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Article(id=1241777704253587583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1688572800000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992475808, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717171200000, pubDateStr=2024-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992475808, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992475808, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992475808, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241777699996368955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992474792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992784144, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=15, endPage=22, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241777704945647769, articleId=1241777704253587583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Influence of Charge Structure on Contour Forming Effect of Hard Rock Tunnel, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The contour forming effect of a hard rock tunnel is of significant importance in enhancing the stability of surrounding rock and reducing support costs. This paper aims to optimize the single-hole charge and charge structure for tunnel contour holes. The theoretical range of charge parameters for blasting contour holes in tunnels is proposed initially. Subsequently, blasting tests were conducted on a hard rock tunnel using single-hole charges of 1200 g, 900 g, 750 g, and 600 g respectively, with all tunnel contours analyzed by a laser scanner. Finally, a fracture mechanics model was employed to simulate the contour blasting of the hard rock tunnel with different single-hole charges. The results indicate that when charging parameters are within a reasonable range, smaller single-hole charges result in fewer cracks between blasting holes and less damage to the surrounding rock. Although decreasing the charging amount from 1200 g to 600 g reduces over-excavation volume from 6.53 m3 to 2.02 m3, it also increases under-excavation volume caused by hole position error from 0.15 m3 to 0.26 m3 along the tunnel contour. Furthermore, compared to the damage mechanics model, the fracture mechanics model proves superior in simulating contour blasting for hard rock tunnels as evidenced by good agreement between calculated results and experimental data regarding half hole numbers on the tunnel's contour.

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WANG Yang (1991-), male, Ph. D, postdoctoral, mainly engaged in rock dynamics simulation research, (E-mail) .
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硬质岩隧洞的轮廓成型效果对提高围岩稳定性和降低支护成本具有重要意义。以优化隧洞轮廓孔单孔装药量和装药结构为目标，首先，理论分析了隧洞爆破中轮廓孔装药参数的取值范围；其次，分别以1200 g、900 g、750 g、600 g的单孔装药量进行了硬质岩隧洞爆破试验，并借助激光扫描仪对隧洞轮廓成型效果进行了扫描分析；最后，利用断裂力学模型分析了不同单孔装药量的隧洞轮廓成型效果。结果表明：当硬质岩隧洞的轮廓孔装药参数在合理范围内时，单孔装药量越小，爆破产生的孔间裂缝数量越少，岩体损伤范围也越小；当装药量由1200 g降低至600 g时，隧洞轮廓超挖体积由6.53 m3降低至2.02 m3，但由孔位误差导致的轮廓欠挖体积由0.15 m3增大0.26 m3；断裂力学模型在硬质岩隧洞轮廓爆破的模拟中优于损伤模型，模型计算得隧洞轮廓上的半孔数与观察值吻合较好。研究成果可为类似硬质岩隧洞爆破开挖中轮廓成型效果优化提供技术与方法借鉴。

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王洋（1991-），男，博士、博士后，主要从事岩石动力学仿真模拟研究，（E-mail）。
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张光辉（1974-），男，本科、工程师，主要从事工程爆破施工技术研究，（E-mail）。

ZHANG Guang-hui (1974-), male, bachelor's degree, engineer, mainly engaged in research on engineering blasting construction technology, (E-mail) .

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张光辉（1974-），男，本科、工程师，主要从事工程爆破施工技术研究，（E-mail）。

ZHANG Guang-hui (1974-), male, bachelor's degree, engineer, mainly engaged in research on engineering blasting construction technology, (E-mail) .

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张光辉（1974-），男，本科、工程师，主要从事工程爆破施工技术研究，（E-mail）。

ZHANG Guang-hui (1974-), male, bachelor's degree, engineer, mainly engaged in research on engineering blasting construction technology, (E-mail) .

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777731176825171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=32, issue=6, pageStart=653, pageEnd=657, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=29, authorNames=杨国梁, 杨仁树, 姜琳琳, journalName=爆炸与冲击, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨国梁, 杨仁树, 姜琳琳. 轴向间隔装药爆破沿炮孔的压力分布[J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2012, 32(6): 653-657., articleTitle=轴向间隔装药爆破沿炮孔的压力分布, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777731260711254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=32, issue=6, pageStart=653, pageEnd=657, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=30, authorNames=YANG Guo-liang, YANG Ren-shu, JIANG Ling-ling, journalName=Explosion and Shock Waves, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Guo-liang, YANG Ren-shu, JIANG Ling-ling. Pressure distribution along borehole with axial air-deck charge blasting[J]. Explosion and Shock Waves, 2012, 32(6): 653-657. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Pressure distribution along borehole with axial air-deck charge blasting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777731340403033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=26, issue=增1, pageStart=3390, pageEnd=3396, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=31, authorNames=夏祥, 石永强, 李海波, journalName=岩石力学与工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=夏祥, 石永强, 李海波, 等. 岩体单孔及群孔齐发爆破爆炸荷载数值分析[J]. 岩石力学与工程学报, 2007, 26(增1): 3390-3396., articleTitle=岩体单孔及群孔齐发爆破爆炸荷载数值分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777731466232159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=26, issue=S1, pageStart=3390, pageEnd=3396, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=32, authorNames=XIA Xiang, SHI Yong-qiang, LI Hai-bo, journalName=Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIA Xiang, SHI Yong-qiang, LI Hai-bo, et al. Numerical analysis of blasting loads in rock mass with single and group holes[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2007, 26(S1): 3390-3396. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Numerical analysis of blasting loads in rock mass with single and group holes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777731654975844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=35, issue=8, pageStart=79, pageEnd=90, 110, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=33, authorNames=吴志军, 张鹏林, 刘泉声, journalName=工程力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴志军, 张鹏林, 刘泉声, 等. 基于零厚度粘聚力单元的钢筋混凝土板在爆炸荷载下的动态破坏过程分析[J]. 工程力学, 2018, 35(8): 79-90, 110., articleTitle=基于零厚度粘聚力单元的钢筋混凝土板在爆炸荷载下的动态破坏过程分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777731776610664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=35, issue=8, pageStart=79, pageEnd=90, 110, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=34, authorNames=WU Zhi-jun, ZHANG Peng-lin, LIU Quan-sheng, journalName=Engineering Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Zhi-jun, ZHANG Peng-lin, LIU Quan-sheng, et al. Dynamic failure process analysis of reinforced concrete slab under explosion load based on Zero-thickness cohesive element[J]. Engineering Mechanics, 2018, 35(8): 79-90, 110. 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language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Blasting charge structure for peripheral holes, figureFileSmall=DUzbIHIexevraQ6KsMbaeg==, figureFileBig=smZtqUZckfsqdKVwAfZFNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777720074503113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, language=CN, label=图1, caption=轮廓孔装药结构示意图, figureFileSmall=DUzbIHIexevraQ6KsMbaeg==, figureFileBig=smZtqUZckfsqdKVwAfZFNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777720288412639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Blast holes and network for tunnel blasting, figureFileSmall=519ttPYXvBQymHrdktwEHw==, figureFileBig=i0HYPxOM1+RPYjAoJxbhew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777720372298729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, language=CN, label=图2, caption=隧洞孔位布置及起爆网路图, figureFileSmall=519ttPYXvBQymHrdktwEHw==, 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figureFileBig=CtEoAw1yw8na/sz6J+Iv0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777723237007456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, language=CN, label=图9, caption=断裂模型中隧洞爆破半孔确定方法, figureFileSmall=ZlwbyUMHBWiqOe5xUjjAZQ==, figureFileBig=CtEoAw1yw8na/sz6J+Iv0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777723341865062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Blasting parameters for peripheral holes in experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号轮廓孔设计参数轮廓孔装药参数
孔深/m孔径/mm抵抗线/m孔数/个药卷直径/mm装药长度/m堵塞长度/m单孔药量/g空气间隔形式
Blast_13.2420.5542321.200.401200上部空气间隔
Blast_23.2420.5542320.900.40900上部空气间隔
Blast_33.2420.5542320.750.40750分段空气间隔
Blast_43.2420.5542320.600.40600分段空气间隔
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723484471410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验中轮廓孔爆破设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号轮廓孔设计参数轮廓孔装药参数
孔深/m孔径/mm抵抗线/m孔数/个药卷直径/mm装药长度/m堵塞长度/m单孔药量/g空气间隔形式
Blast_13.2420.5542321.200.401200上部空气间隔
Blast_23.2420.5542320.900.40900上部空气间隔
Blast_33.2420.5542320.750.40750分段空气间隔
Blast_43.2420.5542320.600.40600分段空气间隔
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723614494840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of the excavation results of all four tunnel blasting experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号 Blast_1 Blast_2 Blast_3 Blast_4
爆破进尺/m3.033.072.972.89
开挖体积/m3210.58207.15193.53195.17
超挖体积/m36.536.372.172.02
欠挖体积/m30.150.190.310.26
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723748712576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验中隧洞爆破开挖结果统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号 Blast_1 Blast_2 Blast_3 Blast_4
爆破进尺/m3.033.072.972.89
开挖体积/m3210.58207.15193.53195.17
超挖体积/m36.536.372.172.02
欠挖体积/m30.150.190.310.26
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723845181573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Material parameters of rock for fracture mechanics model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹-塑性本构模型弹塑性单元参数密度/（kg·m-3）弹性模量/GPa泊松比粘聚力/MPa内摩角/°抗拉强度/MPa剪胀角/°
取值2700.0069.000.2312.3031.507.3016.30
粘聚力单元参数法向刚度/GPa切向刚度/GPa粘聚力/MPa内摩擦角/°抗拉强度/MPa拉伸极限应变/%剪切极限应变/%
取值69.0069.0012.3031.505.900.270.31
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724067479694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

断裂力学模型中岩体材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹-塑性本构模型弹塑性单元参数密度/（kg·m-3）弹性模量/GPa泊松比粘聚力/MPa内摩角/°抗拉强度/MPa剪胀角/°
取值2700.0069.000.2312.3031.507.3016.30
粘聚力单元参数法向刚度/GPa切向刚度/GPa粘聚力/MPa内摩擦角/°抗拉强度/MPa拉伸极限应变/%剪切极限应变/%
取值69.0069.0012.3031.505.900.270.31
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724180725910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Material parameters of rock for damage mechanics model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RHT本构模型密度/（kg·m-3）抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度极限比抗压强度极限比剪切模量/GPa脆韧转变参数
2700.00174.000.700.4012.600.011
拉、压子午线处偏应力比失效面参数失效面指数损伤常数损伤常数压缩指数
0.682.920.700.041.003.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724323332255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

损伤力学模型中岩体材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RHT本构模型密度/（kg·m-3）抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度极限比抗压强度极限比剪切模量/GPa脆韧转变参数
2700.00174.000.700.4012.600.011
拉、压子午线处偏应力比失效面参数失效面指数损伤常数损伤常数压缩指数
0.682.920.700.041.003.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724411412646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Parameters of explosive state equation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/（kg·m-3）爆速VOD/（m·s-1） A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 ω E0/GPa
10003800209.693.515.761.290.394.39
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724474327208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

炸药状态方程相关参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/（kg·m-3）爆速VOD/（m·s-1） A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 ω E0/GPa
10003800209.693.515.761.290.394.39
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724554018991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison between calculation results and observed results of half hole

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号 Blast_1 Blast_2 Blast_3 Blast_4
计算半孔数7112932
观测半孔数232527
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724642099379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777704253587583, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

隧洞轮廓爆破中半孔计算结果与试验结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验编号 Blast_1 Blast_2 Blast_3 Blast_4
计算半孔数7112932
观测半孔数232527
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装药结构对硬质岩隧洞轮廓成型效果的影响研究
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张光辉 1 , 张家托 1 , 王洋 2 , 程远龙 1 , 蒋宏杰 2 , 陈明 2
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024,41(2): 15-22
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024, 41(2): 15-22
装药结构对硬质岩隧洞轮廓成型效果的影响研究
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张光辉1 , 张家托1, 王洋2 , 程远龙1, 蒋宏杰2, 陈明2
作者信息
  • 1.湖北能源集团　罗田平坦原抽水蓄能有限公司，黄冈　438000
  • 2.武汉大学　水利水电学院，武汉　430072

    • 张光辉（1974-），男，本科、工程师，主要从事工程爆破施工技术研究，（E-mail）。

    ZHANG Guang-hui (1974-), male, bachelor's degree, engineer, mainly engaged in research on engineering blasting construction technology, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

王洋（1991-），男，博士、博士后，主要从事岩石动力学仿真模拟研究，（E-mail）。
Study on Influence of Charge Structure on Contour Forming Effect of Hard Rock Tunnel
Guang-hui ZHANG1 , Jia-tuo ZHANG1, Yang WANG2 , Yuan-long CHENG1, Hong-jie JANG2, Ming CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Luotian Pingyuan Pumped Storage Co., Ltd. of Hubei Energy Group, Huanggang 438000, China
  • 2.School of Water Resources and Hydropower, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.003
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摘要
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硬质岩隧洞的轮廓成型效果对提高围岩稳定性和降低支护成本具有重要意义。以优化隧洞轮廓孔单孔装药量和装药结构为目标，首先，理论分析了隧洞爆破中轮廓孔装药参数的取值范围；其次，分别以1200 g、900 g、750 g、600 g的单孔装药量进行了硬质岩隧洞爆破试验，并借助激光扫描仪对隧洞轮廓成型效果进行了扫描分析；最后，利用断裂力学模型分析了不同单孔装药量的隧洞轮廓成型效果。结果表明：当硬质岩隧洞的轮廓孔装药参数在合理范围内时，单孔装药量越小，爆破产生的孔间裂缝数量越少，岩体损伤范围也越小；当装药量由1200 g降低至600 g时，隧洞轮廓超挖体积由6.53 m3降低至2.02 m3，但由孔位误差导致的轮廓欠挖体积由0.15 m3增大0.26 m3；断裂力学模型在硬质岩隧洞轮廓爆破的模拟中优于损伤模型，模型计算得隧洞轮廓上的半孔数与观察值吻合较好。研究成果可为类似硬质岩隧洞爆破开挖中轮廓成型效果优化提供技术与方法借鉴。

隧洞爆破  /  轮廓爆破  /  单孔装药量  /  空气间隔装药  /  断裂力学模型

The contour forming effect of a hard rock tunnel is of significant importance in enhancing the stability of surrounding rock and reducing support costs. This paper aims to optimize the single-hole charge and charge structure for tunnel contour holes. The theoretical range of charge parameters for blasting contour holes in tunnels is proposed initially. Subsequently, blasting tests were conducted on a hard rock tunnel using single-hole charges of 1200 g, 900 g, 750 g, and 600 g respectively, with all tunnel contours analyzed by a laser scanner. Finally, a fracture mechanics model was employed to simulate the contour blasting of the hard rock tunnel with different single-hole charges. The results indicate that when charging parameters are within a reasonable range, smaller single-hole charges result in fewer cracks between blasting holes and less damage to the surrounding rock. Although decreasing the charging amount from 1200 g to 600 g reduces over-excavation volume from 6.53 m3 to 2.02 m3, it also increases under-excavation volume caused by hole position error from 0.15 m3 to 0.26 m3 along the tunnel contour. Furthermore, compared to the damage mechanics model, the fracture mechanics model proves superior in simulating contour blasting for hard rock tunnels as evidenced by good agreement between calculated results and experimental data regarding half hole numbers on the tunnel's contour.

tunnel blasting  /  contour blasting  /  single blast hole charge  /  air decking charge  /  fracture mechanics model
张光辉, 张家托, 王洋, 程远龙, 蒋宏杰, 陈明. 装药结构对硬质岩隧洞轮廓成型效果的影响研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (2) : 15 -22 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.003
Guang-hui ZHANG, Jia-tuo ZHANG, Yang WANG, Yuan-long CHENG, Hong-jie JANG, Ming CHEN. Study on Influence of Charge Structure on Contour Forming Effect of Hard Rock Tunnel[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (2) : 15 -22 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.003
正文
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水工硬质岩隧洞对断面掘进的轮廓成型效果的要求较高，这是由于相较于软弱岩隧洞采用钢支撑、密锚杆、厚混凝土层的支护方式，硬质岩隧洞更加依赖岩体自身的稳定性仅在表面进行网锚喷支护，合理控制轮廓成型效果对提高硬质岩隧洞的安全稳定性和降低支护成本具有重要意义[1-3]。合理优化隧洞轮廓孔装药结构是控制轮廓爆破成型的技术要点，在实际工程中常通过合理设置孔间距和单孔装药量来控制轮廓孔的爆破效果[4-6]。因此，研究轮廓孔单孔装药量对隧洞爆破成型具有重要意义。
隧洞轮廓爆破过程是利用光面爆破技术将“体”切割成“面”的一种爆破手段，光面爆破借助不耦合装药结构，通过降低爆破荷载峰值并提高荷载作用时间，有利于形成光滑平整的开挖轮廓面，被广泛应用于隧洞轮廓爆破中。国内外学者针对光面爆破不耦合装药结构开展了大量研究，卢文波等结合三峡工程临时船闸岩体爆破开挖过程[7]，分析了光面爆破的优缺点。马芹永根据光面爆破破岩机制[8]，给出了炮孔间距和光爆层厚度的计算方法。Feng等提出了光面爆破孔间距、光爆层厚度等参数的优选方法[9]。付玉华等提出了考虑损伤的光面爆破参数选取方法[10]。Uenishi等基于模型试验[11]，研究了光面爆破中裂纹的扩展机制和特征。
为了分析空气间隔装药爆破的轮廓成型效果，众多学者开展了研究。朱红兵对空气间隔装药结构爆破机理进行了研究[12]，其研究认为在梯段爆破中合理的空气段长度比例值约为30%~42%。吴亮对混凝土介质中空气间隔装药进行了试验分析[13]，得到不同空气层位置会产生不同的爆破效果，装药结构的选择应结合爆破目的来确定。潘强建立了单孔空气间隔装药的炮孔的损伤范围计算方法[14]，认为空气间隔装药能减小对周边岩体的损伤。朱宽针对空气间隔装药结构特征[15]，提出了一种空气间隔堵塞爆破结构改善岩石爆破效果的方式。
首先基于理论分析获取隧洞爆破中轮廓孔空气间隔装药关键参数的取值范围；随后，针对不同单孔装药量和不同空气间隔装药结构的隧洞轮廓成型效果，分别开展爆破试验和数值模拟计算。进而分析单孔装药量对光面爆破的轮廓成型效果的影响。
1　隧洞爆破中轮廓孔装药参数取值范围
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隧洞轮廓爆破通过采用不耦合装药结构降低孔壁的初始压力、延长爆炸荷载的作用时间，进而改变爆炸能量对岩体的作用效应，使得轮廓孔间形成裂缝的同时降低爆炸效应对周边岩体的损伤。空气间隔装药借助空气柱作为间隔介质，合理设置装药段和空气段结构和比例改变爆炸载荷作用岩体的方式，最终达到良好的轮廓成型效果。
针对隧洞爆破中空气间隔装药的炮孔，其单孔装药量Qe可通过柱状药包单位长度装药质量乘以炮孔内装药段长度le而获得，其计算公式如下
式中：Qe为单孔装药量；l=le+la为炮孔深度；le为装药段长度；la为空气段长度；rc、rb分别为药卷直径和炮孔直径；Kd为径向不耦合系数，Kd=rb/rc。
实际工程中，隧洞轮廓孔的直径与掏槽和主崩落孔相一致，由式（1）可知，当炮孔直径rb确定后，可通过优化不耦合系数Kd和装药长度le，从而优化单孔装药量Qe以满足轮廓爆破的需求。以下对合理优化不耦合系数Kd和装药长度le进行理论分析。
采用空气间隔装药结构的炮孔中炸药爆炸后爆轰波并不直接作用于岩体，而是通过压缩缝隙内空气形成高压力的空气冲击波作用于孔壁。同时，空气间隔装药中作用于孔壁的压力分为装药段和空气段两段，其中，装药段爆破荷载作用于孔壁的峰值P0可由下式计算[16]
式中，n为压力增大倍数，n=8。
由于孔内气体膨胀阶段作用的时间极短，可假定气体完全充满炮孔后对壁面产生的压力峰值为空气段的压力荷载峰值[17]，则有
式中：Ps0为空气段孔壁压力荷载峰值；γ为气体膨胀指数，γ=4/3。
一方面，为了确保轮廓孔爆破后形成孔间裂缝，相邻轮廓孔间的叠加的拉应力峰值应大于岩体抗拉强度σθ，则有。其中，为孔间距为L的炮孔中部岩体产生的拉应力峰值。岩体中应力波传播呈几何衰减且其峰值与传播距离成反比，炮孔附近岩体内拉应力峰值可表示为[18]
式中：σθmax为岩体内距药包中心ra处的应力峰值；为距药包中心距离；α为岩体应力衰减指数，α=2-μ/（1-μ）；μ为岩体泊松比；b为侧向应力系数，b=μ/（1-μ）。
另一方面，轮廓爆破后需形成完整的半孔壁，因此炮孔壁上施加的荷载压力峰值应小于岩体抗压强度σr，故P0<σr。
由此可得，隧洞轮廓爆破的不耦合系数Kd和装药长度le取值范围分别为
综上所述，当炮孔直径rb确定后，联立式（1）、式（5）和式（6）可获得隧洞轮廓爆破单孔装药量Qe的合理取值范围。值得注意的是，相较于力学性能较差的软弱岩体，硬质岩的力学性能较好，岩体内炮孔装药爆破的粉碎区范围较小，孔间裂缝的形成较难。因此，在利用理论方法进行硬质岩隧洞轮廓爆破装药参数取值的确定时，需要着重考虑形成可靠孔间裂缝的可行性，即径向不耦合装药系数Kd取值应尽量偏小，装药长度le的取值应尽量偏大，这样以保证炮孔间形成裂缝。
2　隧洞爆破试验
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2.1　试验概况
试验场地为平坦原抽蓄水电站地下输水系统扩建工程的通风兼安全洞，洞内岩体为Ⅲ类围岩，以中细粒花岗岩为主，局部夹少量角闪混合花岗岩和黑云钾长混合花岗岩，弱风化，致密坚硬，完整性较好。试验隧洞的断面尺寸为9.0 m×8.5 m，全断面孔数121个，孔径42 mm，孔深3.2 m。掘进断面中央采用楔形掏槽，掏槽区范围4.4 m×3.2 m，周边轮廓孔间距0.5 m，采用空气间隔装药结构。
由式（5）可计算得本次试验隧洞轮廓爆破的周边孔不耦合装药系数Kd的取值范围为1.37<Kd< 2.35，考虑到试验岩体的力学性能参数较大，Kd应取值偏小。值得注意的是，在实际施工过程中，若无特殊要求，隧洞断面各类型炮孔的装药直径基本保持一致，本次试验中采用的2号岩石乳化炸药的药卷规格参数为：直径32 mm、长度300 mm、质量300 g。即周边孔装药直径为rd=32 mm，计算得不耦合系数Kd=1.31，该值略小于理论推荐值，但基本满足要求。由式（6）可计算得炮孔中装药长度的范围为le>0.14l，则计算单孔装药量Qe>446 g，考虑到式（6）仅为满足形成孔间裂缝的基本条件，实际炮孔的装药长度应远大于该值。为了提高施工效率，炮孔装药常采用“整支”或“半支”药卷的填装方式，因此，本次试验分别采用4支、3支、2.5支和2支药卷进行周边孔装药，即选取的单孔装药量Qe分别为1200 g、900 g、750 g、600 g。
本次试验中总计开展4次隧洞爆破，其中，前两次试验采用上部空气间隔，后两次试验采分段空气间隔，各试验中爆破设计参数列入表1。两种空气间隔装药示意图如图1所示，隧洞全断面钻爆的孔位布设及起爆网路如图2所示。
2.2　轮廓开挖效果检测
为了准确获取隧洞轮廓的爆破成型效果，爆破完成后对开挖段隧洞轮廓进行三维激光扫描检测。测量设备为FARO_Focus3D_X330，在10~25 m的距离范围内其测距误差为±2 mm，该激光扫描设备可精准测量洞顶及边墙的平整度。隧洞爆破后的轮廓成型效果现场测量如图3所示。
2.3　试验结果分析
三维激光扫描隧洞爆破的轮廓成型效果如图4（a）所示。为了清晰的描绘隧洞隆形线并统计隧洞轮廓的超、欠挖状态，取距放样点1.5 m处的截面进行精确描绘并放入图4（b）中。
由图4可知，Blast_1和Blast_2试验中隧洞的顶端和边邦出现了呈连续性的超挖区域，边墙角有局部欠挖，而Blast_3和Blast_4试验中隧洞顶拱中部和边角出现了局部超挖和局部欠挖。隧洞轮廓的超挖呈连续性且单孔药量降低后有明显的改善效果，这表明该超挖区域是由轮廓孔单孔药量较大引起的。隧洞轮廓的欠挖呈点状分布且集中于顶拱、拱角、边墙角等钻孔较难实施的部位，且单孔药量降低后该区域欠挖无明显消散，这表明该欠挖是由钻孔施工误差较大引起的。对比各次试验结果可知，随着单孔装药量的减小，隧洞轮廓爆破的超挖范围减小，顶拱和边墙的超挖得到有效改善，并且结合多段空气间隔装药的隧洞轮廓整体超挖将得到有效控制。然而，当单孔药量进一步降低后，隧洞的轮廓成型效果将与炮孔的施工效果密切相关，若钻孔误差较大，则隧洞轮廓易出现局部欠挖影响其成型效果。
表2统计了四次隧洞爆破试验的开挖结果，由表可知，各次试验中开挖体积方量和进尺均相近，这表明轮廓孔装药量对隧洞开挖的进尺和总体积方量的影响较小。值得注意的是，Blast_1和Blast_2试验中隧洞超挖体积约为Blast_3和Blast_4试验的3倍，隧洞轮廓的局部欠挖体积约为0.5倍。当采用合理的光面爆破设计参数时，由于爆破能量过大引起周边岩体崩落导致轮廓超挖的体积会随着单孔药量的降低而减小，而由于钻孔施工不到位引起的欠挖体积并不会随着单孔药量的降低而增加，但是由轮廓超挖掩盖的超挖区域会随着单孔药量的降低而凸显，例如Blast_3和Blast_4试验中顶拱和拱角部位的欠挖岩体。
3　不同单孔装药量轮廓爆破效果模拟
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3.1　数值计算模型
采用数值模拟方法分析平坦原通风兼安全洞轮廓爆破过程中裂缝扩展交汇形成轮廓隆形线的过程，建立如图5的隧洞轮廓爆破计算模型。
岩体爆破破坏过程常采用损伤力学模型来表征岩体在爆炸荷载作用下的破碎过程，然而，损伤模型无法对裂缝进行精准描述或依赖密集网格。因此，为了准确模拟爆破荷载作用下裂缝在岩体中的扩展过程，本文采用断裂力学模型来模拟裂缝在岩体中扩展、延伸并交汇贯通过程。该模型将岩体单元表征为弹-塑性单元及cohesive单元两部分，其中，cohesive单元为两个弹-塑性单元的边界[19]，cohesive单元在模型中应用如图6所示。
模型中炮孔壁面的爆炸荷载施加如图7（a）所示，并采用JWL状态方程来描述爆炸荷载，孔壁上爆炸荷载的加载曲线如图7（b）所示。
3.2　模型计算参数
计算模型中岩体采用弹-塑性单元，计算参数如表3所示，其中虚拟单元的计算参数与实体单元一致。同时，为了对比分析断裂力学模型和损伤力学模型的计算效果，采用RHT本构模型描述隧洞轮廓爆破过程中轮廓孔附近岩体的损伤效果。见表4。
炸药爆炸过程中采用JWL状态方程可用于描述孔内气体压力与体积关系，为获取空气间隔装药结构的炮孔壁上荷载压力提供了有力手段。JWL状态方程的表达形式为
式中：F为炸药化学能释放率；VOD为炸药爆速；Aemax为炸药单位横断面积最大值；t、t0分别为当前时间和炸药起爆时间；Peos为由JWL状态方程决定的压力；V为相对体积；E0为单位体积初始比内能；A、B、R1、R2、w均为与炸药相关的材料常数，如表5所示。
3.3　计算结果分析
图8为分别采用断裂力学模型和损伤力学模型计算得各次试验中隧洞轮廓爆破效果图，其中，断裂力学模型主要通过模拟裂缝来表征爆炸荷载的作用，而损伤力学模型主要通过模拟岩体的损伤区域来表征爆炸荷载作用效果。
由图8（a）中断裂力学模型计算结果可知，轮廓爆破中裂缝沿炮孔间扩展延伸并相互贯通切割岩体形成轮廓。其中，单孔药量较大的Blast_1和Blast_2模型中孔间的裂缝较Blast_3和Blast_4模型更密集，孔间裂缝贯穿后形成交叉并向四周扩展，这表明轮廓开挖后周边岩体的爆生裂隙发育，在爆破振动作用下易掉落，形成超挖。Blast_3和Blast_4模型中城门洞边墙末端裂缝由于孔距较大未形成贯通裂缝，这会导致该区域的岩块无法被有效切割而保留在岩壁上，形成欠挖，这与隧洞实际爆破效果相吻合。
由图8（b）中损伤力学模型计算结果可知，该模型较准确的模拟出单孔药量增加导致岩体破坏程度加剧的损伤效果，然而，针对具体的裂缝扩展的模拟效果较断裂力学模型差，并且，损伤模型中Blast_1和Blast_2、Blast_3和Blast_4模型中计算结果差异性不明显，这表明损伤模型对单孔药量变化的敏感性不高。
隧洞轮廓爆破中半孔率是反映其爆破效果优劣的重要指标，当炮孔壁裂缝仅沿孔间方向贯穿且切割效果平整可认定该半孔得以保留，断裂力学模型中半孔的判定方式如图9所示。采用该方法对断裂模型计算各试验中轮廓爆破的半孔数并与实测结果对比列入表6。由统计半孔数可知，Blast_2和Blast_4试验中轮廓半孔数高于Blast_1和Blast_3试验，这表明了单孔装药量越少，轮廓爆破的半孔率越高，轮廓超挖越小。同时，Blast_3和Blast_4计算得半孔数与观察值吻合更好，表明了采用分段式空气间隔装药的轮廓爆破的半孔更易预测。这是由于分段空气间隔装药的炮孔壁上荷载分布较上部空气间隔装药结构更均匀，当炮孔壁上爆炸荷载分布不均匀性时，易出现装药段炮孔壁岩体过粉碎而空气段未形成孔间贯穿裂缝，这样加大了隧洞轮廓半孔的判定难度。
4　结语
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基于轮廓爆破破岩要求，建立了轮廓孔单孔装药量的计算方法，针对不同空气间隔装药的周边孔其单孔装药量对轮廓成型爆破的影响开展了试验研究，并分别采用断裂力学模型和损伤力学模型对隧洞光面爆破轮廓成型效果进行数值模拟研究预测精度。主要结论如下：
（1）针对相同装药结构的隧洞周边孔，当其径向不耦合系数Kd和装药长度le在合理取值范围内时，单孔装药量越小，轮廓超挖的体积越小，由钻孔误差导致的轮廓局部欠挖也越明显。
（2）对比损伤力学计算模型，断裂力学计算模型可以有效模拟轮廓孔间的裂缝扩展交汇过程，对硬质岩隧洞的轮廓爆破成型效果的模拟更加准确，可预测隧洞轮廓上的半孔数量。
（3）分段空气间隔装药炮孔壁上的荷载分布较上部空气间隔装药更均匀，采用断裂力学模型预测其轮廓半孔数的精度更高。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(No51979205)
  • 湖北省博士后创新研究岗位资助项目(279265)
文献
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2024年第41卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.003
  • 接收时间：2023-07-06
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2024-06-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-07-06
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(No51979205)
国家自然科学基金(No51979205)
Hubei Province Postdoctoral Innovation Research Post Funding Project(279265)
湖北省博士后创新研究岗位资助项目(279265)
作者信息
    1.湖北能源集团　罗田平坦原抽水蓄能有限公司，黄冈　438000
    2.武汉大学　水利水电学院，武汉　430072

通讯作者:

王洋（1991-），男，博士、博士后，主要从事岩石动力学仿真模拟研究，（E-mail）。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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