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Article(id=1241777702668144658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683561600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992475429, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717171200000, pubDateStr=2024-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992475429, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992475429, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992475429, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241777699996368955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992474792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992784144, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=7, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241777705822261312, articleId=1241777702668144658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Rock Fragmentation under Condition of Delayed Initiation between Holes in an Open-pit Mine, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To optimize the initiation delay time of an open-pit mine and enhance blasting efficiency, a three-dimensional bench blasting model is developed using ANSYS/LS-DYNA software. The model consists of 2 blast holes in the front row and 1 blast hole in the back row arranged in a triangular pattern. The bottom initiation was employed, and 5 stress monitoring points were placed within the hole placement area. Simulated tests were conducted to evaluate rock fragmentation under different delay times between rows (42 ms) and between holes (11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, and 23 ms), while monitoring their effective stress levels. Additionally, a delayed detonation profile model for the two front row boreholes was established to observe the propagation characteristics of explosion stress waves. The results indicate that when the delay time between rows is set at 42 ms and between holes at 17 ms, it leads to peak values of maximum effective stress at each monitoring point which facilitates overall rock fragmentation. The advantage of time-delay blasting lies in its ability to enhance rock damage by utilizing the pre-blast hole as a foundation, while the front-row hole acts on the post-blast hole through pre-detonation effects, creating a new free surface. Through field testing and demonstration, we analyzed the distribution of rock fragmentation in blasting pile photos using split-desktop software. The findings indicate that with an inter-row delay time of 42 ms and an inter-hole delay time of 17 ms, approximately 77.24% of rocks are below 20 cm in size, while only a negligible proportion (0.31%) exceeds 50 cm. Overall, the crushing effect is satisfactory and meets both production and operational requirements for open-pit mining operations.

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GUO Lian-jun (1963-), male, born in Beipiao, Liaoning Province, professor, doctoral supervisor, Ph. D, mainly engaged in research on mining engineering and blasting theory and technology, (E-mail) .
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为获取某露天矿山最优起爆延时时间，提高爆破效率，结合ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立了三维台阶爆破模型，布置前排炮孔2个、后排炮孔1个，三角形布孔，起爆方式采用反向起爆，在布孔区设置5个应力监测点。对排间延时42 ms及孔间延时11、13、15、17、19、21、23 ms的不同延时时间下岩石破碎效果进行模拟试验，并监测其有效应力。为便于细致观察爆炸应力波在岩石中传播规律，另做前排两炮孔延时起爆剖面模型。结果显示：当排间延时42 ms，孔间延时17 ms时，各监测点的平均最大有效应力达到峰值，整体岩石破碎更为有利。延时爆破优势在于后爆炮孔可以在先爆炮孔基础上进一步对岩石产生破坏作用，前排炮孔先期起爆作用使得后排炮孔成为临新自由面的前排炮孔。经现场试验论证，利用块度识别软件split-desktop分析爆堆照片中岩石块度分布，得出在排间延时42 ms及孔间延时17 ms条件下，岩石块度尺寸在20 cm以下占比77.24%，在50 cm以上占比极少，为0.31%，整体破碎效果较好，能够满足矿山生产运营需求，为露天矿山开采提供一定数据支撑。

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郭连军（1963-），男，辽宁北票人，教授、博士生导师、博士，主要从事采矿工程及爆破理论技术相关方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。
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于传泽（1995-），男，辽宁抚顺人，硕士研究生，主要从事爆破理论相关方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。

YU Chuan-ze (1995-), male, born in Fushun, Liaoning, master degree, mainly engaged in research on blasting theory, (E-mail) .

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于传泽（1995-），男，辽宁抚顺人，硕士研究生，主要从事爆破理论相关方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。

YU Chuan-ze (1995-), male, born in Fushun, Liaoning, master degree, mainly engaged in research on blasting theory, (E-mail) .

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于传泽（1995-），男，辽宁抚顺人，硕士研究生，主要从事爆破理论相关方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。

YU Chuan-ze (1995-), male, born in Fushun, Liaoning, master degree, mainly engaged in research on blasting theory, (E-mail) .

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articleId=1241777702668144658, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Blasting parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
孔径/mm150炮孔堵塞/m5.5
底盘抵抗线/m4.5装药/m9.5
崖边距/m1.5孔间距/m5.2
台阶高度/m13.5排间距/m4.2
超深/m1.5炸药单耗/（kg·m-3）0.71
孔深/m15单孔装药量/kg209.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728672829706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702668144658, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

相关爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
孔径/mm150炮孔堵塞/m5.5
底盘抵抗线/m4.5装药/m9.5
崖边距/m1.5孔间距/m5.2
台阶高度/m13.5排间距/m4.2
超深/m1.5炸药单耗/（kg·m-3）0.71
孔深/m15单孔装药量/kg209.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728790270225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702668144658, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of migmatite

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
波速/（m·s-1）3826内摩擦角/°37.48
密度/（g·cm-3）2.65弹性模量/GPa45.17
抗压强度/MPa76.5泊松比0.28
抗拉强度/MPa6.03剪切模量/GPa17.6
内聚力/MPa10.52  
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728878350611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702668144658, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

混合岩物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
波速/（m·s-1）3826内摩擦角/°37.48
密度/（g·cm-3）2.65弹性模量/GPa45.17
抗压强度/MPa76.5泊松比0.28
抗拉强度/MPa6.03剪切模量/GPa17.6
内聚力/MPa10.52  
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728958042392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702668144658, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Compressive strength parameters of mixed rock under different confining pressures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
σ2=σ3 σ1 P*
076.50.331.00
20226.01.162.69
40322.01.753.69
60400.02.274.44
80471.02.755.11
), ArticleFig(id=1241777729050317082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702668144658, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同围压下混合岩抗压强度参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
σ2=σ3 σ1 P*
076.50.331.00
20226.01.162.69
40322.01.753.69
60400.02.274.44
80471.02.755.11
), ArticleFig(id=1241777729130008861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702668144658, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Summary of RHT parameters of migmatite

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值参数数值
MID1 Q00.68 D10.04
RO/（g·cm-3）2.65 B0.05 D21.0
G/GPa17.6 T20 0.01
ONEMPA0 3.0E-5 Af0.25
EPSF2.0 3.0E-6 Nf0.62
B01.22 3.0E+25 GAMMA0
B11.22 3.0E+25 A1/GPa38.8
T1/GPa38.8 βc0.016 A2/GPa47.3
A2.53 βt0.021 A3/GPa9.9
N0.71 PTF0.001 Pel/MPa51.0
fc/MPa76.5 0.53 PCO0.06
0.18 0.7 Np3.0
0.079 XI0.5 ALPHA1.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241777729209700642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702668144658, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

混合岩RHT参数总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值参数数值
MID1 Q00.68 D10.04
RO/（g·cm-3）2.65 B0.05 D21.0
G/GPa17.6 T20 0.01
ONEMPA0 3.0E-5 Af0.25
EPSF2.0 3.0E-6 Nf0.62
B01.22 3.0E+25 GAMMA0
B11.22 3.0E+25 A1/GPa38.8
T1/GPa38.8 βc0.016 A2/GPa47.3
A2.53 βt0.021 A3/GPa9.9
N0.71 PTF0.001 Pel/MPa51.0
fc/MPa76.5 0.53 PCO0.06
0.18 0.7 Np3.0
0.079 XI0.5 ALPHA1.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241777729285198120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702668144658, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Explosive parameters and state equation parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RO/（g·cm-3） d（cm·μs-1） A/MPa B/MPa R1 R2 ω E/MPa
1.250.51222.7620.08445.22.10.50.0387
), ArticleFig(id=1241777729431998768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702668144658, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

炸药参数及状态方程参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RO/（g·cm-3） d（cm·μs-1） A/MPa B/MPa R1 R2 ω E/MPa
1.250.51222.7620.08445.22.10.50.0387
), ArticleFig(id=1241777729511690548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702668144658, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Maximum effective stress value of monitoring point

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测点孔间延时时间/ms平均值/MPa
11131517192123
A14.50916.39815.72221.90215.33516.65313.32116.263
B26.12824.87720.71624.35522.40820.93720.36522.827
C30.00831.83129.11330.99828.32830.21927.51929.717
D15.99413.07613.19213.14417.86217.34217.21415.403
E22.07020.90720.34620.86021.12020.86520.26020.918
平均值/MPa21.74221.41819.81822.25221.01121.20319.736 
), ArticleFig(id=1241777729591382331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702668144658, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

监测点最大有效应力值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测点孔间延时时间/ms平均值/MPa
11131517192123
A14.50916.39815.72221.90215.33516.65313.32116.263
B26.12824.87720.71624.35522.40820.93720.36522.827
C30.00831.83129.11330.99828.32830.21927.51929.717
D15.99413.07613.19213.14417.86217.34217.21415.403
E22.07020.90720.34620.86021.12020.86520.26020.918
平均值/MPa21.74221.41819.81822.25221.01121.20319.736 
), ArticleFig(id=1241777729692045633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702668144658, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Proportion of rock fragment size with 17 ms delay between holes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
块度尺寸/cm占比/%
0~1043.27
10~2033.97
20~3014.86
30~405.15
40~502.44
50~600.31
), ArticleFig(id=1241777731172634948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702668144658, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

孔间延时17 ms岩石块度尺寸占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
块度尺寸/cm占比/%
0~1043.27
10~2033.97
20~3014.86
30~405.15
40~502.44
50~600.31
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露天矿山孔间延时起爆条件下的岩石破碎效果研究
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于传泽 , 郭连军 , 邓丁 , 王雪松 , 柴青平
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024,41(2): 1-7
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024, 41(2): 1-7
露天矿山孔间延时起爆条件下的岩石破碎效果研究
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于传泽 , 郭连军 , 邓丁, 王雪松, 柴青平
作者信息
  • 沈阳工业大学　建筑与土木工程学院，沈阳　110870

    • 于传泽（1995-），男，辽宁抚顺人，硕士研究生，主要从事爆破理论相关方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。

    YU Chuan-ze (1995-), male, born in Fushun, Liaoning, master degree, mainly engaged in research on blasting theory, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

郭连军（1963-），男，辽宁北票人，教授、博士生导师、博士，主要从事采矿工程及爆破理论技术相关方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。
Study on Rock Fragmentation under Condition of Delayed Initiation between Holes in an Open-pit Mine
Chuan-ze YU , Lian-jun GUO , Ding DENG, Xue-song WANG, Qing-ping CHAI
Affiliations
  • School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.001
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摘要
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为获取某露天矿山最优起爆延时时间，提高爆破效率，结合ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立了三维台阶爆破模型，布置前排炮孔2个、后排炮孔1个，三角形布孔，起爆方式采用反向起爆，在布孔区设置5个应力监测点。对排间延时42 ms及孔间延时11、13、15、17、19、21、23 ms的不同延时时间下岩石破碎效果进行模拟试验，并监测其有效应力。为便于细致观察爆炸应力波在岩石中传播规律，另做前排两炮孔延时起爆剖面模型。结果显示：当排间延时42 ms，孔间延时17 ms时，各监测点的平均最大有效应力达到峰值，整体岩石破碎更为有利。延时爆破优势在于后爆炮孔可以在先爆炮孔基础上进一步对岩石产生破坏作用，前排炮孔先期起爆作用使得后排炮孔成为临新自由面的前排炮孔。经现场试验论证，利用块度识别软件split-desktop分析爆堆照片中岩石块度分布，得出在排间延时42 ms及孔间延时17 ms条件下，岩石块度尺寸在20 cm以下占比77.24%，在50 cm以上占比极少，为0.31%，整体破碎效果较好，能够满足矿山生产运营需求，为露天矿山开采提供一定数据支撑。

延时时间  /  爆破效率  /  有效应力  /  块度分布  /  岩石破碎

To optimize the initiation delay time of an open-pit mine and enhance blasting efficiency, a three-dimensional bench blasting model is developed using ANSYS/LS-DYNA software. The model consists of 2 blast holes in the front row and 1 blast hole in the back row arranged in a triangular pattern. The bottom initiation was employed, and 5 stress monitoring points were placed within the hole placement area. Simulated tests were conducted to evaluate rock fragmentation under different delay times between rows (42 ms) and between holes (11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, and 23 ms), while monitoring their effective stress levels. Additionally, a delayed detonation profile model for the two front row boreholes was established to observe the propagation characteristics of explosion stress waves. The results indicate that when the delay time between rows is set at 42 ms and between holes at 17 ms, it leads to peak values of maximum effective stress at each monitoring point which facilitates overall rock fragmentation. The advantage of time-delay blasting lies in its ability to enhance rock damage by utilizing the pre-blast hole as a foundation, while the front-row hole acts on the post-blast hole through pre-detonation effects, creating a new free surface. Through field testing and demonstration, we analyzed the distribution of rock fragmentation in blasting pile photos using split-desktop software. The findings indicate that with an inter-row delay time of 42 ms and an inter-hole delay time of 17 ms, approximately 77.24% of rocks are below 20 cm in size, while only a negligible proportion (0.31%) exceeds 50 cm. Overall, the crushing effect is satisfactory and meets both production and operational requirements for open-pit mining operations.

delay time  /  blasting efficiency  /  effective stress  /  fragmentation distribution  /  rock fragmentation
于传泽, 郭连军, 邓丁, 王雪松, 柴青平. 露天矿山孔间延时起爆条件下的岩石破碎效果研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (2) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.001
Chuan-ze YU, Lian-jun GUO, Ding DENG, Xue-song WANG, Qing-ping CHAI. Study on Rock Fragmentation under Condition of Delayed Initiation between Holes in an Open-pit Mine[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (2) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.001
正文
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延时爆破要求装药炮孔按一定顺序逐孔起爆，后期起爆的炮孔能够充分利用先期炸药爆破所形成自由面，改善岩石破碎效果[1]。对此，众多国内外学者基于最优的延时起爆时间进行了大量探讨。长沙矿冶研究院对哈努卡耶夫公式进行改进[2]，得出一般孔间毫秒延时时间为20~50 ms。沈晓松等针对某小区爆破项目采用高精度数码雷管进行现场试验[3]，并利用块度分析软件对爆堆图片进行分析，得出延时时间60 ms时整体效果最佳。兰小平为获取矿山逐孔起爆最优延时时间[4]，结合某矿山石灰岩开采工程，通过控制变量法不断调整孔、排间延时时间，最终得出孔间延时20 ms，排间延时45 ms时，整体爆破效果较好。White H H认为毫秒延时爆破中先期启动药包在岩体内爆炸产生应力状态[5]，直到后期药包起爆，提高了爆破破碎度，得出延时时间5~25 ms。SR Chen等在新桥矿业有限公司进行了66次现场爆破试验[6]，通过试验确定了该露天矿适宜延时时间为15 ms。刘庆等研究了孔内装药方式及微差爆破对减震效果的影响[7]，得出间隔装药相比连续柱状装药明显降低爆破振动，单孔内微差爆破可进一步减小18.09%振动强度。李迎等结合某机场平场项目[8]，利用正交法探究孔内微差、孔间微差、排间微差对爆破块度作用关系，结果表明排间微差影响最大，孔内微差影响最小。
综合所述，由于不同爆破地质条件的复杂性与差异性，最优延时时间取值差异较大。本文针对某露天矿山剥岩工程，基于毫秒爆破破岩机理，通过有限元模拟及现场试验论证，确定出最优的孔间延时起爆时间，为其开采提供一定的数据支撑。
1　孔间延时起爆数值模拟
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1.1　模型创建
针对某露天矿山开采工程，对其相关爆破参数进行计算，具体参数值如表1所示。
爆破单体设计台阶剖面图如图1。
模拟通过ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件建立，为简化模拟计算，炮孔总数设置3个，前排炮孔2个，后排炮孔1个，采用三角形布孔，起爆方式为反向起爆。几何模型如图2所示。
模型整体尺寸17 m×17.7 m×16 m，台阶上表面及斜坡面设为自由表面，四周及底面设为无反射边界，以便消除应力波的反射作用对模拟结果造成不利影响。岩石部分通过映射网格划分，炸药、堵塞物及空气部分通过扫略网格划分。
1.2　材料参数与状态方程确定
1.2.1　岩石材料
矿区现场岩性主要以混合岩为主，以及少部分绢云母石英片岩与绿泥石英片岩，混合岩相关物理力学参数如表2[9]。
岩石材料模型选用*MAT_RHT模型，此模型引入了偏应力张量第三不变量J3，可以定性判定材料应变类型与应力状态。当J3<0时，变形类型为压缩类，当J3>0时，变形类型为拉伸类[10]。此模型相关参数标定如下[11]。
（a）应变率参数确定
材料强度与应变率关系如下
当P≥fc/3
当-ft/3<P<fc/3
当P≤-ft/3
式中：为参考压缩应变率，取值3.0×10-5 s-1；为参考拉伸应变率[11]，取值3.0×10-6 s-1；fc为单轴抗压强度；βc为压缩应变率指数，值为0.016；βt为拉伸应变率指数，值为0.021。
（b）岩石p-α状态方程参数确定
相关表达式如下[12]
式中：PR为状态方程压力；α0为初始孔隙率；c0为材料中声速；T1为材料常数；s为经验参数取1.11；B0与B1为材料常数，值为1.22；A1、A2、A3为多项式系数，分别为38.8 GPa、47.3 GPa、9.9 GPa。
（c）损伤参数确定
此模型中损伤D定义为塑性应变εp累积
式中：为岩石破坏时塑性应变。
当应力状态达到材料极限强度时，损伤在非弹性变形或塑性应变过程中累积，破坏时塑性应变定义为[13]
式中：为最小损伤残余应变；D1、D2为损伤参数，取0.04、1.0。
（d）破坏面参数确定
当3P*≥Fr时，破坏面表达式如下
式中：P*为归一化压力；为归一化应力；A、N为破坏面参数。
基于胡克—布朗经验公式获取各个围压下岩石强度[14]，方程及强度参数如下
式中：σ1为轴压；σ3为围压；fc为岩石单轴抗压强度。
基于表3所示数据，通过拟合方程确定参数A=2.53，参数N=0.71，拟合方程如图3。
（e）其余参数确定
该模型中部分参数难以确定，对此引用文献[13]直接进行标定。
混合岩RHT参数总表如表4。
1.2.2　炸药材料
炸药为乳化炸药，软件中模型选用*MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN模型，状态方程通过Jones-Wilkins-Lee（JWL）定义，公式如式（17）
式中：P为爆轰物压力；V为爆轰物相对体积；d为爆速；E为比内能；A、B、ω、R1、R2为JWL参数，具体数值如表5。
1.3　数值模拟监测与结果分析
模拟共设置应力监测点5个，分别为3个起爆孔周边、前排两起爆孔连线中心处以及三角形布孔中心处，监测点布置如图4。
本次模拟试验控制排间延时42 ms，孔间延时以11 ms、13 ms、15 ms、17 ms、19 ms、21 ms、23 ms呈梯度变化，在不同孔间延时条件下对其进行监测分析，以孔间延时11 ms为例，应力时程及损伤变化云图如图5、图6。
监测A~E各点有效应力，统计在不同延时时间条件下最大有效应力值及平均值，如表6。
为了更直观反映其变化趋势，作出各监测点最大有效应力值及平均值与孔间延时起爆时间关系图，如图6、图7所示。
由图6分析可知，起爆方式采用反向起爆，起爆后产生的爆炸应力波在岩石内部传播并对其产生一定程度破坏，应力波首先传播至台阶斜坡自由面处反射形成拉伸波，岩石本身抗拉强度较小，其受拉破坏，在坡面处发展形成横向裂纹，随着应力波逐步向上发展，当传播至台阶上表面在炮孔处形成十字裂纹扩展。
由图8可知，当保持炮孔排间延时42 ms一定，孔间从11 ms至23 ms梯度增加时，A~E监测点最大有效应力平均值分别为21.742、21.418、19.818、22.252、21.011、21.203、19.736 MPa，整体趋势为先减小后增加再减小。其中孔间延时时间为17 ms时，各监测点最大有效应力平均值达到顶峰，利于岩石产生更好的爆破破碎效果，此时D监测点最大有效应力值为13.144 MPa，大于岩石本身抗拉强度，满足受拉破坏条件。而孔间延时时间为15 ms和23 ms时，各监测点最大有效应力平均值较小，对岩石整体破碎较为不利。
为便于细致观察爆炸应力波在岩石中传播规律，另做前排两炮孔延时起爆剖面模型，正面施加垂直于模型无位移约束，其余三侧面及底面施加无反射边界条件，顶面为自由表面，孔间延时11 ms，模型相关尺寸及应力变化如图9、图10所示。
由图观察可知，当第一起爆孔反向起爆后，应力波向四周及上部传播，t=3 ms时即将到达顶部自由表面。由于岩石纵波波速较大，第二起爆孔未起爆时先期应力波已经穿过此炮孔，孔间无应力叠加作用。相比于同时起爆，延时起爆的优势在于后爆炮孔可以在先爆炮孔基础上进一步对岩石产生破坏作用。等到后排炮孔起爆时，由于前排炮孔先期起爆作用使其成为临新自由面的前排炮孔，从而达到理想的整体爆破效果。
2　现场试验
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2.1　试验概况
试验采场为深凹露天开采模式，采场铁矿床矿体向外分别为混合岩、绢云母石英片岩、绿泥石英片岩、大部分阶段处于混合岩中[15]。爆破台阶高度为13.5 m、孔间距5.2 m、排间距4.2 m、堵塞5.5 m、超深1.5 m、底盘抵抗线4.5 m，布孔方式为三角形布孔。炸药选用乳化炸药且连续装药结构，采用数码电子雷管微差延时起爆，起爆方式为反向起爆。
2.2　块度分析
结合有限元模拟分析最优结果，对露天矿山现场采用孔间延时17 ms，排间延时42 ms方案进行爆破试验，试验前需经过爆破器材运输、领取、布孔、钻孔、验孔、装药、填塞、警戒线布置等一系列流程。
爆破完成后使用边长50 cm白色方形木板作为尺寸参照物，并通过split-desktop软件对爆堆照片进行处理分析，得到岩石块度各尺寸分布及占比情况，现场爆堆及相关数据如表7、图11。
通过有限元模拟及现场试验论证，当孔间延时17 ms时，岩石块度尺寸在10 cm之下及10~20 cm占比较大，分别为43.27%、33.97%，而在50 cm以上占比极少，为0.31%，岩石整体破碎效果较好。
3　结论
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（1）通过有限元模拟计算，得出在孔间距5.2 m、排间距4.2 m、三角形布孔条件下，孔间延时17 ms、排间延时42 ms各监测点最大有效应力平均值达到顶峰，更利于岩石整体破碎。
（2）矿山现场采用孔间延时17 ms，排间延时42 ms逐孔起爆，岩石块度在30 cm以下占比较大，为92.10%，岩石块度在50 cm以上占比极少，为0.31%，岩石整体破碎效果较好，能够较好满足矿山日常生产需求。
（3）在实际爆破作业中，由于局部岩体硬度系数不同以及炮孔上部布置堵塞物原因，可能使得爆破表面破碎效果不佳，容易产生大块，在实际工作中对相关布孔参数应严格把控。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(No51974187)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2024年第41卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.001
  • 接收时间：2023-05-09
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2024-06-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-05-09
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(No51974187)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(No51974187)
作者信息
    沈阳工业大学　建筑与土木工程学院，沈阳　110870

通讯作者:

郭连军（1963-），男，辽宁北票人，教授、博士生导师、博士，主要从事采矿工程及爆破理论技术相关方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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