Article(id=1241777703356010520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1679760000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992475593, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717171200000, pubDateStr=2024-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992475593, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992475593, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992475593, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241777699996368955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992474792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992784144, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=223, endPage=231, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241777706707259520, articleId=1241777703356010520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Analysis of Attenuation Effect of Multi-layer Bubble Film on Underwater Shock Wave, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to analyze the attenuation effect of multi-layer bubble film on underwater explosive shock wave, an underwater explosion test was conducted to obtain shock wave parameters with a No. 8 industrial electric detonator as the explosion source. The bubble film was designed with different specifications and different layers of air insulation structure. Furthermore, the shock wave overpressure peak value and specific shock wave energy were compared based on the shock wave parameters. The results show that the attenuation rate of shock wave overpressure peak increases with the increase of bubble film number, with the attenuation rates of 1#, 2#, 3#and 4#bubble film increasing from 48.32%, 86.08%, 87.87% and 90.34% to 89.10%, 91.33%, 91.45% and 92.37%, respectively, which implies that the normal film has less influence on the attenuation of underwater shock wave without air interlayers. Specifically, a larger bubble diameter can reach a better attenuation effect with the same number of layers, which indicates that the bubble plays an important role in attenuating shock waves. In addition, the specific shock wave energy consumption of the bubble film is more than 98.50%. In practical applications, bubble film can be used as a protective material, which can effectively reduce the harmful effects caused by shock waves on the protected objects.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WU Hong-bo (1975-), male, Ph. D, professor, mainly engaged in blasting equipment and safety research, (E-mail) .
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为分析多层气泡膜隔层结构对水下爆炸冲击波衰减效果,使用不同规格气泡膜并设计不同层数的空气隔层结构,以8号工业电雷管作为爆源,进行水下爆炸试验,获得水下冲击波参数,通过冲击波超压峰值与比冲击波能对比分析气泡膜对水下冲击波的衰减效果。结果表明:随着气泡膜层数的增加,冲击波超压峰值衰减率随之增加,1#气泡膜衰减率由48.32%上升至89.10%,2#气泡膜衰减率由86.08%上升至91.33%,3#气泡膜衰减率由87.87%上升至91.45%,4#气泡膜衰减率由90.34%上升至92.37%;薄膜隔层对比气泡膜空气隔层,其对水下冲击波的衰减影响比重较小,在层数相同的条件下,气泡膜气泡直径越大对水下冲击波的衰减效果越好,说明隔层结构中气泡对冲击波的衰减有着重要的作用;通过比冲击波能分析,气泡膜空气隔层比冲击波能消耗均超过98.50%以上,能量消耗显著。在实际应用中,可以使用气泡膜作为防护材料,能够有效地降低冲击波对被保护对象带来的危害。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
吴红波(1975-),男,博士、教授,主要从事爆破器材与安全研究,(E-mail)
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梁云(1974-),男,本科、工程师,主要从事港口与航道施工管理,(E-mail)

LIANG Yun (1974-), male, bachelor degree, engineer, mainly engaged in port and waterway construction management, (E-mail) .

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梁云(1974-),男,本科、工程师,主要从事港口与航道施工管理,(E-mail)

LIANG Yun (1974-), male, bachelor degree, engineer, mainly engaged in port and waterway construction management, (E-mail) .

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梁云(1974-),男,本科、工程师,主要从事港口与航道施工管理,(E-mail)

LIANG Yun (1974-), male, bachelor degree, engineer, mainly engaged in port and waterway construction management, (E-mail) .

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Blasting equipment testing technology[M]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2018. 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journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Layout of experimental equipment (unit: cm), figureFileSmall=yAmZLLl/NoV/+Ml7ZLoLHQ==, figureFileBig=OT/Ahiq0I4AsuJsR3nwqGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777722507203573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=CN, label=图2, caption=试验设备布置图(单位:cm), figureFileSmall=yAmZLLl/NoV/+Ml7ZLoLHQ==, figureFileBig=OT/Ahiq0I4AsuJsR3nwqGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777722599478268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Measured waveform without interlayer structure, figureFileSmall=+bvcDMvEYygfaU7oMUPyzg==, figureFileBig=XBNFcyMJc6akT/NBKzx9Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777722674974724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=CN, label=图3, caption=无隔层结构实测波形, 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journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Specific shock wave energy attenuation curve, figureFileSmall=SbYkjtlsRWf+8A8fl2CQKg==, figureFileBig=t/5vQwAf3EIxXWmstRrefw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777723610304572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=CN, label=图7, caption=比冲击波能衰减曲线, figureFileSmall=SbYkjtlsRWf+8A8fl2CQKg==, figureFileBig=t/5vQwAf3EIxXWmstRrefw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777723740328003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of bubble film

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号规格/cm气泡直径/cm厚度D/cm初始体积/mL最终体积/mL排水体积/mL均值/mL实际体积/cm3
1#25×251.71.1630960330343.3267.9
630975345
630985355
2#25×232.31.6600988388382.7307.3
600970370
600990390
3#25×213.32.2500990490485.0409.6
500995495
500970470
4#25×104.53.0400940540526.7451.3
400915515
400925525
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723845185609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

气泡膜参数统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号规格/cm气泡直径/cm厚度D/cm初始体积/mL最终体积/mL排水体积/mL均值/mL实际体积/cm3
1#25×251.71.1630960330343.3267.9
630975345
630985355
2#25×232.31.6600988388382.7307.3
600970370
600990390
3#25×213.32.2500990490485.0409.6
500995495
500970470
4#25×104.53.0400940540526.7451.3
400915515
400925525
), ArticleFig(id=1241777723971014732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental design scheme

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试验序号材料编号 n试验序号材料编号 n试验序号材料编号 n
1、20#117、182#133、344#1
3、4219、20235、362
5、6321、22337、383
7、8423、24439、404
9、101#125、263#141、420
11、12227、282   
13、14329、303
15、16 431、324
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724071678035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

试验设计方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号材料编号 n试验序号材料编号 n试验序号材料编号 n
1、20#117、182#133、344#1
3、4219、20235、362
5、6321、22337、383
7、8423、24439、404
9、101#125、263#141、420
11、12227、282   
13、14329、303
15、16 431、324
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724172341337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Measured data from underwater explosions

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试验序号材料编号 n pm/MPa θ/μs试验序号材料编号 n pm/MPa θ/μs
10#15.8748.50253#10.80815.50
25.7808.13260.84615.80
325.4117.302720.68914.70
45.3937.10280.72215.03
535.1846.502930.65813.30
65.1546.30300.61412.70
745.02311.133140.59711.33
84.94910.20320.56911.03
91#11.10910.13334#10.68216.80
101.02810.00340.63616.20
1120.83011.303520.58814.00
120.85912.60360.57613.60
1330.77612.833730.56812.90
140.77312.60380.52412.60
1540.74810.903940.53911.80
160.73810.73400.50111.70
172#10.94612.2041 06.84017.66
180.95212.3342 6.79817.23
1920.76512.70     
200.79312.90
2130.65910.30     
220.70110.50
2340.62410.20     
240.58610.03     
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724289781854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

水下爆炸实测数据

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试验序号材料编号 n pm/MPa θ/μs试验序号材料编号 n pm/MPa θ/μs
10#15.8748.50253#10.80815.50
25.7808.13260.84615.80
325.4117.302720.68914.70
45.3937.10280.72215.03
535.1846.502930.65813.30
65.1546.30300.61412.70
745.02311.133140.59711.33
84.94910.20320.56911.03
91#11.10910.13334#10.68216.80
101.02810.00340.63616.20
1120.83011.303520.58814.00
120.85912.60360.57613.60
1330.77612.833730.56812.90
140.77312.60380.52412.60
1540.74810.903940.53911.80
160.73810.73400.50111.70
172#10.94612.2041 06.84017.66
180.95212.3342 6.79817.23
1920.76512.70     
200.79312.90
2130.65910.30     
220.70110.50
2340.62410.20     
240.58610.03     
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724415610984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Peak attenuation rate of shock wave overpressure under different layers of bubble film

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材料编号 n pm/MPa A/%
1#11.1091.0281.06984.32
20.8300.8590.84587.61
30.7760.7730.77588.63
40.7480.7380.74389.10
2#10.9460.9520.94986.08
20.7650.7930.77988.58
30.6590.7010.68090.03
40.6240.5860.60591.13
3#10.8080.8460.82787.87
20.6890.7220.70689.65
30.6580.6140.63690.67
40.5970.5690.58391.45
4#10.6820.6360.65990.34
20.5880.5760.58291.47
30.5680.5240.54691.99
40.5390.5010.52092.37
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724499497067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

气泡膜不同层数下冲击波超压峰值衰减率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料编号 n pm/MPa A/%
1#11.1091.0281.06984.32
20.8300.8590.84587.61
30.7760.7730.77588.63
40.7480.7380.74389.10
2#10.9460.9520.94986.08
20.7650.7930.77988.58
30.6590.7010.68090.03
40.6240.5860.60591.13
3#10.8080.8460.82787.87
20.6890.7220.70689.65
30.6580.6140.63690.67
40.5970.5690.58391.45
4#10.6820.6360.65990.34
20.5880.5760.58291.47
30.5680.5240.54691.99
40.5390.5010.52092.37
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724629520499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Peak attenuation of shock wave overpressure by a thin film interlayer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料编号 n pm/MPa A/%
0#15.8745.7805.82714.55
25.4115.3935.40220.78
35.1845.1545.16924.20
45.0234.9494.98626.88
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724738572409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

薄膜隔层对冲击波超压峰值衰减率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料编号 n pm/MPa A/%
0#15.8745.7805.82714.55
25.4115.3935.40220.78
35.1845.1545.16924.20
45.0234.9494.98626.88
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724856012932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Specific shock wave energy data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料编号 n B/% ES/(MJ·kg-1 ES/(MJ·kg-1
1#13.940.018030.01666
0.01529
27.950.011270.01236
0.01345
311.920.011180.01104
0.01090
415.900.008830.00864
0.00846
2#14.430.015800.01599
0.01617
28.860.010760.01125
0.01174
313.290.006470.00697
0.00747
417.720.005750.00537
0.00498
3#18.420.014640.01550
0.01637
216.840.010100.01072
0.01134
325.260.008330.00763
0.00693
433.680.005840.00551
0.00517
4#115.040.011310.01040
0.00948
230.090.007010.00677
0.00653
345.130.006020.00551
0.00501
460.170.004960.00461
0.00425
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724986036363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703356010520, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

比冲击波能数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料编号 n B/% ES/(MJ·kg-1 ES/(MJ·kg-1
1#13.940.018030.01666
0.01529
27.950.011270.01236
0.01345
311.920.011180.01104
0.01090
415.900.008830.00864
0.00846
2#14.430.015800.01599
0.01617
28.860.010760.01125
0.01174
313.290.006470.00697
0.00747
417.720.005750.00537
0.00498
3#18.420.014640.01550
0.01637
216.840.010100.01072
0.01134
325.260.008330.00763
0.00693
433.680.005840.00551
0.00517
4#115.040.011310.01040
0.00948
230.090.007010.00677
0.00653
345.130.006020.00551
0.00501
460.170.004960.00461
0.00425
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多层气泡膜隔层结构对水下冲击波衰减效果分析
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梁云 1 , 吴红波 2 , 陈永佳 1 , 李基锐 1 , 黄菓树 2 , 马成帅 2 , 张政 1 , 叶风明 1 , 曾辉莲 1
爆破 | 安全与管理 2024,41(2): 223-231
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2024, 41(2): 223-231
多层气泡膜隔层结构对水下冲击波衰减效果分析
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梁云1 , 吴红波2 , 陈永佳1, 李基锐1, 黄菓树2, 马成帅2, 张政1, 叶风明1, 曾辉莲1
作者信息
  • 1.广西新港湾工程有限公司,南宁 530200
  • 2.安徽理工大学 化工与爆破学院,淮南 232001
  • 梁云(1974-),男,本科、工程师,主要从事港口与航道施工管理,(E-mail)

    LIANG Yun (1974-), male, bachelor degree, engineer, mainly engaged in port and waterway construction management, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

吴红波(1975-),男,博士、教授,主要从事爆破器材与安全研究,(E-mail)
Analysis of Attenuation Effect of Multi-layer Bubble Film on Underwater Shock Wave
Yun LIANG1 , Hong-bo WU2 , Yong-jia CHEN1, Ji-rui LI1, Guo-shu HUANG2, Cheng-shuai MA2, Zheng ZHANG1, Feng-ming YE1, Hui-lian ZENG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangxi New Harbor Engineering Co., LTD., Nanning 530200, China
  • 2.College of Chemical Engineering and Blasting, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.027
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为分析多层气泡膜隔层结构对水下爆炸冲击波衰减效果,使用不同规格气泡膜并设计不同层数的空气隔层结构,以8号工业电雷管作为爆源,进行水下爆炸试验,获得水下冲击波参数,通过冲击波超压峰值与比冲击波能对比分析气泡膜对水下冲击波的衰减效果。结果表明:随着气泡膜层数的增加,冲击波超压峰值衰减率随之增加,1#气泡膜衰减率由48.32%上升至89.10%,2#气泡膜衰减率由86.08%上升至91.33%,3#气泡膜衰减率由87.87%上升至91.45%,4#气泡膜衰减率由90.34%上升至92.37%;薄膜隔层对比气泡膜空气隔层,其对水下冲击波的衰减影响比重较小,在层数相同的条件下,气泡膜气泡直径越大对水下冲击波的衰减效果越好,说明隔层结构中气泡对冲击波的衰减有着重要的作用;通过比冲击波能分析,气泡膜空气隔层比冲击波能消耗均超过98.50%以上,能量消耗显著。在实际应用中,可以使用气泡膜作为防护材料,能够有效地降低冲击波对被保护对象带来的危害。

水下爆炸  /  空气隔层  /  气泡膜  /  冲击波衰减  /  比冲击波能

In order to analyze the attenuation effect of multi-layer bubble film on underwater explosive shock wave, an underwater explosion test was conducted to obtain shock wave parameters with a No. 8 industrial electric detonator as the explosion source. The bubble film was designed with different specifications and different layers of air insulation structure. Furthermore, the shock wave overpressure peak value and specific shock wave energy were compared based on the shock wave parameters. The results show that the attenuation rate of shock wave overpressure peak increases with the increase of bubble film number, with the attenuation rates of 1#, 2#, 3#and 4#bubble film increasing from 48.32%, 86.08%, 87.87% and 90.34% to 89.10%, 91.33%, 91.45% and 92.37%, respectively, which implies that the normal film has less influence on the attenuation of underwater shock wave without air interlayers. Specifically, a larger bubble diameter can reach a better attenuation effect with the same number of layers, which indicates that the bubble plays an important role in attenuating shock waves. In addition, the specific shock wave energy consumption of the bubble film is more than 98.50%. In practical applications, bubble film can be used as a protective material, which can effectively reduce the harmful effects caused by shock waves on the protected objects.

underwater explosion  /  air interlayer  /  bubble film  /  shock wave attenuation  /  specific shock wave energy
梁云, 吴红波, 陈永佳, 李基锐, 黄菓树, 马成帅, 张政, 叶风明, 曾辉莲. 多层气泡膜隔层结构对水下冲击波衰减效果分析. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (2) : 223 -231 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.027
Yun LIANG, Hong-bo WU, Yong-jia CHEN, Ji-rui LI, Guo-shu HUANG, Cheng-shuai MA, Zheng ZHANG, Feng-ming YE, Hui-lian ZENG. Analysis of Attenuation Effect of Multi-layer Bubble Film on Underwater Shock Wave[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (2) : 223 -231 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.027
随着经济发展,水利水电与港口码头等基础设施建设是我国经济建设中的重要一环。水下爆破技术因其成本低廉,适用范围广,复杂环境适应性好,在诸多工程建设中被应用[1]。因水下冲击波相较于其它介质有更快的传播速度,使其具有更高的超压峰值,更强的毁伤效果,更强的作用时间等特点[2,3]。水下爆破工程常采用气泡帷幕的方法来削弱冲击波的传播[4],因气泡帷幕中气泡的运动规律复杂,故采用空气隔层结构进行静态模拟研究。因此,汤有富在爆炸水池中对不同防护厚度的空气隔层进行水下爆炸冲击波压力衰减测试[5],研究空气隔层对水下爆炸冲击波压力峰值的影响,得出增加空气隔层厚度对冲击波的衰减程度越大的结论;寇晓枫基于显示动力分析程序AUTODYN,研究水下爆炸作用于空气夹层防护结构对混凝土板的防护效果[6],结果表明受空气隔层结构保护的混凝土板损伤程度大幅度减小;贾虎等使用塑料管作为空气隔层结构[7],基于小波包分析水下爆炸冲击波能量分布规律,得出空气隔层能够在水下爆破安全防护中发挥积极作用。范怀斌,陆少峰等采使用空气泡、多孔铝板、汽车轮胎、泡沫塑料与石棉布材料分别组成的阻波帘基于ANSYS LS-DYNA进行水下爆炸数值模拟[8],在模拟结果的压强对比中得出空气泡材料制作的阻波帘降压效果最佳;司剑峰等通过高速摄像机对气泡帷幕形态的拍摄[9],发现气泡帷幕的高度不均匀性,通过LS-DYNA有限元软件建立非均匀气泡群模型改进了以往简单的空气隔层模型进行水下爆炸数值模拟,此模型的计算结果可以显著观察到水下冲击波通过非均匀气泡群时的反射、透射、绕射与冲击波叠加;刘欢等将数值模拟中的气泡帷幕模型等效简化为空气层[10],以此来研究气泡帷幕对水下冲击波的衰减特性;杜明燃等基于正交实验法研究气泡帷幕的削波特性[11],得出气泡帷幕层数、药包深度、气泡帷幕爆心距对气泡帷幕的削波能力的影响依次降低的结论。以上研究中,试验对气泡帷幕的研究难以定量描述气泡群的空间形态;而在数值模拟中利用空气隔层等效气泡帷幕,难以表现冲击波在通过气泡帷幕时的漫反射现象。
因此本文选择以气泡膜为主要的研究对象,气泡膜能够有效地模拟气泡帷幕受冲击后气泡的压缩、破碎与膨胀过程以及冲击波的反射、透射与绕射,并通过使用不同规格气泡膜达到定量控制气泡膜厚度的目的,以此分析其对水下爆炸冲击波的衰减特性;作为对比,本文还使用与气泡膜相同材料的无气泡薄膜构造出不受冲击波压缩变形影响的薄膜隔层结构,分析水下冲击波对气泡的压缩作用造成的衰减影响。
从声学与热力学的角度,由于水与空气界面会使冲击波发生漫反射,冲击波由单一传播方向转变为向整个空间传播,分散了同方向上冲击波阵面携带的能量[12];水与空气之间声阻抗差异较大,冲击波的传播速度在两介质间突变,会使冲击波压力断崖式降低,下降压力可由公式(1)进行计算[13]
式中:BP为水下冲击波的衰减程度,MPa;ϕ为空气在两相介质中的体积比;ρ1c1为水的声阻抗,kg/m2·s;p0为气泡所在深度的静水压力,Pa。
如果空气不受外力约束能够压缩扩张,冲击波对空气的压缩作用,使空气受冲击压缩的过程中吸收冲击波阵面的能量转换为空气的势能,随后在反复的脉动过程中以热能的形式传递到水中,剩下的能量会在膨胀中被不断消耗[14]
试验采用四种不同规格的气泡膜材料,如图1(a)、(b)、(c)、(d)所示,单个气泡直径由小到大将气泡膜编号为1#、2#、3#、4#。对气泡膜规格统计如表1所示,其中采用排水法统计单片气泡膜在水下的空气体积,流程如下:气泡膜的底部固定国标ϕ 40 mm×60mm铅柱,铅柱计算体积为75.4 cm3,放入量程为1000 mL的量筒中,记录初始水位高度与最终水位高度,排水体积为气泡膜与铅柱的体积和,实际体积为排水体积减去国标铅柱体积。将试验所用气泡膜排空气体后的薄膜材料编号为0#。
试验所使用的爆炸水池规格为长、宽、高均为1.2 m的正方体水池,并设有观察窗可供摄像记录。使用起爆器起爆8号工业电雷管作为爆炸载荷产生水下冲击波;水下冲击波参数通过PCB-W138A06传感器采集经恒流源在HDO4034示波器上显示波形数据;气泡膜固定在铁架上放置于爆炸水池中。
爆炸水池中雷管、空气隔层、传感器布置方式如图2所示,8号电雷管入水深度距水池底部70 cm处,距水池侧壁30 cm×60 cm处;气泡膜空气隔层近起爆端壁面距雷管30 cm,空气隔层底部距离水池底部壁面40 cm;PCB-W138A06传感器与雷管处于同一水平线距雷管60 cm。
为了研究多层气泡膜对水下冲击波的衰减效果分析,设置气泡膜1#的层数(n)为1、2、3、4;2#的层数(n)为1、2、3、4;3#的层数(n)为1、2、3、4;4#的层数(n)为1、2、3、4。气泡膜铺满铁架上60 cm×60 cm的区域S0,根据各规格气泡膜厚度,多层气泡膜的厚度不超过12 cm。设置试验对比组,单层或多层气泡膜隔层放入水池后,先进行气泡膜隔层对水下冲击波的衰减试验,而后取出气泡膜并排空气泡膜中的气体形成薄膜隔层,设置薄膜0#的层数(n)为1、2、3、4,进行薄膜隔层对水下冲击波的衰减试验,以分析薄膜材料对水下冲击波衰减效果的影响,并与气泡膜隔层对比分析。设置无薄膜或无气泡膜的空白对照组,可分析气泡膜及无气泡薄膜对水下冲击波的衰减效果。试验方案如表2所示。
为研究多排气泡膜对水下冲击波衰减效果,设置空白对照组试验41、42,压力时程(p-t)曲线如图3所示,图中pm为冲击波压力峰值;为从衰减到所需要的时间[15];试验1、2的冲击波超压峰值分别为6.840 MPa和6.798 MPa,作为对照取平均值6.819 MPa。
图3所示,在第一个波峰起的0.2 ms时间段内出现多个反射峰,这是因为受到试验水池尺寸较小的影响,存在边界条件,因此爆源产生的水下冲击波会在壁面产生反射与折射,使波形图出现波动,因本试验仅考虑冲击波超压峰值,所以不考虑边界条件带来的影响。
根据表2试验设计,设置平行试验,每组试验进行2次,所得冲击波超压峰值pm列于表3。试验压力时程曲线如图4所示,图4(a)是薄膜材料为隔层时采集的波形图;图4(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)是气泡膜材料为空气隔层时采集的波形图。
图4(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)所示,由气泡膜作为隔层材料时产生的压力时程曲线中波峰前出现压力扰动,根据樊自建使用橡胶圈重叠放置作为空气隔层结构研究水下冲击波试验中[16],对冲击波波形图中波峰前压力扰动的解释,可以推断图4(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)中的波峰前压力扰动是由于气泡膜尺寸并未完全覆盖水池截面,冲击波发生绕射通过气泡膜所形成的。
通过对试验9~40的冲击波超压数据处理,分析气泡膜层数对水下冲击波超压峰值衰减效果的影响,处理数据列于表4。定义冲击波超压峰值衰减率
式中:pa为空白对照组冲击波压力峰值,本文pa=6.819 MPa;pb为各试验组平行试验平均超压峰值,MPa。
表4所示,在使用气泡膜时,水下冲击波超压峰值的衰减率在84.32%~92.37%之间,对水下冲击波整体衰减效果明显。当相同规格气泡膜层数不同时,随着气泡膜的层数增加,冲击波超压峰值衰减率随之增加,趋势如图5所示。
图4衰减率曲线分布,气泡膜对水下冲击波的衰减效果由强到弱顺序依次为4#、3#、2#、1#;在1#气泡膜仅为一层时,对水下冲击波超压峰值衰减率已经达到了84.33%,随着气泡膜的层数由1层增加至4层气泡膜对冲击波的衰减效果仅增加了5.70%,正如图5所示,折线趋势较为平缓;同理,2#气泡膜的层数由1层增加至4层,气泡膜对冲击波的衰减效果增加了5.05%;3#气泡膜的层数由1层增加至4层,气泡膜对冲击波的衰减效果增加了3.58%;4#气泡膜的层数由1层增加至4层,气泡膜对冲击波的衰减效果增加了2.03%;上述结果可得,随着气泡膜层数的增加,对水下冲击波的衰减效果提升能力有限,因此气泡膜选择合适的层数即可达到良好的冲击波衰减效果。1#、2#、3#、4#气泡膜随着层数与冲击波超压峰值衰减率呈现近似线性关系与周睿、冯顺山对气泡帷幕冲击波衰减特性研究中[17],使用量纲分析拟合的公式,气泡帷幕层数与冲击波超压峰值的近似线性关系是相同的,说明气泡膜表现出了与气泡帷幕对水下冲击波类似的衰减特性,气泡膜可以一定程度上模拟静态气泡帷幕;同时气泡膜表现出对水下冲击波的优良衰减能力,可以在实际应用中使用这一材料用作水下爆破危害防护。
分析表3中,试验1~8薄膜隔层对水下冲击波的衰减效果,数据处理所得冲击波衰减率如表5所示。
表5所示,薄膜隔层由1层增加至4层时,对水下冲击波的衰减率从14.55%上升至26.88%,呈现小幅度增加的趋势,说明薄膜隔层对水下冲击波具有衰减作用;取对冲击波衰减效果最弱的1#气泡膜,其衰减率在84.32%~89.10%之间,相比较下薄膜隔层对水下冲击波的衰减影响比重相对较小,说明气泡膜对冲击波的衰减过程中气泡起到重要作用。
薄膜隔层与气泡膜空气隔层对水下冲击波的衰减差异是来自于气泡,由此可体现气泡的作用:如图4(b)、(c)、(d)、(e)的波形图中,在冲击波超压最高波峰之前,1#、2#、3#、4#气泡膜空气隔层存在因冲击波绕射而形成的波峰,说明气泡能引起冲击波绕射,使冲击波向整个空间传播;以薄膜隔层对水下冲击波超压峰值为起点,相同层数下,气泡膜气泡直径与水下冲击波超压峰值关系,如图6所示。
图6所示气泡直径与水下冲击波超压峰值经曲线拟合呈现指数衰减趋势,根据杨光煦对气泡帷幕设计中总结的气流量与冲击波压力关系所呈现指数关系相同[14],说明在相同层数时,气泡膜气泡直径越大,所含气体越多有利于消耗冲击波阵面的能量,对水下冲击波的衰减效果越好。
为分析气泡膜对水下冲击波的能量消耗情况[18,19],根据表3中的数据,使用公式(3)计算比冲击波能ES,处理结果列入表6中。
式中:ES为测点处的比冲击波能,MJ/kg;ρw为水的密度,取1000 kg/m3Cw为水中声速,取1460 m/s;P为积分区间内的冲击波压力,106 Pa。空白对照组(试验41、42),冲击波超压为6.840 MPa和6.798 MPa,θ为17.66和17.23,根据公式(3)计算得出,比冲击波能ES为1.19572 MJ·kg-1和1.15232 MJ·kg-1,取平均值为1.17402 MJ·kg-1作为对照。
根据表1,定义气泡膜在水中的空气占比B(%)
式中:S0为气泡膜铺满铁架的试验区域,本试验S0=60×60=360 cm2Sj为各规格单片气泡膜面积,表1可得;V0为本试验定义S0为下12 cm宽的水域空间,V0=60×60×12=43 200 cm3Vj为各个规格气泡膜的实际排水体积,表1可得;n为气泡膜层数。
定义比冲击波能,能量衰减幅度为C(%)
式中:ESiESj表6中平均比冲击波能,MJ·kg-1ES0表6中空白对照组平均比冲击波能,本试验为 MJ·kg-1
通过表6中数据,四种规格气泡膜对比冲击波能的消耗幅度均达到98.50%以上,能量消耗效果显著,1#气泡膜空气占比由3.94%逐步上升至15.90%,比冲击波能从0.01666 MJ·kg-1降低至0.00864 MJ·kg-1,能量消耗幅度为0.68%;2#气泡膜空气占比由4.43%逐步上升至17.72%,比冲击波能从0.01599 MJ·kg-1降低至0.00537 MJ·kg-1,能量消耗幅度为0.90%;3#气泡膜空气占比由8.42%逐步上升至33.68%,比冲击波能从0.01550 MJ·kg-1降低至0.00551 MJ·kg-1,能量消耗幅度为0.85%;4#气泡膜空气占比由15.04%逐步上升到60.17%,比冲击波能从0.01040 MJ·kg-1降低至0.00461 MJ·kg-1,能量消耗幅度为0.49%;综上可得,随着气泡膜空气占比的增加,相对应的比冲击波能逐渐降低,但对能量的消耗幅度非常微小,如图7所示。根据图7中显示的曲线分布,2#气泡膜曲线更加倾斜,表现出比1#、3#、4#气泡膜在空气占比较低的情况下更好的能量消耗效果,因此在实际应用中可以考虑将2#气泡膜作为防护材料。
综合冲击波超压与比冲击波能分析结果,气泡膜对水下冲击波有着良好的衰减效果,结合实际应用,气泡膜相比气泡帷幕省略了空压机设备和气泡帷幕发生管管路的制作与铺设,可以考虑在实际应用中采用气泡膜衰减水下冲击波达到防护目的。
本文使用四种不同规格的气泡膜研究多层气泡膜隔层结构对水下冲击波衰减效果,通过试验对比分析层数(n)为1、2、3、4时下对水下冲击波的衰减效果,得出如下结论:
(1)气泡膜空气隔层对水下冲击波超压峰值衰减效果随着气泡膜层数增加,对水下冲击波超压峰值衰减率越高,衰减效果由强到弱顺序依次为4#、3#、2#、1#。
(2)薄膜隔层对水下冲击波具有衰减作用,对比气泡膜空气隔层,其对水下冲击波的衰减影响比重较小,说明气泡膜对冲击波的衰减过程中气泡起到重要作用;相同层数下,气泡直径越大,所含气体越多有利于消耗冲击波阵面的能量,对水下冲击波的衰减效果越好。
(3)通过对比冲击波能分析,四种规格气泡膜对比冲击波能的消耗幅度均达到98.50%以上,能量消耗效果显著,其中2#气泡膜对能量消耗效果最好。
(4)综合考虑冲击波超压与比冲击波能分析结果,气泡膜是优良的水下防护材料,能够有效地降低冲击波对被保护对象带来的危害。
  • 广西重点研发计划(桂科AB22035001)
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2024年第41卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.027
  • 接收时间:2023-03-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-26
基金
Guangxi Key Research and Development Program(桂科AB22035001)
广西重点研发计划(桂科AB22035001)
作者信息
    1.广西新港湾工程有限公司,南宁 530200
    2.安徽理工大学 化工与爆破学院,淮南 232001

通讯作者:

吴红波(1975-),男,博士、教授,主要从事爆破器材与安全研究,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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