Article(id=1241777703288901655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673280000000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992475578, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717171200000, pubDateStr=2024-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992475578, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992475578, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992475578, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241777699996368955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992474792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992784144, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=40, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241777705402830896, articleId=1241777703288901655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Dynamic Compressive and Tensile Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the influence mechanism of steel fiber content on the dynamic compression and tensile mechanical properties of concrete, this study conducted dynamic compression and dynamic Brazilian splitting tests on concrete samples with varying impact pressure and steel fiber volume contents (0% C50 element concrete, 2%, 3%, and 4%) using a Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) device. Additionally, high-speed photography was employed to reveal the dynamic evolution process of cracks. The test results demonstrate that under the same impact pressure, both the dynamic compressive strength and dynamic splitting tensile strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete samples exhibit a positive correlation with the content of steel fiber. Furthermore, there is also a positive correlation between energy absorption capacity and degree of crushing, indicating that steel fibers effectively inhibit concrete crushing while preventing excessive energy absorption and dissipation in these samples. The upper limit for energy absorption rate in steel fiber reinforced concrete samples ranges from 30% to 36%. Notably, compared to its effect on dynamic compressive strength, steel fibers significantly enhance the dynamic splitting tensile strength of concrete. For applications requiring high-strength or anti-violence characteristics in combination with cost-effectiveness, technical controllability, and test data analysis; incorporating a reasonable range for toughening can be achieved by including 2%~3% steel fiber content into high-strength concrete. Moreover, it is important to note that the action mechanism of steel fibers differs when considering their effects on both dynamic splitting and compression failure in concrete samples. Steel fibers significantly impede crack propagation during dynamic splitting processes; however, separation between the fibers themselves leads to ineffective toughening during dynamic compression."

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JIA Yong-sheng (1970-), Male, D. E, Professor and doctoral supervisor, Engaged in teaching, scientific research and practice of engineering blasting and its protection, tunnel blasting engineering and so on, (E-mail) .
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为探究钢纤维含量对混凝土动态压缩和拉伸力学特性的影响机制,采用霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置开展了不同冲击气压、不同钢纤维体积含量(0% C50素混凝土、2%、3%和4%)的混凝土试样动态压缩和动态巴西劈裂试验,并结合高速摄影揭示了试样裂纹的动态演化过程。试验结果表明:在同一冲击气压下,钢纤维混凝土试样的动态压缩强度和动态劈裂拉伸强度与钢纤维含量呈正相关,其吸能程度和破碎程度也呈正相关。钢纤维可有效抑制混凝土的破碎,阻碍钢纤维混凝土试样对冲击能量的吸收与耗散。其中,钢纤维混凝土试样吸能率的上限区间为30%~36%。钢纤维对混凝土的动态劈裂拉伸强度的提升显著高于其对动态抗压强度的提升,且对于较高混凝土强度、甚至有抗爆需求的钢纤维混凝土,结合试验数据、工程经济成本、技术可控性等方面考虑,2%~3%钢纤维含量可作为混凝土增韧的合理区间。钢纤维对混凝土试样动态劈裂和压缩破坏的作用机理不同,动态劈裂过程中,钢纤维可显著阻碍和约束混凝土裂缝的动态扩展;而动态压缩过程中,钢纤维和混凝土之间因发生剥离而导致增韧作用失效。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
贾永胜(1970-),男,工学博士、教授、博导,从事工程爆破及其防护、隧道爆破工程等方面的教学、科研和实践工作,(E-mail)
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彭松林(1998-),男,硕士,从事钢纤维混凝土、隧道爆破技术的研究工作,(E-mail)

PENG Song-lin (1998-), Male, master, engaged in the research of steel fiber reinforced concrete and tunnel blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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2a.State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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2a.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
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彭松林(1998-),男,硕士,从事钢纤维混凝土、隧道爆破技术的研究工作,(E-mail)

PENG Song-lin (1998-), Male, master, engaged in the research of steel fiber reinforced concrete and tunnel blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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彭松林(1998-),男,硕士,从事钢纤维混凝土、隧道爆破技术的研究工作,(E-mail)

PENG Song-lin (1998-), Male, master, engaged in the research of steel fiber reinforced concrete and tunnel blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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articleId=1241777703288901655, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The physical property parameters of steel fiber

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目单位参数实物图
抗拉强度MPa390
长径比/40
纤维杂质含量%0.3
弯折性能/一次不断率为98%
长度mm20
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724625326194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703288901655, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

钢纤维物理性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目单位参数实物图
抗拉强度MPa390
长径比/40
纤维杂质含量%0.3
弯折性能/一次不断率为98%
长度mm20
), ArticleFig(id=1241777724742766714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703288901655, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of steel fiber reinforced concrete SHPB uniaxial impact compression test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冲击气压/MPa冲击速度/(m·s-1纤维含量%动态抗压强度/MPa平均应变率/s-1强度增长比/%
0.59.0304100.451024.37
9.109396.24981.39
8.994294.929023.02
9.010077.1697-
0.48.501490.318311.23
8.401381.19842.46
8.433279.248218.78
8.531066.7186-
0.37.369483.48744.73
7.410379.717510.23
7.291272.317214.81
7.354062.9874-
0.25.620475.88569.05
5.592369.58541.81
5.588268.345318.63
5.601057.6156-
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钢纤维混凝土试样应力-应变曲线特征参数

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冲击气压/MPa冲击速度/(m·s-1纤维含量%动态抗压强度/MPa平均应变率/s-1强度增长比/%
0.59.0304100.451024.37
9.109396.24981.39
8.994294.929023.02
9.010077.1697-
0.48.501490.318311.23
8.401381.19842.46
8.433279.248218.78
8.531066.7186-
0.37.369483.48744.73
7.410379.717510.23
7.291272.317214.81
7.354062.9874-
0.25.620475.88569.05
5.592369.58541.81
5.588268.345318.63
5.601057.6156-
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Energy data of shale samples under different impact pressure

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冲击气压/MPa纤维含量/%入射能WI/J反射能WR/J透射能WT/J吸收能WS/J吸能率
0.548265.293171.692322.152771.3533.53
38100.942849.532392.312859.1035.25
28118.172730.172510.682877.3135.44
08580.243071.832471.953036.4635.39
0.446557.172338.132350.541868.5028.50
36933.252608.421866.142458.6935.46
26628.932232.051927.492469.3837.25
06447.491312.091528.892328.8436.12
0.344633.531222.652324.501086.3823.45
34775.31946.842538.011290.4627.02
24123.961109.141820.111194.7128.97
04158.921025.581872.421260.9230.32
0.242320.96173.981812.37334.6114.42
32370.77189.681734.07447.0318.86
22098.64160.191506.24432.2220.60
01950.09125.621381.36443.1222.72
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不同冲击气压下试样能量数据

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0.548265.293171.692322.152771.3533.53
38100.942849.532392.312859.1035.25
28118.172730.172510.682877.3135.44
08580.243071.832471.953036.4635.39
0.446557.172338.132350.541868.5028.50
36933.252608.421866.142458.6935.46
26628.932232.051927.492469.3837.25
06447.491312.091528.892328.8436.12
0.344633.531222.652324.501086.3823.45
34775.31946.842538.011290.4627.02
24123.961109.141820.111194.7128.97
04158.921025.581872.421260.9230.32
0.242320.96173.981812.37334.6114.42
32370.77189.681734.07447.0318.86
22098.64160.191506.24432.2220.60
01950.09125.621381.36443.1222.72
), ArticleFig(id=1241777725233500314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703288901655, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

SHPB splitting test results of steel fiber reinforced concrete

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冲击气压/MPa冲击速度/(m·s-1钢纤维含量/%动态抗拉强度/MPa抗拉强度增长比/%
0.58.841434.9221.42
8.947328.767.39
8.815226.7854.44
8.756017.34-
0.46.386431.8412.67
6.289328.266.52
6.213226.5365.61
6.202016.02-
0.35.345430.8111.11
5.283327.738.02
5.194225.6762.26
5.225015.82-
0.24.562429.7811.54
4.621326.706.76
4.608225.0166.29
4.513015.04-
), ArticleFig(id=1241777726760226978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777703288901655, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

钢纤维混凝土试样SHPB劈裂试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冲击气压/MPa冲击速度/(m·s-1钢纤维含量/%动态抗拉强度/MPa抗拉强度增长比/%
0.58.841434.9221.42
8.947328.767.39
8.815226.7854.44
8.756017.34-
0.46.386431.8412.67
6.289328.266.52
6.213226.5365.61
6.202016.02-
0.35.345430.8111.11
5.283327.738.02
5.194225.6762.26
5.225015.82-
0.24.562429.7811.54
4.621326.706.76
4.608225.0166.29
4.513015.04-
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钢纤维混凝土动态压缩与拉伸力学特性试验研究
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彭松林 1, 2a, 2b , 贾永胜 2a, 2b , 董千 2a, 2b , 叶张帆 2a, 2b , 杨轩 2a, 2b , 康嘉 2a, 2b
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024,41(2): 40-50
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024, 41(2): 40-50
钢纤维混凝土动态压缩与拉伸力学特性试验研究
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彭松林1, 2a, 2b , 贾永胜2a, 2b , 董千2a, 2b, 叶张帆2a, 2b, 杨轩2a, 2b, 康嘉2a, 2b
作者信息
  • 1.中交第二航务工程局有限公司,武汉 430040
  • 2a.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
  • 2b.江汉大学 爆破工程湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430056
  • 彭松林(1998-),男,硕士,从事钢纤维混凝土、隧道爆破技术的研究工作,(E-mail)

    PENG Song-lin (1998-), Male, master, engaged in the research of steel fiber reinforced concrete and tunnel blasting technology, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

贾永胜(1970-),男,工学博士、教授、博导,从事工程爆破及其防护、隧道爆破工程等方面的教学、科研和实践工作,(E-mail)
Experimental Study on Dynamic Compressive and Tensile Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete
Song-lin PENG1, 2a, 2b , Yong-sheng JIA2a, 2b , Qian DONG2a, 2b, Zhang-fan YE2a, 2b, Xuan YANG2a, 2b, Jia KANG2a, 2b
Affiliations
  • 1.CCCC Second Harbor Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China
  • 2a.State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
  • 2b.Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.006
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为探究钢纤维含量对混凝土动态压缩和拉伸力学特性的影响机制,采用霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置开展了不同冲击气压、不同钢纤维体积含量(0% C50素混凝土、2%、3%和4%)的混凝土试样动态压缩和动态巴西劈裂试验,并结合高速摄影揭示了试样裂纹的动态演化过程。试验结果表明:在同一冲击气压下,钢纤维混凝土试样的动态压缩强度和动态劈裂拉伸强度与钢纤维含量呈正相关,其吸能程度和破碎程度也呈正相关。钢纤维可有效抑制混凝土的破碎,阻碍钢纤维混凝土试样对冲击能量的吸收与耗散。其中,钢纤维混凝土试样吸能率的上限区间为30%~36%。钢纤维对混凝土的动态劈裂拉伸强度的提升显著高于其对动态抗压强度的提升,且对于较高混凝土强度、甚至有抗爆需求的钢纤维混凝土,结合试验数据、工程经济成本、技术可控性等方面考虑,2%~3%钢纤维含量可作为混凝土增韧的合理区间。钢纤维对混凝土试样动态劈裂和压缩破坏的作用机理不同,动态劈裂过程中,钢纤维可显著阻碍和约束混凝土裂缝的动态扩展;而动态压缩过程中,钢纤维和混凝土之间因发生剥离而导致增韧作用失效。

钢纤维混凝土  /  分离式霍普金森压杆  /  动态压缩  /  动态劈裂  /  力学特性

In order to investigate the influence mechanism of steel fiber content on the dynamic compression and tensile mechanical properties of concrete, this study conducted dynamic compression and dynamic Brazilian splitting tests on concrete samples with varying impact pressure and steel fiber volume contents (0% C50 element concrete, 2%, 3%, and 4%) using a Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) device. Additionally, high-speed photography was employed to reveal the dynamic evolution process of cracks. The test results demonstrate that under the same impact pressure, both the dynamic compressive strength and dynamic splitting tensile strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete samples exhibit a positive correlation with the content of steel fiber. Furthermore, there is also a positive correlation between energy absorption capacity and degree of crushing, indicating that steel fibers effectively inhibit concrete crushing while preventing excessive energy absorption and dissipation in these samples. The upper limit for energy absorption rate in steel fiber reinforced concrete samples ranges from 30% to 36%. Notably, compared to its effect on dynamic compressive strength, steel fibers significantly enhance the dynamic splitting tensile strength of concrete. For applications requiring high-strength or anti-violence characteristics in combination with cost-effectiveness, technical controllability, and test data analysis; incorporating a reasonable range for toughening can be achieved by including 2%~3% steel fiber content into high-strength concrete. Moreover, it is important to note that the action mechanism of steel fibers differs when considering their effects on both dynamic splitting and compression failure in concrete samples. Steel fibers significantly impede crack propagation during dynamic splitting processes; however, separation between the fibers themselves leads to ineffective toughening during dynamic compression."

steel fiber concrete  /  split Hopkinson pressure bar  /  dynamic compression  /  dynamic splitting  /  mechanical properties
彭松林, 贾永胜, 董千, 叶张帆, 杨轩, 康嘉. 钢纤维混凝土动态压缩与拉伸力学特性试验研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (2) : 40 -50 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.006
Song-lin PENG, Yong-sheng JIA, Qian DONG, Zhang-fan YE, Xuan YANG, Jia KANG. Experimental Study on Dynamic Compressive and Tensile Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (2) : 40 -50 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.006
混凝土材料作为目前使用最广泛、用量最多的建筑材料,在土木工程多个领域中占据不可取代的地位,但其也具有抗拉强度低、抗裂性差、韧性差等缺点。为提高混凝土的强度,改善抗裂性,增强混凝土的韧性,国内外学者不断探索提高混凝土性能、研发新型添加材料以扩大其使用范围和适用条件[1]。其中,超高性能混凝土作为一种新型水泥基复合材料,由于其致密的微观结构,且具有优异的强度、延展性和耐久性,能够有效提高混凝土结构的使用寿命,是未来混凝土材料重要的发展方向[2-5]。现阶段,通过添加钢纤维来增强混凝土的强度和抗裂性是一种常见的手段,钢纤维不仅能够阻碍混凝土基体中裂缝的形成和扩展,而且能够有效提高混凝土的抗拉强度、韧性等。
国外学者最早通过对钢纤维混凝土进行试验研究,分析了钢纤维在混凝土基体中拔出的机理,认为钢纤维只在混凝土基体开裂以后才发挥其增强作用。近年来,国内学者针对钢纤维材料的力学特性与应用展开了一系列研究,胡玲玲等对水泥基材料掺入钢纤维开展材料静态力学性能、抗冲击特性进行了研究[6],认为钢纤维显著提高了材料的抗折强度。孙蓓进行了瞬间高温下超高强混凝土抗爆裂性能的研究[7],发现钢纤维对混凝土抗冲击性能有很好的提升作用。陈从春等对钢纤维混凝土力学性能展开研究[8],表明钢纤维对混凝土抗拉强度和抗弯强度的提高有显著影响。蔡路军等对钢纤维混凝土板开展抗暴的数值模拟及实验研究[9],提出了随着钢纤维体积含量的增加,SFRC板局部抗震塌效应显著增强,并且认为钢纤维体积含量为1.8%时结构抗暴性能较优。邵旭东等进行了轴拉和四点弯曲试验研究[10],研究表明同一体积掺量下不同长径比、不同形状的钢纤维混掺能显著提高高性能混凝土(UHPC)的拉伸强度和弯曲韧性。梁兴文研究发现[11],钢纤维能够有效地抑制宏观和微观裂缝,从而显著提高了UHPC的弯曲性能及抗裂能力。
综上所述,现有研究主要集中在分析钢纤维混凝土中钢纤维对其基体增强机理、静态力学特性和单一动态力学特性的定性研究,而关于钢纤维含量对混凝土动态压缩和动态劈裂力学性能的定量研究,开展的还不够充分。因此,为定量分析钢纤维含量对于混凝土的动态压缩及拉伸力学性能的影响机制。采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)并且结合高速摄影,开展了不同冲击速度下不同钢纤维含量混凝土动态压缩以及动态巴西圆盘劈裂试验,对钢纤维对混凝土动态抗压和抗拉力学特性增强机理进行了深入的分析与讨论。相关研究结果对提高防护工程、隧道工程等稳定性具有重要的理论与实际工程意义。
试验采用江汉大学精细爆破国家重点实验室100 mm直径分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)设备,设备主要由发射装置、子弹、入射杆、透射杆、吸能杆和数据采集系统组成。数据采集设备采用的是龙科测控生产的LK2109A/B型超动态应变仪,本次试验的相关参数设置为:采集频率10 Msps(10 MHz)、采集时长设为3.277ms、负延时设为-0.410 ms、触发采用CH1(入射杆应变片)单通道触发。试验配合使用PHANTOM高速摄像机(V1612),高速相机使用广角镜头,并且主要参数设置为帧率77 000 fps、图幅512 mm×320 mm。
在霍普金森压杆试验中,基于一维弹性波理论并且在满足两个基本的假设[12],忽略试样的惯性效应和界面的摩擦效应。当子弹以某一速度撞击入射杆时,在入射杆中会产生一个入射脉冲信号εi,试样在该脉冲下发生破坏或变形,并同时在入射杆中会产生反向的反射脉冲εr,透射杆中会产生向前的透射脉冲εt,最后通过缓冲装置由吸能杆和阻尼器吸收。通过粘贴在压杆上的应变片可以获得入射、反射及透射脉冲信号,从而进一步分析计算得到材料的动态应力-应变关系。SHPB杆的弹性模量210 GPa,入射杆长5 m,透射杆杆长4.5 m,密度7.85 g/cm3,压杆示意图如图1所示。
混凝土的配合比设计基于《纤维混凝土应用技术规程》(JGJ/T221—2010)与《普通混凝土配合比设计规程》(JGJ55—2000)。混凝土设计强度等级C50,设计水灰比为0.4,钢纤维混凝土材料试验配合比∶水泥∶水∶中砂∶碎石=1∶0.4∶1.14∶2.44,钢纤维体积含量分别考虑0%(素混凝土)、2%、3%和4%。试验中钢纤维混凝土水泥采用安定性合格的华新牌P. O 42.5R;细骨料采用含泥量少于1%的中沙;粗骨料采用含泥量少于0.3%的花岗岩碎石,碎石直径在5~8 mm内;使用中岩建材ZYM-700型高效减水剂增强混凝土的流动性,同时考虑到工程实际应用,试验中采用波浪形工业级钢纤维,其具体参数如表1所示,并符合《混凝土用钢纤维》(GB/T39147—2020)技术要求。
按照试验确定的钢纤维混凝土材料配合比,制备不同钢纤维含量且直径和高度分别为100 mm和50 mm的圆柱形试样,待标准养护28 d之后对钢纤维混凝土试样两个端面进行打磨平整,打磨平整要求满足:a)试样两端面不平整度误差为±0.05 mm;b)端面应垂直于试样轴线,允许误差为±0.25°。按照上述要求所制备的典型钢纤维混凝土圆柱形试样如图2所示。
试验以钢纤维混凝土的钢纤维体积含量和冲击气压为变量,使用100 mm直径SHPB进行单轴动态压缩和动态巴西圆盘劈裂冲击实验。针对每种钢纤维含量分别设计了0.2 MPa、0.3 MPa、0.4 MPa和0.5 MPa共4种不同的冲击气压值,且每种工况重复三次。同时在试验过程中采用高速摄像机记录钢纤维混凝土试样动态破坏过程,以分析不同冲击速度下钢纤维混凝土的动态破坏特征。
在本试验中使用直径30 mm、厚度3 mm的圆形橡胶片粘贴在子弹与入射杆接触端面上用作整形,达到减小入射波上升沿斜率,便于试样动态力平衡,以及减小“弥散效应”的效果。选取典型冲击气压下SHPB压缩和劈裂实验过程中的应变时程曲线进行平衡验证如图3所示。可以看出,曲线入射波+反射波与透射波重合率较好,试样两端较好实现了动态力平衡,即P1=P2。因此,试样中引起惯性力可以忽略不计,准静态分析方法有效。
根据SHPB技术的基本假设,按照一维应力波理论,采用“二波法”处理相关公式,得到岩石试件的动态应力σSt)、应变率和应变εSt),如下公式计算
式中:A为弹性杆横截面积;As为试件横截面积;C0为弹性杆纵波波速;ls为试样长度。试验示意图如图4所示。
整理出冲击气压0.5 MPa下,不同钢纤维含量混凝土试样应力-应变曲线,如图5所示。
通过对比分析不同钢纤维含量混凝土试样在同一冲击荷载下表现出的应力-应变曲线,可以发现不同钢纤维含量下试样应力-应变曲线表现出相似性,其中素混凝土试样在达到应力极值后应力-应变曲线平滑下降,而钢纤维混凝土试样峰后则有波动出现。
试样的应力-应变曲线前期为压密阶段,并且压密阶段的应变区间随着钢纤维含量增加而缩小;中期为弹性阶段,曲线直线上升至动态压缩应力极值,并且斜率也即试样弹性模量随着钢纤维的增加而增大;后期阶段应力应变曲线则表现出一定的塑性,在应力极值处出现短暂的塑性平台后试样急速发生破坏。同时,整理出不同冲击气压下的钢纤维混凝土试样应力-应变曲线特征参数。同时,同一冲击气压中子弹撞击速度相近,为进一步进行数据分析,以钢纤维含量较低一级的混凝土动态抗压强度为基准,分别计算出2%、3%和4%的钢纤维混凝土试样的强度增长比,如表2所示。
通过表2汇总的试样试验数据,可见同一冲击气压下冲击速度和平均应变率基本一致;在同一冲击气压下试样的动态抗压强度随着钢纤维含量增长而增长,同一钢纤维含量试样的动态抗压强度随着冲击气压的增加而增加。造成这种现象的原因在于试样中的钢纤维限制了试样动态裂纹的开裂以及扩展,表现出了对试样抗压强度的提升效果;同时“加载率效应”也会造成同种钢纤维含量下试样动态抗压强度差异。为了定量分析钢纤维混凝土试样动态抗压强度变化规律,绘制不同冲击气压及钢纤维含量下试样动态抗压强度的变化曲线如图6所示。
通过图6可以发现钢纤维混凝土试样的动态抗压强度与钢纤维含量和冲击气压均正相关。通过表2并且结合图6(a)可见,当冲击气压由0.2 MPa增加0.5 MPa时,素混凝土动态抗压强度增长33.94%;冲击气压从0.2 MPa增加0.5 MPa时,4%钢纤维含量混凝土动态抗压强度增长32.38%;素混凝土和4%钢纤维含量混凝土在冲击气压从0.2 MPa增加0.5 MPa时增长率接近,表明“加载率效应”对试样动态抗压强度的影响,在不同钢纤维含量试样下表现接近一致。从图6(b)可见,试样钢纤维含量从0%增长到2%时,不同冲击气压下试样动态抗压强度均有较明显增长,其中在0.2 MPa冲击气压下动态抗压强度增长18.63%,在0.5 MPa冲击气压下强度增长23.08%;当钢纤维含量从2%增长到3%时,强度增长大幅度减缓,出现平台段的趋势,其中在0.2 MPa冲击气压下动态抗压强度增长1.81%,在0.5 MPa冲击气压下强度增长1.39%,总体增速较小。
结合图6表2,可以发现钢纤维含量为2%时试样动态抗压强度增强效果显著,这与目前一般的建议参考量1%~2%一致。钢纤维含量大于2%甚至高于3%时,试样动态抗压强度仍有增加,但动态抗压强度的增长不如2%显著。
钢纤维混凝土试样动态冲击压缩破坏形态的差异体现在不同冲击气压下试样所吸收的能量不同。为了定量分析不同工况下钢纤维混凝土试样能量吸收与耗散规律,基于一维应力波理论和分离式霍普金森压杆试验原理,引入钢纤维混凝土试样的入射能WI、反射能WR和透射能WT的计算方法,如下所示
式中:A为弹性杆横截面积;ρ为弹性杆密度;c为弹性杆纵波波速。根据能量守恒定理,在霍普金森压杆冲击试验过程中,忽略试样冲击后的动能,则试样破碎能耗可等同于吸收能量,吸收能量用WS表示,计算公式如下所示
为了进一步分析试样吸能特性,定义吸能率为吸收能与入射能的比值η
基于式(4)至(8),结合试验中入射杆、透射杆所记录的入射波、反射波和透射波时程曲线,计算和整理出不同冲击气压下中钢纤维混凝土试样能量数据,如表3所示。
表3可见,冲击气压的大小决定着入射能WI的大小,同一冲击气压下入射能WI大致相同;同一冲击气压下试样吸能率与钢纤维含量呈负相关,钢纤维含量越高试样吸收的能量反而更小,在0.2 MPa冲击气压条件下,钢纤维混凝土试样纤维含量从0%增长4%,试样的吸能率从22.72%下降到14.42%;在0.5 MPa冲击气压条件下,钢纤维混凝土试样纤维含量从0%增长4%,试样的吸能率从36.12%下降到28.50%。综上所述,可见吸能率与材质相关,且随加载应变率的提高而增大。为了进一步量化钢纤维混凝土试样能量耗散规律差异,绘制不同冲击气压下钢纤维混凝土试样吸能率曲线,如图7所示。
通过表3并结合图7可见,随着冲击气压的增加,试样的吸能率首先呈现快增长,冲击气压增加到0.4 MPa时,素混凝土、2%钢纤维混凝土、3%钢纤维混凝土试样吸能率出现拐点,拐点后吸能率变化趋于平缓,而4%钢纤维混凝土试样吸能率依然线性增长,冲击气压增加到0.5 MPa时,不同钢纤维含量试样最后趋近于数值35%的吸能率。表明钢纤维混凝土试样吸能率存在上限区间,区间大概在30%~36%,吸能率到达上限后不会继续随着冲击气压和钢纤维含量而发生变化。为了进一步研究和描述试样破坏特征和吸能率的关系,选取3%钢纤维含量试样的不同吸能率高速摄影典型裂纹扩展图像,如图8所示。
选取的吸能率为35.25%和27.02%的试样动态破坏过程典型图片,如图8所示,可见钢纤维混凝土试样的破碎程度和吸能率正相关,钢纤维混凝土试样吸能率越高,试样表现出来的破碎程度就越大;表明钢纤维的存在会更有利于能量的传递,能量的吸收与消耗量相对较小,即在同一冲击气压下,随着钢纤维含量的增加,试样吸能率减小,更多比例的能量传递到透射杆,试样破碎程度同时减小。图8(b)吸能率为35.25%的钢纤维混凝土试样,从高速摄影图片中能够看到试样裂纹密集出现,破碎块度极小,试样破碎程度接近极限状态,进一步验证了试验中钢纤维混凝土试样吸能率存在30%~36%的上限区间;图8(a)钢纤维混凝土试样吸能率为27.02%,高速摄影图片中试样裂纹较少,导致最终破碎块度较大,未达到吸能率的上限。
通过巴西圆盘劈裂试验基于一维应力波理论推导可得到SHPB劈裂试验中试样的动态抗拉强度如式(9),将加载过程中的最大荷载Pmax代入式(9)可得到试样的动态抗拉强度
式中:L为试件长度;D为直径;Ae为入射杆和透射杆横截面积;E为入射杆和透射杆的弹性模量。
试验使用100 mm直径SHPB装置,试样按照如图9所示放置,对不同钢纤维含量混凝土试样以0.2 MPa、0.3 MPa、0.4 MPa、0.5 MPa共4种冲击气压开展动态劈裂试验,并通过高速摄像机记录试样破坏过程,每种试验工况重复3次。
按照公式(9)整理出钢纤维混凝土试样的动态抗拉强度,计算出同种冲击压下随着钢纤维含量变化抗拉强度的增长比,结果统计于表4所示。
表4可见,钢纤维对于混凝土试样的动态抗拉强度提升作用显著,在不同的冲击气压下,当钢纤维含量从0%增长到2%,钢纤维混凝土试样动态抗拉强度增幅均超过50%,其中最大增幅在冲击气压0.2 MPa工况下,达到了66.29%。为了进一步量化分析钢纤维混凝土动态抗拉强度变化规律,绘制不同冲击气压及钢纤维含量下混凝土动态抗拉强度曲线,如图10所示。
通过图10可见,不同冲击气压及钢纤维含量下的混凝土试样动态抗拉强度变化趋势相似。从图10(a)所示不同冲击气压下钢纤维混凝土试样动态抗拉强度曲线,可以发现素混凝土试样与钢纤维混凝土试样动态抗拉强度存在显著差异,说明钢纤维对混凝土试样动态抗拉强度的提升有明显的作用,而不同钢纤维含量试样强度曲线整体较平缓,表明钢纤维混凝土的动态抗拉强度受“加载率效应”的影响较小。
图10(b)所示不同钢纤维含量混凝土试样的动态抗拉强度曲线中,钢纤维含量从0%增长到2%时,不同冲击气压下试样动态抗拉强度均增长迅速,其增长的幅度范围从54.44%到66.29%;当钢纤维含量从2%增长到3%时,试样动态抗拉强度增速减缓,所有冲击气压下抗拉强度增长幅度均未超过10%;钢纤维含量从3%增长到4%时,钢纤维混凝土试样的动态抗拉强度增幅在10%~20%之间。动态抗拉强度作为描述材料韧度的重要指标,材料动态抗拉强度越大,材料的韧性越强。因此,对于强度较高、高强、超高强度、甚至有抗暴需求的钢纤维混凝土,结合试验数据、工程经济成本、技术可控性等方面考虑,2%~3%钢纤维含量可作为钢纤维混凝土增韧较优选取标准。
通过高速摄像机拍摄的图像可以清晰地观测到钢纤维混凝土试样内裂纹的萌生和扩展过程,选取试样动态劈裂破坏的代表性图像如图11所示,首先可见在钢纤维混凝土试样中沿SHPB压杆方向的直径处产生贯穿裂缝,其次贯穿裂缝周围迅速产生多条与之平行的裂缝,其次在试样与入射杆、透射杆接触部位受到产生大量挤压裂纹,最终挤压产生的裂纹与直径方向的贯穿裂纹重叠,试样表现为从中间被拉开,破碎为两大块飞散。
钢纤维混凝土试样动态劈裂试验中,在钢纤维粘连作用下混凝土试样并未四处飞散,更多的是以大块的形式被拉裂开来。通过高速图像分析软件Revealer Motion Analysis以像素点标定的方式,在劈裂破坏的圆盘试样上、下半圆盘上选取特征点,通过软件计算劈裂试验中从裂纹产生到上、下半圆盘飞散全过程特征点的速度,最终得到典型破坏特征点速度曲线如图12所示。
图12中可以发现,特征点的速度曲线表现出前期的波动平台段,中期的迅速上升段,再到后期速度稳定在一定区间的平台段。其中前期的平台段为圆盘试样直径贯穿裂纹扩展阶段,上下半圆盘速度有细微波动、整体近似为零,此阶段正是贯穿裂缝产生并且迅速扩展和增长的阶段;中期上下半圆盘的速度变化是由于钢纤维从试样中被拔出或拉断,试样前期积累的弹性势能迅速向动能转化,试样上下半圆盘加速飞出,此阶段为钢纤维被拔出或拉断的阶段;后期速度的平台段是由于圆盘试样断裂面的钢纤维完全被拔出或拉断,试样上下半圆盘处于自由飞散状态,上下半圆盘缺乏驱动力导致出现速度的阶段性平台段。
为进一步对比钢纤维对混凝土材料力学性质的增强作用,并且明确其在动态受压和受拉条件下的差异。以素混凝土试样动态抗拉、抗压强度为基准,绘制钢纤维混凝土试样动态压缩强度和劈裂拉伸强度增长率对比图,其中0.5 MPa冲击气压工况下钢纤维混凝土动态拉压强度增长率如图13所示。
图13可以发现,钢纤维含量对于混凝土试样动态抗拉强度的增强作用远大于动态压缩强度,并且增强比例大于一倍以上。0.5MPa冲击气压下,当钢纤维含量从0%增加至2%时,混凝土试样动态抗拉强度增幅为54.44%,动态抗压强度的增幅为23.02%;钢纤维含量从2%增加3%时,混凝土试样动态抗拉强度增幅为7.39%,而动态抗压强度的增幅仅为1.39%;钢纤维含量从3%增加4%时,混凝土试样动态抗拉强度增幅为21.42%,动态抗压强度增幅仅为4.37%。
钢纤维含量对于混凝土试样动态抗拉、抗压强度提升幅度的差异,主要是由于钢纤维在混凝土试样中发挥的作用不同。混凝土作为一种脆性材料,而钢纤维可视为一种弹塑性材料,两者的弹性模量不一致。在动态压缩试验中,混凝土和钢纤维两者在受压条件下的极限应变差异较大,导致在较小的应变条件下,混凝土在极限压应变下发生破坏,而钢纤维还是处于弹性压缩阶段。但在动态劈裂试验中,试样主要为受拉破坏,混凝土作为脆性材料的劣势就非常明显,当拉应变达到混凝土极限拉应变时,混凝土可能部分已经开裂,此时钢纤维正处于弹性拉伸阶段,在外部拉伸荷载作用下钢纤维可以继续承受荷载,从而大幅度提高钢纤维混凝土试样整体抗拉强度。
为明确钢纤维混凝土试样在动态压缩和动态劈裂试破坏特征的差异,整理了典型压缩和劈裂破坏试样的最终破坏形态,如图14所示。
图14(a)为典型压缩破坏后试样,试样破碎较为充分,难以发现完整的大块,且试样中大部分钢纤维与混凝土处于分散和剥离的状态。图14(b)则为典型劈裂破坏试样图片,可以明显地看到试验横向贯穿的拉伸裂纹断面处有拔出或断裂的钢纤维,最终的破坏形态呈现为两个较为完整半圆盘块,大部分钢纤维与混凝土仍粘结在一起,只在断面处被拔出或拉断。造成上述现象的原因在于钢纤维混凝土动态压缩和动态劈裂拉伸破坏的机理不同。在钢纤维混凝土试样动态压缩试验中,混凝土受压破碎之前,钢纤维在混凝土内首先是会承受压应力,直到应变达到混凝土的极限压应变,混凝土发生破碎开裂和飞散受到钢纤维的约束,钢纤维才会起到增韧作用,并且随着混凝土持续压缩破碎,钢纤维和混凝土之间发生剥离,钢纤维的增韧作用骤降,导致钢纤维在动态压缩试验中对强度综合提升不显著。而在钢纤维混凝土动态劈裂试验中,试样为受拉破坏,在未达到混凝土极限拉应变之前,钢纤维和混凝土共同承受拉应力,当应变到达混凝土极限拉伸应变时,混凝土开裂形成裂缝,不再承受拉应力,由钢纤维继续承受拉应力并对裂缝的发展起到阻滞作用,从而显著提高混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度。
基于所开展的不同冲击气压下0%(素混凝土)、2%、3%和4%钢纤维混凝土试样SHPB冲击压缩以及劈裂试验,对钢纤维混凝土动态压缩和拉伸力学特性及破坏特征进行了研究,得出如下结论:
(1)随着冲击气压增加,不同钢纤维含量混凝土试样动态抗压和动态抗拉强度均增大;在同一冲击气压下,钢纤维混凝土试样动态抗压及抗拉强度均与钢纤维含量正相关。
(2)钢纤维的存在会抑制混凝土的破碎,不利于其能量的吸收与消耗,同时动态压缩试验中试样的吸能率和其破碎程度正相关,并且试样的极限吸能率出现30%~36%的上限区间。
(3)钢纤维对混凝土试样动态抗拉强度的提升显著高于动态抗压强度,最大提升幅度分别为26.56%和77.53%。对于强度较高、高强、超高强度、甚至有抗暴需求的钢纤维混凝土,结合试验数据、工程经济成本、技术可控性等方面考虑,2%~3%钢纤维含量可作为混凝土增韧合理区间。
(4)钢纤维混凝土试样动态劈裂和压缩的破坏形态和机理不同,钢纤维对混凝土劈裂拉伸裂缝扩展的阻滞和约束作用明显,从而显著提高混凝土的动态抗拉强度;而在压缩破坏中,由于混凝土的压缩破碎,钢纤维和混凝土之间发生剥离,导致其增韧作用丧失,从而对混凝土动态抗压强度的增加并不显著。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52108368)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金创新群体项目(2020CFA043)
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.006
  • 接收时间:2023-01-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-10
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52108368)
国家自然科学基金项目(52108368)
Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation Innovation Group Project(2020CFA043)
湖北省自然科学基金创新群体项目(2020CFA043)
作者信息
    1.中交第二航务工程局有限公司,武汉 430040
    2a.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
    2b.江汉大学 爆破工程湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430056

通讯作者:

贾永胜(1970-),男,工学博士、教授、博导,从事工程爆破及其防护、隧道爆破工程等方面的教学、科研和实践工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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