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Article(id=1241777702450040844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678982400000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992475378, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717171200000, pubDateStr=2024-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992475378, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992475378, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992475378, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241777699996368955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992474792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992784144, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=96, endPage=103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241777702722670612, articleId=1241777702450040844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Simulation and Application of Medium-length Hole Blasting with Non-pillar Sublevel Caving Method based on Aegis, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The non-pillar sublevel caving method is extensively employed in underground metal deposits due to its advantages of high mining efficiency, simple structure, and enhanced safety. In order to address the issues associated with the laborious design process and insufficiently intuitive simulation effect of medium-length hole blasting using traditional pillarless sublevel caving methods, this study conducted a simulation and application research on the medium deep hole blasting process based on the Aegis blasting design and analysis software. Firstly, this paper introduces the module composition and functions of the software while summarizing the simulation analysis process. Secondly, two key technologies were investigated: utilizing model boundaries to confine the blasting space and employing staggered states of blasting energy to verify borehole network parameters. Finally, numerical simulations were performed on medium-length hole blasting in a specific underground mine with non-pillar sublevel caving method using this software. The research findings suggest that the explosion energy in a single row of blast holes is concentrated and fills the entire explosion chamber. The design of continuously coupled charging structure and a powder factor of 0.3 kg/t is deemed reasonable in this context. It appears that there exists a tangential state for the blasting cavity walls between adjacent blast holes, indicating that the energy between rows may not be sufficient to completely break the rock mass. The distance between blast holes, which is approximately 2.2 m, seems slightly larger. Multiple routes were analyzed to predict the distribution of blasting fragmentation masses, all showing a high proportion of large blocks, consistent with field engineering practice results. For instance, based on photos taken after one blasting event, it was observed that large blocks accounted for 18.03% of the total pile volume. Simulation results from Aegis software analysis indicate that the large spacing between blast holes may be a primary factor contributing to this high block rate. Furthermore, through conducting 12 blasting tests on six mining routes within an experimental section and verifying these results through simulation analysis, consistent outcomes regarding proportions of block size and mass were obtained. This effectively supports the practical application efficiency of the software on-site. Overall, these findings contribute valuable insights into optimizing blasting techniques in rock excavation projects by considering factors such as explosion energy concentration and hole spacing to achieve desired fragmentation outcomes while minimizing undesirable block formation.

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XU Shuai (1981-), male, born in Nanyang, Henan Province, Ph. D, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in research on the mining theory of difficult to mine mineral deposits and deep rock mass support technology, (E-mail) .
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无底柱分段崩落法因其回采效率高、结构简单、安全性高等优势被广泛应用于地下金属矿开采，其落矿方式常采用中深孔爆破。针对传统无底柱分段崩落法中深孔爆破设计过程繁琐、模拟效果不够直观等问题，开展了基于爆破设计与分析软件Aegis的中深孔爆破过程模拟与应用研究。首先介绍了该软件的模块构成和功能，并梳理和总结了模拟分析流程；其次研究了利用模型边界限制爆破空间以及利用爆炸能量的交错状态校验孔网参数的两项关键技术；最后基于该软件对某地下矿山无底柱分段崩落法中深孔爆破进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明：单排炮孔内爆炸能量集中且充盈了整个爆腔，连续耦合的装药结构以及0.3 kg/t的炸药单耗设计较为合理；临排炮孔间爆腔壁呈相切的状态，可能存在排间能量不足以完全破碎岩体的情况，2.2 m的炮孔排距稍大；预测的多条进路爆破块度质量分布结果均出现大块占比偏高的情况，与现场的工程实践结果一致，并以其中一次爆破后的爆堆照片为例进行说明，其大块率达到了18.03%。结合Aegis软件的模拟结果，分析炮孔排距偏大可能是导致大块率偏高的主要原因。此外还对实验分段的6个开采进路进行了12次爆破试验并加以模拟验证，得到了基本一致的爆破块度质量占比结果，有效佐证了该软件的现场应用效能。

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徐帅（1981-），男，河南南阳人，博士、教授，博士研究生导师，主要从事难采矿床开采理论与深部岩体支护技术研究，（E-mail）。
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朱国军（1999-），男，重庆奉节人，硕士研究生，从事爆破填塞工作，（E-mail）。

ZHU Guo-jun (1999-), male, born in Fengjie, Chongqing, master's student, engaged in blasting and stemming work, (E-mail) .

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朱国军（1999-），男，重庆奉节人，硕士研究生，从事爆破填塞工作，（E-mail）。

ZHU Guo-jun (1999-), male, born in Fengjie, Chongqing, master's student, engaged in blasting and stemming work, (E-mail) .

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朱国军（1999-），男，重庆奉节人，硕士研究生，从事爆破填塞工作，（E-mail）。

ZHU Guo-jun (1999-), male, born in Fengjie, Chongqing, master's student, engaged in blasting and stemming work, (E-mail) .

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articleId=1241777702450040844, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=能量分布), Keyword(id=1241777710645711154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702450040844, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=爆破块度)], refs=[Reference(id=1241777714449945072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702450040844, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=557, issue=11, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=何荣兴, 陈丽媛, 任凤玉, journalName=金属矿山, refType=null, unstructuredReference=何荣兴, 陈丽媛, 任凤玉. 我国无底柱分段崩落法损失贫化研究现状及发展方向[J]. 金属矿山, 2022, 557(11): 1-9., articleTitle=我国无底柱分段崩落法损失贫化研究现状及发展方向, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241777714588357117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702450040844, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=557, issue=11, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=HE Rong-xing, CHEN Li-yuan, REN Feng-yu, journalName=Metal Mine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HE Rong-xing, CHEN Li-yuan, REN Feng-yu. Study status and development direction of loss and dilution in nonpillar subleve[J]. Metal Mine, 2022, 557(11): 1-9. 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Simulation results of block mass distribution and critical dimension

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 进路1进路2进路3进路4进路5进路6
小块总质量/t19.119.226.723.621.114.4
小块临界尺度/cm18.018.021.020.019.016.0
中块总质量/t167.3167.7176.7222.9247.3163.3
大块临界尺度/cm65.066.082.075.070.063.0
大块总质量/t350.6327.1307.6320.5289.6351.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241777713736913326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702450040844, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

爆破块度质量分布模拟结果与临界尺度表

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 进路1进路2进路3进路4进路5进路6
小块总质量/t19.119.226.723.621.114.4
小块临界尺度/cm18.018.021.020.019.016.0
中块总质量/t167.3167.7176.7222.9247.3163.3
大块临界尺度/cm65.066.082.075.070.063.0
大块总质量/t350.6327.1307.6320.5289.6351.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241777713845965240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702450040844, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Simulation results and test results of blasting fragmentation mass ratio

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  小块/%　中块/%　大块/%
进路11-12.9539.0458.00
1-24.3629.2866.36
进路平均3.6634.1662.18
模拟结果3.5631.1565.29
差值-0.10-3.013.11
进路22-14.3825.3370.30
2-22.6035.1062.30
进路平均3.4930.2166.30
模拟结果3.7432.6363.64
差值0.252.42-2.66
进路33-16.0429.9963.96
3-27.4030.0762.52
进路平均6.7230.0363.24
模拟结果5.2334.5860.20
差值-1.494.55-3.04
进路44-16.9738.7054.33
4-21.8041.6956.51
进路平均4.3940.1955.42
模拟结果4.1639.3156.53
差值-0.23-0.881.11
进路55-13.7033.1163.19
5-24.1147.4848.41
进路平均3.9040.2955.80
模拟结果3.7844.3251.90
差值-0.124.03-3.90
进路66-14.1138.4857.41
6-21.0431.0967.87
进路平均2.5834.7862.64
模拟结果2.7230.8766.41
差值0.14-3.913.77
现场爆破块度分布平均结果4.1234.9460.93
Aegis软件模拟预测平均结果3.8735.4860.66
模拟结果与实验结果平均差值-0.260.53-0.27
), ArticleFig(id=1241777713959211458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702450040844, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

爆破块度质量分布现场与模拟结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
  小块/%　中块/%　大块/%
进路11-12.9539.0458.00
1-24.3629.2866.36
进路平均3.6634.1662.18
模拟结果3.5631.1565.29
差值-0.10-3.013.11
进路22-14.3825.3370.30
2-22.6035.1062.30
进路平均3.4930.2166.30
模拟结果3.7432.6363.64
差值0.252.42-2.66
进路33-16.0429.9963.96
3-27.4030.0762.52
进路平均6.7230.0363.24
模拟结果5.2334.5860.20
差值-1.494.55-3.04
进路44-16.9738.7054.33
4-21.8041.6956.51
进路平均4.3940.1955.42
模拟结果4.1639.3156.53
差值-0.23-0.881.11
进路55-13.7033.1163.19
5-24.1147.4848.41
进路平均3.9040.2955.80
模拟结果3.7844.3251.90
差值-0.124.03-3.90
进路66-14.1138.4857.41
6-21.0431.0967.87
进路平均2.5834.7862.64
模拟结果2.7230.8766.41
差值0.14-3.913.77
现场爆破块度分布平均结果4.1234.9460.93
Aegis软件模拟预测平均结果3.8735.4860.66
模拟结果与实验结果平均差值-0.260.53-0.27
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基于Aegis的无底柱分段崩落法中深孔爆破过程模拟与应用
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朱国军 1 , 徐帅 1 , 钟裔禄 2 , 杨博 3
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024,41(2): 96-103
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024, 41(2): 96-103
基于Aegis的无底柱分段崩落法中深孔爆破过程模拟与应用
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朱国军1 , 徐帅1 , 钟裔禄2, 杨博3
作者信息
  • 1.东北大学　深部金属矿山安全开采教育部重点实验室，沈阳　110819
  • 2.南京梅山冶金发展有限公司　矿业分公司，南京　210039
  • 3.天河道云（北京）科技有限公司，北京　100083

    • 朱国军（1999-），男，重庆奉节人，硕士研究生，从事爆破填塞工作，（E-mail）。

    ZHU Guo-jun (1999-), male, born in Fengjie, Chongqing, master's student, engaged in blasting and stemming work, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

徐帅（1981-），男，河南南阳人，博士、教授，博士研究生导师，主要从事难采矿床开采理论与深部岩体支护技术研究，（E-mail）。
Simulation and Application of Medium-length Hole Blasting with Non-pillar Sublevel Caving Method based on Aegis
Guo-jun ZHU1 , Shuai XU1 , Yi-lu ZHONG2, Bo YANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Safe Mining of Deep Metal Mines, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
  • 2.Mining Branch, Nanjing Meishan Metallurgy Development Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210039, China
  • 3.Beijing Tianhe Daoyun Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.012
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摘要
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无底柱分段崩落法因其回采效率高、结构简单、安全性高等优势被广泛应用于地下金属矿开采，其落矿方式常采用中深孔爆破。针对传统无底柱分段崩落法中深孔爆破设计过程繁琐、模拟效果不够直观等问题，开展了基于爆破设计与分析软件Aegis的中深孔爆破过程模拟与应用研究。首先介绍了该软件的模块构成和功能，并梳理和总结了模拟分析流程；其次研究了利用模型边界限制爆破空间以及利用爆炸能量的交错状态校验孔网参数的两项关键技术；最后基于该软件对某地下矿山无底柱分段崩落法中深孔爆破进行了数值模拟。研究结果表明：单排炮孔内爆炸能量集中且充盈了整个爆腔，连续耦合的装药结构以及0.3 kg/t的炸药单耗设计较为合理；临排炮孔间爆腔壁呈相切的状态，可能存在排间能量不足以完全破碎岩体的情况，2.2 m的炮孔排距稍大；预测的多条进路爆破块度质量分布结果均出现大块占比偏高的情况，与现场的工程实践结果一致，并以其中一次爆破后的爆堆照片为例进行说明，其大块率达到了18.03%。结合Aegis软件的模拟结果，分析炮孔排距偏大可能是导致大块率偏高的主要原因。此外还对实验分段的6个开采进路进行了12次爆破试验并加以模拟验证，得到了基本一致的爆破块度质量占比结果，有效佐证了该软件的现场应用效能。

无底柱分段崩落法  /  中深孔爆破  /  Aegis  /  能量分布  /  爆破块度

The non-pillar sublevel caving method is extensively employed in underground metal deposits due to its advantages of high mining efficiency, simple structure, and enhanced safety. In order to address the issues associated with the laborious design process and insufficiently intuitive simulation effect of medium-length hole blasting using traditional pillarless sublevel caving methods, this study conducted a simulation and application research on the medium deep hole blasting process based on the Aegis blasting design and analysis software. Firstly, this paper introduces the module composition and functions of the software while summarizing the simulation analysis process. Secondly, two key technologies were investigated: utilizing model boundaries to confine the blasting space and employing staggered states of blasting energy to verify borehole network parameters. Finally, numerical simulations were performed on medium-length hole blasting in a specific underground mine with non-pillar sublevel caving method using this software. The research findings suggest that the explosion energy in a single row of blast holes is concentrated and fills the entire explosion chamber. The design of continuously coupled charging structure and a powder factor of 0.3 kg/t is deemed reasonable in this context. It appears that there exists a tangential state for the blasting cavity walls between adjacent blast holes, indicating that the energy between rows may not be sufficient to completely break the rock mass. The distance between blast holes, which is approximately 2.2 m, seems slightly larger. Multiple routes were analyzed to predict the distribution of blasting fragmentation masses, all showing a high proportion of large blocks, consistent with field engineering practice results. For instance, based on photos taken after one blasting event, it was observed that large blocks accounted for 18.03% of the total pile volume. Simulation results from Aegis software analysis indicate that the large spacing between blast holes may be a primary factor contributing to this high block rate. Furthermore, through conducting 12 blasting tests on six mining routes within an experimental section and verifying these results through simulation analysis, consistent outcomes regarding proportions of block size and mass were obtained. This effectively supports the practical application efficiency of the software on-site. Overall, these findings contribute valuable insights into optimizing blasting techniques in rock excavation projects by considering factors such as explosion energy concentration and hole spacing to achieve desired fragmentation outcomes while minimizing undesirable block formation.

non-pillar sublevel caving  /  medium-deep hole blasting  /  Aegis  /  energy distribution  /  blasting fragmentation
朱国军, 徐帅, 钟裔禄, 杨博. 基于Aegis的无底柱分段崩落法中深孔爆破过程模拟与应用. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (2) : 96 -103 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.012
Guo-jun ZHU, Shuai XU, Yi-lu ZHONG, Bo YANG. Simulation and Application of Medium-length Hole Blasting with Non-pillar Sublevel Caving Method based on Aegis[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (2) : 96 -103 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.012
正文
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无底柱分段崩落法因开采工艺简单、作业安全、生产能力大且效率高等优点被国内地下金属矿山广泛采用[1-3]。中深孔落矿作为无底柱分段崩落法开采中重要的工艺环节，直接影响着无底柱分段崩落法的作业效率。长期以来，无底柱分段崩落法中深孔爆破设计依赖手工绘图、人工统计计算爆破相关指标，工作繁琐且极易产生人为误差，影响着爆破设计的精度与质量；设计的预期效果也仅能依靠以往的经验来判断，缺乏科学依据。因此，开展无底柱分段崩落法中深孔爆破智能化设计和爆破效果分析，对于提高矿山智能化水平，推进生产过程智能化具有重要意义。
国内外关于地下矿中深孔爆破设计工具的研发已取得了一定进展，如程良奎以Delphi为工作平台建立了一个地下矿山中深孔爆破设计专家系统[4]；张耿城等建立了基于改进ELM算法的地下矿爆破参数智能设计模型[5]，并基于此开发了中深孔爆破智能设计系统；刘益超等基于AutoCAD平台二次开发中深孔爆破炮孔优化设计程序模块并成功应用于某铁矿[6]；澳大利亚昆士兰大学JKTech研发了一款用于爆破设计、分析以及管理的模块化工具JKSim-Blast，黄梦龙、李章超等分别基于该软件依托某露天矿进行了爆破模拟与工程应用[7,8]。上述工具均对简化爆破设计过程、提高设计效率有一定帮助，但尚无法做到直观地预览爆破后的矿体形态，且与之相适配的爆破分析功能也不够完善，难以对爆破设计结果的合理性进行有效评判。
计算机数值模拟仿真作为现行爆破分析的主流手段，能够有效提高矿山生产效率，如陈帮洪基于LS-DYNA对某矿地应力效应下的中深孔爆破参数进行了优化[9]；安龙采用LS-DYNA与PFC联合的岩体爆破数值模拟方法对某金矿急倾斜薄矿脉夹制作用下的中深孔爆破进行了爆破参数优化[10]。但该类软件大都要求设计者掌握较好的力学知识，且基本不具备爆破设计功能，不适合矿山日常生产作业的分析与应用。
加拿大Aegis软件是一款兼具爆破设计、编辑、模拟、分析与管理的地下矿爆破设计与分析软件，适用于矿山的日常生产作业。本文从该软件的主体构成与功能、模拟流程、关键技术等三个方面进行介绍，最后依托某地下金属矿山对多进路进行了生产爆破模拟，并将其模拟结果与现场试验结果进行了比对，为地下金属矿无底柱分段崩落法中深孔爆破智能设计与分析提供了一条有效途径。
1　Aegis软件概述
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Aegis软件由矿山爆破软件开发公司iRing研发，包含设计和分析两个模块。爆破设计模块主要涉及制定矿山生产爆破方案、模拟矿体爆破破碎效果等功能；爆破分析模块则负责进一步对爆破设计进行爆破成本、能量分布、块度分布等分析处理。
1.1　软件界面
软件主操作界面由八个区域共同构成，包括：菜单、显示项目进程的项目管理器、采场3D视图、炮孔布置视图、水平剖面视图、垂直剖面视图、采场布置参数表以及各排炮孔参数表，各区域布置情况见下图1，其中3D视图、炮孔布置视图、水平剖面视图和垂直剖面视图为软件的四大功能窗口，设计与分析过程中能够直观地向设计者展示爆破设计的预期效果。
1.2　软件主要功能
Aegis的菜单共分为八大功能区，包括：模型处理、视图选择、爆破参数设置、块模型、起爆参数设计、分析处理、数据管理库和帮助菜单。
（1）模型处理
模型处理功能区包括导入/出矿山模型、添置爆破辅助线、模型编辑等功能，帮助设计者完成矿山模型的爆破设计前处理。由于Aegis软件要求模型处于封闭状态，当导入的矿山模型存在模型未封闭、缺失、重叠、冗余等问题时，可选用模型编辑功能对部分模型加以修缮和优化。处理后将矿山模型分类归置到空区、矿岩区和限位区，便于软件识别开采结构和智能布置炮孔。
（2）爆破参数设计
爆破参数包括孔网参数，如孔距、排距、孔径、孔深等；装药参数，如装药长度、装药量、不耦合系数等；起爆参数，如孔间延时、排间延时和起爆段别等。
通过炮孔参数设置功能可以创建/删除炮孔、配置炸药和起爆器材。软件会随着数据的完善自动更新炮孔信息并以图形的方式展示在主界面窗口中，方便用户预览炮孔布置并及时对不满足设计预期的地方进行修正。炮孔的起爆参数可通过起爆参数设置功能区实现。用户可自定义设置单次爆破排数、起爆段别，还能设计排间、孔间起爆延时等。
（3）矿体爆破破碎效果
岩石的破裂、破碎及抛掷是爆炸应力波和爆生气体共同作用的结果，即爆破能量经由冲击波和爆生气体传递给岩石[11]。Aegis可以根据岩石特性、炸药特性和爆炸应力波衰减特性来确定最优爆破设计的破裂模型，用以模拟矿体在爆破冲击作用下的破碎效果，并附有插件可供用户查看碎块分布。这能极大帮助矿山爆破设计工作者把握爆破参数设计，摆脱对人工经验的过度依赖。
（4）爆破分析
Aegis软件能够帮助设计者完成模拟爆炸能量分布、预测爆破块度分布、爆破成本估算等分析。
1）爆炸能量分布分析
研究爆破过程中的能量分布则有助于理解爆破过程中的能量传递状态。该软件能够基于爆破模拟过程中生成的破碎腔，赋予其爆炸能量分布状态，并通过视图展示窗口中爆腔区域附着的色彩分布状态间接表征能量数值大小。
2）爆破块度质量分布分析
爆破块度分布作为衡量矿山生产爆破效果的指标之一，能够直观地反映爆破设计的质量。在开展爆破方案的设计过程中，可以使用该软件来模拟预测爆破块度的质量分布。
3）其他分析
除上述两种分析手段外，该软件还能针对爆破方案进行成本分析、质点峰值振动速度预测以及应力状态分布预测[12,13]，快速生成项目支出明细报表和对应状态下的指标预测曲线。
2　Aegis软件爆破模拟流程
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Aegis软件的爆破模拟流程分为两个阶段，第一阶段是爆破方案设计，包括：模型导入与优化、爆破参数设计、分组起爆模拟及数据导出等；第二阶段是爆破效果分析，包括：爆破成本估算、模拟爆炸能量分布、模拟预测质点峰值振动速度、模拟预测爆破块度分布、模拟预测应力状态分布等，模拟流程见图2。
2.1　爆破设计
（1）模型预处理
将矿山模型导入Aegis软件并完成模拟前的两步预处理：模型优化和预置炮孔辅助线。
1）模型优化：检查矿山模型，若存在模型缺失、冗余、未封闭等问题，在同一功能区中选用模型编辑组件开展模型优化。
2）预置炮孔辅助线：选用模型处理功能区中的多段线功能，在回采巷道中沿着进路方向绘制一条辅助线引导软件生成炮孔。
（2）爆破参数设计
爆破参数设计分三步：炮孔布置设计、炮孔样式设计、装药和起爆参数设计。具体步骤如下：
1）炮孔布置设计：选定回采单元，在矿用器械数据库中选择合适的钻孔设备，并基于中心炮孔线选择炮孔钻探方向为上向还是下向。
2）孔网参数设计：炮孔布置由炮孔参数和钻孔参数两部分决定，炮孔参数需要用户输入炮孔排距、起/止边孔角、起/止排面倾角以及自定义限制炮孔排数等；钻孔参数包括孔底距、孔径、最大/小钻孔长度等。
3）装药参数和起爆点设计：装药参数设计包括选择炸药类型、耦合或不耦合装药结构以及最大/小装药长度等；起爆点设计包括选用起爆器材、自定义起爆位置、确定装药端部距孔底的距离等。
（3）分组起爆模拟
在创建爆破设计功能区中选择创建即可自定义爆破分组，分组结果会展示在项目管理器中。用户还能在分组功能组件中进行起爆参数设计，包括同排炮孔爆破顺序、孔间延时、同时起爆孔数以及临排炮孔排间延时等。
完成上述操作后，可对各排炮孔按分组情况开展爆破模拟。在项目管理器中选中某炮孔组别，并选择生成爆破破碎腔，即可预览矿体在设计条件下的爆破情况。
（4）数据信息导出
选择功能区中的报告组件，根据需要选择性导出炮孔布置图、各排炮孔参数表等信息。
2.2　爆破效果分析
（1）能量分布
用户完成爆破设计模拟生成爆破破碎模型后，在分析处理器中选择生成便可赋予破碎模型爆炸能量分布状态。
（2）爆破效果预测
Aegis软件内置有独立分析组件，输入爆破设计相关参数便能智能预测其爆破效果。在分析处理器中选用爆破效果预测组件并新建专题，输入孔距、排距、孔径并选择炸药和矿石的类型，软件便会分阶段预测爆破效果，第一阶段预测爆破过程中的质点峰值振动速度分布，第二阶段预测爆破块度质量分布，第三阶段预测爆破过程中的应力状态分布。
3　基于Aegis开展中深孔爆破模拟的关键技术
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3.1　爆破空间约束
Aegis智能炮孔生成遵循两个原则：一是炮孔长度严格遵循爆破参数设计过程中限定的长度区间；二是炮孔延伸绝不超出选定模型的边界。在厚大矿体中，智能生成的炮孔经常出现相邻矿块边孔交叉的情况，这是由于炮孔生成边界被限定为矿体边界而非矿块边界造成的。尽管此类问题可以通过人工修正炮孔长度和边孔角来解决，但会明显降低爆破设计效率。
为提高厚大矿体爆破设计效率，利用第二原则自定义构建矿块模型，为单个矿块设置独立边界，约束相邻矿块间的炮孔处于各自矿块内，实现互不交叉，从而实现厚大矿体炮孔的高效精确布置。构建矿块模型具体步骤如下：
（1）绘制定位用多段线：选用功能区中的多段线，根据矿山生产实际在3D视图窗口中找到预爆破区域并选择多段线的起始端点和水平标高，此时视图会随之切换到该高度水平的剖面视图，在该水平上沿着爆破进路方向绘制一条多段线，用以引导约束空间的生成。
（2）调节约束空间尺寸：选用线框工具中的挤压工具，并在视图上选择已绘制好的多段线，软件便会依据该线段的长度在该指向上生成一个长度固定但宽度和高度可调节的三维立方体，同时会弹出一个控制窗口。依照爆破设计中分段高度和进路间距的数值信息在控制窗口中对应调节其高度和宽度后，便完成了矿块模型的创建。
3.2　孔网参数校核
Aegis软件模拟爆破后生成爆破破碎腔（爆腔）并赋予爆破能量分布状态可检验炮孔排距取值是否符合设计要求。具体步骤如下：
（1）基于爆破设计生成初始爆腔：在功能区中创建爆破项目，指定某分组生成初始爆腔，可通过调节破碎半径和模型分辨率来控制爆腔大小。
（2）赋予爆腔能量分布状态：在分析项目栏中选择爆腔组别并基于软件内置的Kleine Field模型生成与之匹配的爆炸能量场[14]。
（3）校核炮孔排距：软件默认相邻两排炮孔交错布置，当水平视图中同组别内的邻排爆腔壁交错面积过大，如图3（a）中绿色相交部分所示，说明部分爆炸能量被浪费，宜增大排距以提高炸药利用率；当邻排爆腔壁相交且恰好不存在间隔区域，如图3（b）所示，表示爆炸能量被充分利用，排距合适；但若邻排爆腔壁相离，则意味着爆破区域存在漏爆，如图3（c）中浅蓝色部分所示，宜减小排距。
（4）二次检验：修改孔网参数，按上述（1）~（3）步骤操作继续校核孔网参数合理性，直至排间距适中。
4　工程应用
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4.1　矿区概况
南京宝地梅山产城发展有限公司矿业分公司，矿石类型为磁铁矿-假象赤铁矿-菱铁矿，采用无底柱分段崩落法开采，矿体全长1370 m，宽824 m，厚134 m。主矿体形态呈透镜状，中间厚而富，边缘薄而贫。矿石坚硬致密，矿体稳定，属中硬-硬性岩石。试验分段矿体抗压强度为143~197 MPa，普式系数12~14，松散系数1.6，矿石容重4.06 t/m3；设计段高90 m，分段高度18 m，进路间距20 m，崩矿步距2.4 m；采用上向扇形的炮孔布置形式，临排炮孔交错布置，排距2.2 m，每两排炮孔设为一轮；炮孔孔径为ϕ 91 mm，边孔角62°，每排9个炮孔，平均分为三组，孔底距2.4~2.8 m；采用连续耦合装药，炸药单耗0.3 kg/t，单排炮孔装药量1350 kg；采用电子雷管逐孔起爆，组间延期25 ms。
4.2　生产爆破模拟
将矿体三维模型导入Aegis软件并按照爆破方案完成爆破设计得到如图4（a）所示的炮孔布置图，图中可见底部回采巷道上方以上向扇形的形式布置了9个炮孔。模拟起爆后，首轮起爆效果见图4（b），图中第1、2排炮孔区域生成了矿体破碎腔，后续未起爆的炮孔沿着底部回采巷道等距布置的状态也能在图中清晰可见；矿体最终爆破效果如图4（c）所示，不难看出各排爆腔贯通后充满了底部巷道上方的扇形区域，且得益于炮孔交错布置，排间基本没有漏爆区域。
4.3　能量分布分析
图5展示了爆破过程中爆炸能量的分布状态，其中图5（a）中左侧两排炮孔表示添加了能量状态的爆破区域，其爆炸能量从炮孔中心向外呈辐散式衰减，且临排炮孔间呈相接的状态；图5（b）中扇形炮孔区域呈高能量分布的白色，能量向外扩散衰减的过程中，其表征颜色由白转红后转黄，转为绿色时，能量已衰减至初始大小的一半；图5（c）为不同色阶所表征的能量数值大小。综合分析结果表明：（1）爆炸能量由炮孔中心向外衰减且高能量区域主要集中在爆腔内，装药量设计较为合理；（2）参考图3（b）、（c）所示同组别内爆腔交错状态可知相邻两排炮孔的爆腔间距略大，爆炸能量可能存在不足，即2.2 m的炮孔排距偏大。
4.4　爆破块度分析
试验分段共有六条开采进路可供现场试验，故而对这六条进路分别基于Aegis软件进行爆破块度质量分布模拟预测，得到如表1所示的六组爆破块度质量分布模拟结果以及划分各作业面爆堆块度的临界尺度。从表1可以明显看出，当矿块尺寸小于小型矿块的临界尺度时即将其归为小块，当矿块尺寸大于大型矿块的临界尺度即将其归为大块，而尺寸大小处于这两个临界尺度之间的矿块则归为中型矿块。由于不同进路间矿体强度不甚相同，故而导致了衡量各进路块度大小的临界尺度也有所差异。
通过对试验分段的六条开采进路使用相同的爆破方案开展爆破作业，并于每条进路重复实验两次，累计得到十二组现场的爆堆块度实验结果。以其中一次现场爆破为例，得到爆后的矿堆照片如图6（a）所示，图中黄色球体为直径23 cm的尺寸标定物，将该图导入Split-Desktop块度处理软件进行块度识别得到图6（b），同时生成如图6（c）所示的块度尺寸分布图。从该图中可以明显看出这次爆破的大块占比偏高，其中尺寸达70 cm的矿块占比为18.03%，尺寸小于18 cm的矿块占比为16.27%。
将各进路爆后的矿堆进行块度处理并以表1所示的矿块临界尺度为划分界限转换为质量分布百分比后[15]，与Aegis软件模拟得到的爆破块度质量分布百分比相对比，得到如表2所示的比对结果。同时又对每条进路两次爆破的爆破块度质量百分比实验结果分别取平均值，并将其与模拟结果相减得到二者的差值。从表中可见每条进路的爆破块度质量百分比实验平均值与模拟预测结果在数值上的差值都在5%以内，存在波动但偏差幅度不大。同时又对六条进路的爆破块度质量百分比实验平均值、模拟结果以及二者的差值分别再次取平均值，得到该实验分段的现场爆破块度的整体平均结果、爆破块度模拟预测平均结果以及二者的平均差值，从结果中不难看出经由多组实验数据相互印证后得到的平均差值较单一进路而言更小，说明该软件的爆破块度模拟预测结果在整体上来看是具有一定参考价值的。值得注意的是，六条进路的爆破实验和模拟均存在大块占比较高的情况，这足以说明该爆破方案存在一定的不合理性，参考图5显露出的问题，造成这一情况的原因可能是炮孔排距偏大导致临排炮孔间爆炸能量不足而引起的相邻炮孔间岩体爆破效果差，建议矿山适当缩短排距以改善爆破效果。
5　结论
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（1）Aegis软件能够基于设计者输入的爆破参数自动生成符合设计要求的炮孔布置形式，并能直观地呈现矿体在不同工况下的爆破效果，提高了爆破方案的设计效率，也为其合理性提供了一个有效的评判依据。
（2）模拟结果表明，相邻两排炮孔爆腔壁的位置关系与爆破效果存在直接的关联，爆腔壁相交时对应的爆破效果较好，相离则较差。案例中的临排炮孔爆腔壁呈相切的状态，介于二者之间，模拟得到的大块率偏高，对应的爆破效果一般，这是由于排距偏大导致的。
（3）工程实践表明，Aegis软件能够有效模拟爆破过程中能量的分布状态以及爆破块度的质量分布，结果准确、可信度高，能够为矿山的生产爆破提供技术支持。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52074602)
文献
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2024年第41卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.012
  • 接收时间：2023-03-17
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2024-06-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-03-17
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52074602)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52074602)
作者信息
    1.东北大学　深部金属矿山安全开采教育部重点实验室，沈阳　110819
    2.南京梅山冶金发展有限公司　矿业分公司，南京　210039
    3.天河道云（北京）科技有限公司，北京　100083

通讯作者:

徐帅（1981-），男，河南南阳人，博士、教授，博士研究生导师，主要从事难采矿床开采理论与深部岩体支护技术研究，（E-mail）。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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