosive in a confined space[J]. Defence Technology, 2020, 17(3): 1071-1080., articleTitle=Mitigation effects on the reflected overpressure of blast shock with water surrounding an explosive in a confined space, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777731260711255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705209888932, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=5, pageEnd=15, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=30, authorNames=RESNYANSKY A D, DELANEY T G, journalName=Defence Science and Technology Group (DST), refType=null, unstructuredReference=RESNYANSKY A D, DELANEY T G. Experimental study of blast mitigation in a water mist[J]. 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Key parameters of the sample and its packaging

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样品组分及质量百分比密度/（g·cm-3）氧平衡/%净重/kg包装设计压力/MPa包装外形
DT-3N2H4-68%+N2H4·HNO3-23%+H2O-9%1.11-62.65181.00柱状
1200.33
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723320893540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705209888932, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样品及其包装的关键参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品组分及质量百分比密度/（g·cm-3）氧平衡/%净重/kg包装设计压力/MPa包装外形
DT-3N2H4-68%+N2H4·HNO3-23%+H2O-9%1.11-62.65181.00柱状
1200.33
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723396391021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705209888932, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Horizontal distances of pressure sensors from the center projection point of sample

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
传感器/布置距离12345678
20 kg and 120 kg5 m7 m9 m11 m14 m16 m18 m21 m
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723484471411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705209888932, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

壁面压力传感器布置位置

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传感器/布置距离12345678
20 kg and 120 kg5 m7 m9 m11 m14 m16 m18 m21 m
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Combustion heat of DT-3

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样品 ΔcH-1#/（MJ·kg-1） ΔcH-2#/（MJ·kg-1）平均值/（MJ·kg-1）理论值/（MJ·kg-1）
DT-312.6711.9612.3214.17
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723723546751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705209888932, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

燃烧热试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品 ΔcH-1#/（MJ·kg-1） ΔcH-2#/（MJ·kg-1）平均值/（MJ·kg-1）理论值/（MJ·kg-1）
DT-312.6711.9612.3214.17
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723845181574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705209888932, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Temperature and time parameters of flame in external fire test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品煤油平均温度/℃煤油点火起始至样品反应瞬间的时间样品反应持续时间/s
DT-3-18 kg74710 min and 07 s4.55
DT-3-120 kg81808 min and 27 s-
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723920679050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705209888932, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

煤油火焰平均温度和样品反应持续时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品煤油平均温度/℃煤油点火起始至样品反应瞬间的时间样品反应持续时间/s
DT-3-18 kg74710 min and 07 s4.55
DT-3-120 kg81808 min and 27 s-
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724088451217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777705209888932, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Infrared testing results

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序号样品火球表明最高温度/℃火球最大直径/m
118 kg-DT-31172.718.6
2120 kg-DT-31198.219.0
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爆炸火球的特征参数

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序号样品火球表明最高温度/℃火球最大直径/m
118 kg-DT-31172.718.6
2120 kg-DT-31198.219.0
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单推-3火灾刺激下爆炸当量及其影响因素分析
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徐飞扬 1 , 章菁菁 2 , 康立敏 1 , 姚亚东 3 , 夏曼曼 4 , 马智勇 1 , 过光飞 1 , 吴三震 1 , 徐森 1
爆破 | 安全与管理 2024,41(2): 245-252
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2024, 41(2): 245-252
单推-3火灾刺激下爆炸当量及其影响因素分析
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徐飞扬1 , 章菁菁2, 康立敏1, 姚亚东3, 夏曼曼4, 马智勇1, 过光飞1, 吴三震1, 徐森1
作者信息
  • 1.南京理工大学　化学与化工学院，南京　210094
  • 2.南京理工中爆安全科技有限公司，南京　210094
  • 3.北京航天试验技术研究所，北京　100074
  • 4.安徽天明爆破工程有限公司，滁州　239000

    • 徐飞扬（1992-），男，博士后，主要从事液体推进剂爆燃反应机理及安全阈值量化表征方面研究，（E-mail）。

    XU Fei-yang (1992-), Postdoctor, mainly engaged in liquid propellant deflagration reaction mechanism and quantitative characterization of safety threshold, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

徐森（1981-），男，教授，主要从事爆炸力学、含能材料爆轰、危险性分级方面的研究，（E-mail）。
Study on Explosion Equivalent and its Influencing Factors of DT-3 under External Flame Stimulation
Fei-yang XU1 , Jing-jing ZHANG2, Li-min KANG1, Ya-dong YAO3, Man-man XIA4, Zhi-yong MA1, Guang-fei GUO1, San-zhen WU1, Sen XU1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
  • 2.NUST & CBSW Safety science and technology Co., LTD., Nanjing 210094, China
  • 3.Beijing Institute of Aerospace Testing Technology, Beijing 100074, China
  • 4.An Hui Tianming Blasting Engineering Co., Ltd., Chuzhou 239000, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.030
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摘要
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为了研究单推-3液体推进剂在储运和使用过程中遭遇火灾刺激时的爆炸当量，利用极不敏感引爆物质（EIDS）隔板试验确定单推-3的冲击波感度，采用高速摄像机、红外热成像仪、压力数据采集系统分别记录火烧刺激条件下不同尺度（18和120 kg）单推-3储罐的燃爆过程、火球表面最高温度以及冲击波超压峰值，进一步计算了爆炸TNT当量。结果表明：单推-3在强冲击波的直接作用下不能传播爆轰。不同包装强度单推-3在外部火灾条件下发生了爆燃，甚至是整体爆轰反应，制式包装18和120 kg单推-3爆炸平均TNT当量分别为0.629和0.0293，其产生的冲击波效应与尺度效应之间不存在正相关关系。显然，样品的制式包装设计强度对其爆炸烈度具有显著影响，应在实际使用允许范围内，降低单推-3液体推进剂壳体的设计压力，以有效减弱其整体爆炸危险性。

单推-3  /  冲击波感度  /  火灾刺激  /  爆炸当量  /  壳体设计压力

To study the explosion equivalent of DT-3 and its influencing factors caused by fire stimulus during storage, transportation and use, the propagate detonation ability of that was studied by the extremely insensitive to detonating substances (EIDS) gap test. High-speed cameras and a shock wave pressure acquisition system were utilized to obtain information on the deflagration processes and shock wave hazards of DT-3 under external flame effect. Additionally, an infrared thermal imager was employed to determine the highest temperature of the surface fireball. Further calculations were conducted to determine the explosive TNT equivalent of 18 kg and 120 kg DT-3 samples. The experimental results indicate that direct exposure to a strong shockwave does not cause DT-3 propagation detonation. However, different packing strengths can lead to deflagration events under external fire conditions, potentially resulting in an overall detonation reaction. The average TNT equivalents for standard packaged 18 kg and 120 kg DT-3 samples were found to be 0.629 and 0.0293 respectively. Furthermore, there is no positive correlation between the scale effect and shock wave impact. Under fire stimulus conditions, package design strength significantly influences the explosive characteristics of DT-3. To enhance safety measures, it is recommended that package design strength be reduced within acceptable limits for actual usage in order to effectively mitigate the risk of detonation hazard.

DT-3  /  shock wave sensitivity  /  fire stimulus  /  explosion equivalent  /  packing design pressure
徐飞扬, 章菁菁, 康立敏, 姚亚东, 夏曼曼, 马智勇, 过光飞, 吴三震, 徐森. 单推-3火灾刺激下爆炸当量及其影响因素分析. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (2) : 245 -252 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.030
Fei-yang XU, Jing-jing ZHANG, Li-min KANG, Ya-dong YAO, Man-man XIA, Zhi-yong MA, Guang-fei GUO, San-zhen WU, Sen XU. Study on Explosion Equivalent and its Influencing Factors of DT-3 under External Flame Stimulation[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (2) : 245 -252 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.030
正文
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单推-3（DT-3）是中国于20世纪80年代自主研制的一种高性能单组元推进剂，多应用于卫星以及长征系列运载火箭的未速修正和姿态控制等，也是世界上首次实际使用的低冰点推进剂，由肼、硝酸肼和水按规定配比所组成[1]，属于高能物质添加剂的成熟应用。吴联相验证了近红外光谱法用于单推-3成分含量快速检测的可行性[2]；Gao等研究了质量流量、预热温度和催化床尺寸等对单推-3推力和启动过程的控制的影响[3]；唐占梅采用电化学测试方法[4]，并结合其它分析手段，研究了钛合金TC4在单推-3中的电化学腐蚀行为与机理。
作为典型的液态化学品，单推-3因具有腐蚀和毒害等危险特性，其包装材料一般为带有一定工作压力的制式密闭不锈钢或者钛合金储罐，在遭遇火灾、外力冲击和意外点火等常见外界能量刺激时，容易引发意外爆炸事故。此外，国内航天单位对单推-3液体推进剂生产和储存场所安全距离的设定依据主要为《建筑设计防火规范》和《石油化工企业设计防火规范》等规范[5]，这严重忽视了其爆炸危害可能带来的不良后果[6,7]。冲击波超压峰值和TNT当量是衡量爆炸对目标破坏力大小的重要特征参数，对合理设置库房和生产场所的内外部安全距离具有重要参考价值[8,9]。CHEN简要地介绍了液体推进剂爆炸效应的传播规律以及危害[10]；Osipov提出了低温液态氢氧火箭在发射事故期间发生大规模爆炸条件的工程风险评估方法[11]；Bowen等针对动物的杀伤做了大量的爆炸冲击实验[12]，并根据动物的创伤情况，按照一定的准则换算成了人在爆炸场中的创伤阈值。
综上所述，认为研究制式包装单推-3液体推进剂遭遇最常见意外刺激-火灾过程中产生的爆炸当量十分有必要。本文选择国内较为常用的单推-3液体推进剂（包含两种制式尺寸）为研究对象，通过EIDS隔板试验确定样品的冲击波感度，重点开展其在外部火灾刺激下的爆炸当量研究，为单推-3等液体推进剂现场生产线、库房的防爆安全设计以及运输和使用中的安全管理提供参考。
1　实验
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1.1　试验样品及其包装
单推-3是一种具有类似氨臭味的有毒无色透明液体，吸湿性强。试验用样品与制式储罐由北京航天试验技术研究所提供，样品及其包装的关键参数如表1所示。
1.2　试验方法与条件
1.2.1　燃烧热
将燃烧热测量值和理论值相比较，可以反应样品的能量利用率，采用Parr 6200型氧弹量热仪在湿度约30%、温度约20°和3 MPa纯氧环境中开展样品的燃烧热试验。
1.2.2　冲击波感度
关于含能材料冲击波感度的测试方法较多，如UN和EIDS隔板试验等[13,14]。由于钝感含能材料的爆轰临界冲击压力与其尺寸密切相关，因此选择较大尺寸的EIDS隔板试验讨论单推-3的冲击波感度[13]。此外，布置两条夹角为90°的地面压力传感器测量不同距离处的冲击波超压峰值，进一步判断和验证单推-3样品能否传播爆轰。压力传感器距样品中心距离分别为1 m、2 m、3 m、4 m、5 m和6 m，冲击波感度测试方法如图1所示。
图1中所示钢管的外直径为95 mm，壁厚约11 mm，长度为280 mm。验证板的材质为A3钢板，尺寸为200 mm×200 mm×20 mm。传爆药柱为1 kg pentolite标准药柱，药柱的直径和长度均为（95±1）mm。
1.2.3　储箱火灾试验
储箱火灾试验是表征制式包装样品在实际状态下的危险效应直接有效的方式之一，火灾刺激测试系统如图2所示。
使用压力数据采集系统表征样品发生反应时的冲击波效应，采样频率为1 MHz，所有压力传感器测试前均已标定。两条压力测试线的壁面压力传感器布置位置见表2；采用高速摄像机（型号FASTCAM Mini UX 100）观察液体推进剂储罐燃爆过程；红外热成像仪记录样品反应过程中的表面火球最高温度。样品下方燃烧池填充足够量的航空煤油液体燃料，以保证样品有充足的时间反应。
2　试验结果与分析
收起
2.1　燃烧热
燃烧热试验结果如表3所示。
已知硝酸肼的燃烧热理论值为4.33 MJ/kg[15]，显著低于无水肼（N2H4-19.37 MJ/kg[1]），计算得出DT-3样品理论燃烧热值为14.17 MJ/kg，与测量值的偏差为13.1%。显然，单推-3燃烧热理论值要高于测量值，分析认为，单推-3中含有约9%的液态水，反应过程中不仅没有为样品提供热值，且由于反应过程中发生了放热反应，使得液态水蒸发，吸收了整个体系中因放热反应产生的一部分热量，致使试验测量值与理论值偏差较大。
2.2　冲击波感度
采用EIDS的0隔板试验测试单推-3的冲击波感度，见证板结果见图3。
由图3可知，三发平行试验中，20 mm厚的验证板均无穿孔，仅有轻微变形现象，依据判定标准试验结果为“-”[13]，即单推-3不能持续传播爆轰。分析认为，单推-3体系中硝酸肼虽属高能单质炸药，但含量较少，且体系中的水在一定程度上抑制了爆轰波的传导；此外，单推-3属液相物质，自身内部一般不会产生气泡，即无利于爆轰形成的“热点”存在，因此单推-3即使在强冲击作用下也无法快速发生氧化还原反应，从而无法传播爆轰。
单推-3 EIDS隔板试验过程中的超压测试曲线如图4所示。
图4中，样品于相同距离处的超压峰值与空白试验超压峰值并无明显差异，甚至略低于水介质的超压峰值，进一步表明单推-3样品不能传播爆轰。
2.3　储箱火灾爆炸当量
2.3.1　燃爆过程结果与分析
样品火烧反应过程部分高速录像如图5所示，高速录像采样频率为1000 fps。
观察图5发现，火焰初期呈类球形，之后开始离开地面上升，在空中呈现出蘑菇状。火灾刺激条件下，单推-3的受热温度远超其热分解温度，导致与储罐接触部分的推进剂在极短时间内发生热分解，产生大量的高温、高压气体产物。由于样品储存于密闭容器中，内部气体体积膨胀，蒸汽压不断增加，使得储箱内部压力超过了推进剂包装的设计压力，最终单推-3发生爆炸。进一步观察高速结果可知，在爆炸反应发生之后毫秒级时间内，样品在高压反应产物和冲击波作用下向四周抛洒，并雾化变成小液柱或小液滴，细小液柱和液滴受高温环境作用迅速蒸发变成气态可燃物，被火焰引发进一步发生剧烈的爆燃反应。
煤油燃烧火焰的平均温度、煤油点火到样品反应以及样品反应持续时间如表4所示。
由表4中结果可知，航空煤油的平均温度差异较小，相同试验条件下，120 kg样品的包装尺寸更大，因此其受热比表面积更大，单位时间内的热分解产气速率相对更快；此外，120 kg样品包装的约束强度较18 kg储罐弱（120和18 kg储箱设计压力分别为0.33和1.0 MPa），致使120 kg样品在更短时间内发生了反应。
2.3.2　红外结果与分析
利用红外热像仪测量样品火烧反应过程中的火球最高温度[16]，采样频率12.5 fps，如图6所示。
由图6可知，样品反应可分为两个阶段。第一阶段，从反应瞬间开始，火球表面最高温度迅速升高；第二阶段，火焰表面温度开始明显下降。由于火焰温度高低和样品的自由基浓度以及活跃程度相关，而与样品质量无关联，因此二者温度差异性小[17]，其趋势变化的时间拐点也基本相同。火球的特征参数见表5。
2.3.3　爆炸当量结果与分析
图7是单推-3样品爆炸反射冲击波超压峰值随距离的衰减趋势图。
显然，18 kg单推-3样品反应时有强烈的冲击波，离爆心水平距离5 m处，超压峰均值为280.54 kPa，120 kg单推-3超压峰值为97.05 kPa。借鉴爆炸相似律，对样品地面反射超压进行拟合，可得到如图8所示的拟合曲线。
式（1）和（2）分别18和120 kg单推-3样品的拟合方程。
样品的TNT当量，并依据TNT当量结果评估外部火烧条件下样品反应瞬间产生的冲击波破坏效应。TNT当量可由式（3）进行计算[18]
式中：TNTe，TNT当量；wTNT，TNT药柱的质量，kg；wx，被测药柱的质量，kg。
公式（4）为适用公斤级至百公斤级的TNT爆炸的冲击波参数经验公式（P单位：MPa），将样品反射峰值超压代入TNT拟合公式[19]，样品爆炸等效TNT当量数据见图9。
由图9可知，18和120 kg单推-3的TNT当量分别为0.629和0.0293。显然，制式包装单推-3样品反应时的冲击波效应并未随着尺寸增大而增强，反而是显著降低。由于120 kg样品设计压力仅为0.33 MPa，其开始发生受热分解至样品包装被炸开这一时间段明显小于18 kg样品（设计压力为1.0 MPa），表4中数据佐证了这一观点。样品质量更大和受热时间更短使得120 kg推进剂贮箱中还未受热分解的剩余样品比例显著更高。另一方面，当单推-3过量时，爆炸瞬间的氧气量不足会抑制燃烧反应的进行，同时液体悬浮液滴在爆炸抛洒过程中也会削弱冲击波强度[20,21]，同样导致120 kg样品反应剧烈程度弱于18 kg样品。据此认为，单推-3样品反应的剧烈程度与样品尺寸大小并不存在正相关关系，反而与包装的设计压力密切相关，壳体的设计强度对单推-3的爆炸特性具有显著影响。出于安全的目的，应在实际使用允许范围内，降低液体推进剂制式包装设计的强度，将样品的危险性从爆轰降低为爆炸，甚至是爆燃及以下。当然，需要指出的是，120 kg单推-3的爆炸TNT当量结果是以样品总质量进行计算的，样品火烧反应过程中有部分样品并未参与反应，因此，真实情况下爆炸TNT当量应比计算得到的结果偏大。
3　结论
收起
（1）单推-3在强冲击波直接作用下不具有传播爆轰的能力。
（2）单推-3制式储箱的设计强度对其在遭遇火灾情况下的爆炸反应烈度有显著影响。出于安全目的，应在实际使用允许范围内，适当降低单推-3包装设计压力，从而有效减弱其整体爆炸危险性。
基金
收起
  • 国家自然基金，面上项目(12272184)
  • 中国博士后科学基金面上资助(2023M731695)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(30922010503)
  • 江苏省卓越博士后计划资金资助
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2024年第41卷第2期
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文章信息
doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.030
  • 接收时间：2023-07-31
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2024-06-01
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期：2023-07-31
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) project(12272184)
国家自然基金，面上项目(12272184)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M731695)
中国博士后科学基金面上资助(2023M731695)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(30922010503)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(30922010503)
Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent
江苏省卓越博士后计划资金资助
作者信息
    1.南京理工大学　化学与化工学院，南京　210094
    2.南京理工中爆安全科技有限公司，南京　210094
    3.北京航天试验技术研究所，北京　100074
    4.安徽天明爆破工程有限公司，滁州　239000

通讯作者:

徐森（1981-），男，教授，主要从事爆炸力学、含能材料爆轰、危险性分级方面的研究，（E-mail）。
参考文献
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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