Article(id=1241777702085132375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683129600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992475291, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717171200000, pubDateStr=2024-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992475291, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992475291, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992475291, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241777699996368955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992474792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992784144, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=232, endPage=237, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241777702353567842, articleId=1241777702085132375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Application of Liquid-Oxygen Phase Change Gas Expansion Technology in Tunnel Excavation, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Abstract: This study aims to address the challenge of rapid tunnel excavation without the use of explosive. A new oxygen expansion rock breaking technology suitable for general tunnel excavation such as cutting, expanding, auxiliary and peripheral holes is explored, researched, and summarized. The drilling and blasting parameters optimized for tunnel excavation are also provided in detail. The experimental study section consists of granite with a compressive strength ranging from 90 to 100 MPa, developed cleavage cracks, and average blastability. Through field tests and continuous improvement, an average cycle footage of 2.5 m per two-day cycle is achieved for a tunnel area of approximately 65 m2, meeting the requirements for rapid excavation when explosives cannot be used. The research demonstrates that the new gas expansion rock-breaking technology can effectively excavate tunnels in hard rock masses. It offers advantages such as safe operation, high efficiency in rock breaking, no involvement with civil explosives or dangerous chemicals used in explosive production, absence of explosion shock waves and low vibration amplitude. This technology provides a solution to situations where civil explosives are prohibited due to complex environmental conditions or slow progress using mechanical methods.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHU Zhen-hai (1956-), male, Huaian Ciry, Jiangsu Province, doctor, professor, engaged in the research of blasting engineering and gas blasting, (E-mail) .
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为了实现在不许可使用炸药爆破条件下的隧洞快速开挖施工,应用新型氧气膨胀破岩技术,成功探索、研究、总结出一套适用于一般隧洞开挖的掏槽、扩槽、辅助、周边孔气体膨胀破岩施工方法,详细给出了适用于隧道开挖的优化钻爆参数。隧洞穿越的山体为花岗岩,试验研究段属于Ⅳ~Ⅲ围岩,岩石的抗压强度为90~100 MPa,非常坚硬,解理裂隙比较发育,可爆性一般。采用现场试验研究方法,经过不断总结、改进、优化,对于面积约65 m2的隧洞,实现了2 d一个循环,平均循环进尺约2.5 m,基本满足在不能使用炸药爆破情况下一般隧洞快速开挖施工的要求。研究表明:新型气体膨胀破岩技术可以在坚硬岩体中进行隧洞开挖,具有操作安全、破岩效率高、不涉及民爆物品和易制爆危险化学品、不产生爆炸冲击波、振动幅值较低等优点,可有效地解决复杂环境下不许可使用民爆物品及使用机械法开挖进度慢的问题。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
朱振海(1956-),男,江苏淮安,博士、教授,从事爆破工程与气体爆破研究,(E-mail)
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方莹(1969-),男,湖北武汉市江汉区,大学学历、工程师,从事工程机械与气体爆破工作,(E-mail)

FANG Ying (1969-), male, Jianghan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, university degree, engineer, engaged in the research of construction machinery and gas blasting, (E-mail) .

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方莹(1969-),男,湖北武汉市江汉区,大学学历、工程师,从事工程机械与气体爆破工作,(E-mail)

FANG Ying (1969-), male, Jianghan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, university degree, engineer, engaged in the research of construction machinery and gas blasting, (E-mail) .

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方莹(1969-),男,湖北武汉市江汉区,大学学历、工程师,从事工程机械与气体爆破工作,(E-mail)

FANG Ying (1969-), male, Jianghan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, university degree, engineer, engaged in the research of construction machinery and gas blasting, (E-mail) .

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Metallurgical Industry Press, Beijing, 2022: 647-652., articleTitle=Research on key technology of new air energy expansion blasting, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241777705558016190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241777705574793408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, companyId=1241777705558016190, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Guangdong Hongkai Gas Energy Technology Co, Ltd, Shenzhen 518000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241777705587376322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, companyId=1241777705558016190, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=广东宏凯气能技术有限公司,深圳 518000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241777711010611630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic diagram of plane distribution of holes in cut area (unit: mm), figureFileSmall=zEvtSg1L/fF3GeSKB+DSXw==, figureFileBig=7HS6WmdjJoCg1otpJlt5bQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777711161606582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=CN, label=图1, caption=掏槽区炮孔平面分布示意图(单位:mm), figureFileSmall=zEvtSg1L/fF3GeSKB+DSXw==, figureFileBig=7HS6WmdjJoCg1otpJlt5bQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777711404876231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The real scene before rock cutting and blasting (the white one is the inflatable tube), figureFileSmall=zaSWypnd9c7axsWBfNJxYA==, figureFileBig=zjgGZIbKpuYl2DdDS0FR0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777711560065489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=CN, label=图2, caption=掏槽破岩起爆前的实景图(白色的是充气管), figureFileSmall=zaSWypnd9c7axsWBfNJxYA==, figureFileBig=zjgGZIbKpuYl2DdDS0FR0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777711669117401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Real scene after cutting and breaking rock, figureFileSmall=Iq6NFP2EVglH90ZyqmtxQw==, figureFileBig=ZPg+pdN0qpYJlPjMgW+oqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777713183261156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=CN, label=图3, caption=掏槽破岩后的实景图, figureFileSmall=Iq6NFP2EVglH90ZyqmtxQw==, figureFileBig=ZPg+pdN0qpYJlPjMgW+oqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777713309090285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Schematic diagram of plane distribution of auxiliary rock-breaking holes (unit: mm), figureFileSmall=HH5Y11xgjxrzKX7JPwaCbg==, figureFileBig=Vmd9k7ACjOK0JRjvFVd6cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777713422336506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=CN, label=图4, caption=辅助破岩炮孔平面分布示意图(单位:mm), figureFileSmall=HH5Y11xgjxrzKX7JPwaCbg==, figureFileBig=Vmd9k7ACjOK0JRjvFVd6cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777713527194116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Schematic diagram of the plane distribution of holes around the left side (unit: mm), figureFileSmall=HoZ5bdqXUqlNu7+v3WQbZA==, figureFileBig=W3Dmv7pZOZXCWw1Bs+gxsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777713623663116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=CN, label=图5, caption=左侧周边炮孔平面分布示意图(单位:mm), figureFileSmall=HoZ5bdqXUqlNu7+v3WQbZA==, figureFileBig=W3Dmv7pZOZXCWw1Bs+gxsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777713711743508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Photos of excavation effect after a cycle of rock breaking, figureFileSmall=5bdEdR+MvNqDm9Rz+0QIMA==, figureFileBig=PaiUtod8e4l00xg7ouEwLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777713824989725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=CN, label=图6, caption=一个循环破岩后的掘进效果实景照片, figureFileSmall=5bdEdR+MvNqDm9Rz+0QIMA==, figureFileBig=PaiUtod8e4l00xg7ouEwLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241777713938235941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Values of cutting rock-breaking cracking pipe and blocking length

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型炮孔数量/个炮孔长度/m致裂管长度/m堵塞长度/m总充气量/L
内排斜孔a83.52.21.370.4
外排斜孔b83.11.81.357.6
中心孔c43.52.21.335.2
加强孔d42.01.01.016.0
合计24   179.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241777714043093549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

掏槽破岩致裂管与堵塞长度一览表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型炮孔数量/个炮孔长度/m致裂管长度/m堵塞长度/m总充气量/L
内排斜孔a83.52.21.370.4
外排斜孔b83.11.81.357.6
中心孔c43.52.21.335.2
加强孔d42.01.01.016.0
合计24   179.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241777714139562546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Auxiliary rock-breaking cracking pipe and blocking length

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型炮孔数量/个炮孔长度/m致裂管长度/m堵塞长度/m总充气量/L
沿掏槽区边缘布置的炮孔203.52.21.3176.0
掏槽区槽底布置的炮孔62.01.01.024.0
合计    200.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241777714252808765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

辅助破岩致裂管与堵塞长度一览表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型炮孔数量/个炮孔长度/m致裂管长度/m堵塞长度/m总充气量/L
沿掏槽区边缘布置的炮孔203.52.21.3176.0
掏槽区槽底布置的炮孔62.01.01.024.0
合计    200.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241777714353472069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Rock-breaking and cracking tubes and blocking length in the left peripheral area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型炮孔数量/个炮孔长度/m致裂管长度/m堵塞长度/m总充气量/L
周边炮孔183.11.61.5115.2
增加辅助炮孔73.11.81.350.4
合计    165.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241777714466718288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702085132375, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

左侧周边破岩致裂管与堵塞长度一览表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型炮孔数量/个炮孔长度/m致裂管长度/m堵塞长度/m总充气量/L
周边炮孔183.11.61.5115.2
增加辅助炮孔73.11.81.350.4
合计    165.6
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液氧相变气体膨胀技术在隧洞开挖中的应用研究
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方莹 , 李国良 , 朱振海 , 刘杰 , 孔玉霞
爆破 | 安全与管理 2024,41(2): 232-237
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2024, 41(2): 232-237
液氧相变气体膨胀技术在隧洞开挖中的应用研究
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方莹 , 李国良, 朱振海 , 刘杰, 孔玉霞
作者信息
  • 广东宏凯气能技术有限公司,深圳 518000
  • 方莹(1969-),男,湖北武汉市江汉区,大学学历、工程师,从事工程机械与气体爆破工作,(E-mail)

    FANG Ying (1969-), male, Jianghan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, university degree, engineer, engaged in the research of construction machinery and gas blasting, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

朱振海(1956-),男,江苏淮安,博士、教授,从事爆破工程与气体爆破研究,(E-mail)
Application of Liquid-Oxygen Phase Change Gas Expansion Technology in Tunnel Excavation
Ying FANG , Guo-liang LI, Zhen-hai ZHU , Jie LIU, Yu-xia KONG
Affiliations
  • Guangdong Hongkai Gas Energy Technology Co, Ltd, Shenzhen 518000, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.028
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为了实现在不许可使用炸药爆破条件下的隧洞快速开挖施工,应用新型氧气膨胀破岩技术,成功探索、研究、总结出一套适用于一般隧洞开挖的掏槽、扩槽、辅助、周边孔气体膨胀破岩施工方法,详细给出了适用于隧道开挖的优化钻爆参数。隧洞穿越的山体为花岗岩,试验研究段属于Ⅳ~Ⅲ围岩,岩石的抗压强度为90~100 MPa,非常坚硬,解理裂隙比较发育,可爆性一般。采用现场试验研究方法,经过不断总结、改进、优化,对于面积约65 m2的隧洞,实现了2 d一个循环,平均循环进尺约2.5 m,基本满足在不能使用炸药爆破情况下一般隧洞快速开挖施工的要求。研究表明:新型气体膨胀破岩技术可以在坚硬岩体中进行隧洞开挖,具有操作安全、破岩效率高、不涉及民爆物品和易制爆危险化学品、不产生爆炸冲击波、振动幅值较低等优点,可有效地解决复杂环境下不许可使用民爆物品及使用机械法开挖进度慢的问题。

气体膨胀  /  致裂管  /  孔内充气  /  液氧  /  隧洞掘进

Abstract: This study aims to address the challenge of rapid tunnel excavation without the use of explosive. A new oxygen expansion rock breaking technology suitable for general tunnel excavation such as cutting, expanding, auxiliary and peripheral holes is explored, researched, and summarized. The drilling and blasting parameters optimized for tunnel excavation are also provided in detail. The experimental study section consists of granite with a compressive strength ranging from 90 to 100 MPa, developed cleavage cracks, and average blastability. Through field tests and continuous improvement, an average cycle footage of 2.5 m per two-day cycle is achieved for a tunnel area of approximately 65 m2, meeting the requirements for rapid excavation when explosives cannot be used. The research demonstrates that the new gas expansion rock-breaking technology can effectively excavate tunnels in hard rock masses. It offers advantages such as safe operation, high efficiency in rock breaking, no involvement with civil explosives or dangerous chemicals used in explosive production, absence of explosion shock waves and low vibration amplitude. This technology provides a solution to situations where civil explosives are prohibited due to complex environmental conditions or slow progress using mechanical methods.

gas expansion  /  cracking tube  /  inflating in the hole  /  liquid oxygen  /  tunnel excavation
方莹, 李国良, 朱振海, 刘杰, 孔玉霞. 液氧相变气体膨胀技术在隧洞开挖中的应用研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (2) : 232 -237 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.028
Ying FANG, Guo-liang LI, Zhen-hai ZHU, Jie LIU, Yu-xia KONG. Application of Liquid-Oxygen Phase Change Gas Expansion Technology in Tunnel Excavation[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (2) : 232 -237 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.028
在隧洞(巷道)开挖工程中,目前主要采用炸药爆破方法施工。当环境复杂主管部门不许可使用民爆物品爆破施工时,只能采取机械法或者静态膨胀剂法破岩施工[1,2]。常用的机械法主要是铣头切削、液压炮锤、劈裂棒等。由于机械法和静态膨胀剂施工不但效率低而且成本高、员工劳动强度大,严重影响工程建设的施工进度。近几年先后出现了高压气体膨胀法[3,4]、二氧化碳气体膨胀法在破岩方面的应用[5-9],但是,高压气体膨胀法所使用的产气剂、二氧化碳膨胀法所使用的激发管都离不开易制爆危险化学品,因此,这两种方法的应用受到极大的限制。
为了解决不许可使用民爆物品情况下快速破岩问题,作者尝试将发明成果和新型气体膨胀破岩技术应用到隧洞开挖工程中[10-13],通过隧洞掘进几个循环的试验研究,成功探索出一套适用于一般隧洞开挖的掏槽、扩槽、辅助、周边气体膨胀破岩施工方法,并初步取得气体膨胀破岩的钻孔、充气、堵塞、点火、防护等相关技术参数与安全措施。
试验研究项目所在隧洞位于广东省沿海某城市,隧洞穿过的山体岩石为花岗岩。隧洞截面是城门型,拱顶圆弧角为120°,隧洞开挖宽度9.5 m,高度7.85 m。由于该隧洞洞口距离市政一级公路80.0 m,距离另一条高速公路87.0 m,根据当地主管部门的相关规定,洞口爆破位置距离保护目标不足200 m的进洞50 m后方可爆破,因此,该隧洞必须采用非炸药爆破方法掘进50 m以上,才能使用民爆物品。
承包施工单位先采用液压炮锤进行破岩,进尺不足10 m就碰到Ⅲ类围岩,十分坚硬,进洞还不到20 m,炮机打不动了。施工单位又调入一套液压劈裂设备,采用密集钻孔配合液压劈裂。液压劈裂作业虽然有进尺但进度非常慢,一周下来进尺不足1 m,不能满足隧洞开挖的施工进度。
新型气体膨胀破岩设备主要由杜瓦罐、智能充装机、柔性致裂管组成。杜瓦罐用于运输和现场存放液态氧气。智能充装机用于自动调节充入柔性致裂管中的液氧数量和流速。柔性致裂管主要由塑料外套管、可燃介质、充液管、排气管和点火桥丝(电阻片)组成[14]。塑料外套管主要作用是存放可燃介质和临时储存液氧,充液管是专用铝管,排气管是专用塑料管,其作用是使致裂管内压力保持在常压状态,点火桥丝在电流作用下点燃可燃介质。气体膨胀破岩机理与过程描述如下:
(1)先把柔性致裂管放入炮孔并堵塞好,再使用“智能充装机”把液氧充入柔性致裂管中,用起爆器提供高压脉冲电能使点火桥丝汽化点燃吸收了液氧的可燃介质,在液氧的助燃作用下可燃介质剧烈燃烧、爆燃,炮孔内温度和压力迅速上升,燃烧产生的热量使其他没有参与燃烧的液氧发生相变,由液态变成气态,液氧体积膨胀800多倍(理论上),在炮孔内产生高压气体。
(2)高压气体作用在孔壁上,使岩体内产生大量裂缝,高压气体随后进入裂缝产生“气锲”效应,使裂缝进一步扩展,最后,在气体膨胀力作用下,使破裂的岩石向外移动,达到破岩效果。
在隧道掘进施工中,不管是使用民爆物品的爆破掘进,还是采用气体膨胀破岩技术进行掘进施工,都需要先进行掏槽以创造临空面,随后再实施后续的辅助孔、周边孔爆破作业。对于使用民爆物品进行隧道爆破掘进,由于采用延期雷管起爆,因此起爆网路可以设计成一次点火分段起爆的方式,完成一个循环的全断面掘进。
气体膨胀破岩技术的点火装置是一个没有延时功能的点火桥丝,不能实现一次点火分段膨胀破岩。加之气体膨胀的能量比炸药爆炸小得多,因此也不能多排同时点火起爆。在露天台阶气体膨胀破岩实践中,在有自由面的情况下,一次点火一般起爆2~3排炮孔。此外,目前受起爆器点火能量的限制,一次点火的电阻片不能超过100个。每个气体膨胀致裂管中一般需要放置2~3个电阻片,因此,一般要控制每次点火的炮孔数量不超过30个。
鉴于目前技术条件的限制,需要把隧洞的一个断面掘进分成多次破岩来实施。一般先进行掏槽破岩,自由面创造出来后再进行辅助破岩,辅助破岩完成后再进行周边破岩,相应的炮孔也要分次钻孔。如果隧洞的断面比较大,辅助破岩区面积也会比较大,如果30个炮孔解决不了,就要进行两次辅助破岩作业。对于掏槽破岩,如果希望一个循环取得比较大的进尺,第一次掏槽深度不够时,往往需要进行第二次掏槽,也叫扩槽。
本研究的隧洞开挖截面积约65 m2,希望一次进尺2~3 m。因此,把一个断面分4次进行气体膨胀破岩作业。分别进行掏槽破岩、辅助破岩、周边破岩(左右各1次)。在每次破岩作业中,分别进行钻孔、安装致裂管、炮孔填塞、充气、防护、警戒、点火的重复作业。下面分别介绍一个循环4次破岩作业的钻爆参数设计。
设计掏槽深度2.50 m,炮孔深度3.00 m,超深0.50 m。
(1)掏槽形式:楔形掏槽。
(2)炮孔设计:根据现有致裂管结构的特点,设计炮孔直径90 mm,掏槽孔共24个,分为4种7排,掏槽孔布置见图1所示。
①中心炮孔:中心孔一排,4个炮孔,孔长3.50 m,炮孔与隧洞进尺方向平行、向下倾斜15°。
②内排斜孔:内排斜孔位于中心孔两侧,左右各1排,每排4个炮孔,对称于中心线,孔长3.50 m,炮孔与隧洞断面的水平夹角为60°,向下15°。
③外排斜孔:外排斜孔位于内排斜孔外侧,2排共8个炮孔,对称于中心线,孔长3.10 m,炮孔与隧洞断面的水平夹角为75°,向下15°。
④加强破碎孔:为了加强掏槽中心部位破岩效果,在中心孔两侧共布置4个加强破碎孔,2排,每排2个,对称于中心孔,与内排斜孔a呈梅花型布置,距中心线0.85m,孔长2.0 m,炮孔向下倾斜15°。
(3)孔距、排距设计:炮孔间距取10倍炮孔直径,即0.90 m,排距与孔距相同,为0.90 m。
(4)掏槽区破岩体积:口部面积5.9×2.7=15.9 m2,底部面积4.3×2.7=11.6 m2,掏槽区体积为27.6×3/2=41.4 m3
(5)致裂管与堵塞长度设计
设计柔性致裂管长度时需要兼顾两方面因素,一是保证堵塞长度不小于1 m,二是在炮孔长度的55%~70%的范围内,实际取值见表1
为了确保把致裂管推入炮孔的过程中不被炮孔壁上石屑磨擦损坏,致裂管外套采用双层结构。
由于炮孔内有水,所以,堵塞材料采用速凝砂浆,用喷浆机把砂浆灌入炮孔,灌满后用纤维物品堵住孔口,防止砂浆流出。
(6)充气量设计
充气量根据致裂管的最大容量计算。本项目中采用的致裂管外径为80 mm(炮孔直径90 mm),单位长度容积为5.0 L/m。由于致裂管中预先装满可燃介质,根据试验数据,仅能充入80%的液氧,因此,每米长致裂管可以充入的液氧量约为4 L(去掉尾数)。各炮孔的充气量见表1所示,掏槽破岩总充气量为179.2 L。
(7)起爆网路设计
起爆网路为串联电路,每个炮孔中使用2个电阻片,一共使用了48个电阻片,满足起爆器的点火能力。每个致裂管中的2个电阻片采用串联方式连接。
(8)掏槽破岩效果
点火后24个炮孔全部起爆,掏出槽的可见深度2.1 m,槽底宽度约4.3 m,高度约3.5 m。掏槽区内2.1 m深范围内的岩石被膨胀气体破碎并推出20多米远。由于岩石的夹制作用,槽底约有1.0 m深的岩石没有掏出来,仅产生了纵横交错的裂缝。由于隧洞门口设置了坚固的拦石栅栏,因此,没有石块飞出隧洞口,气体把洞口的拦石栅栏向外推移了0.5 m。掏槽破岩前后的实景图如图2图3所示。
按炮孔深度3.0 m计算,掏槽成功率为70%;按设计掏槽深度2.5 m计算,掏槽成功率为84%。
由于岩石的夹制作用,掏槽时炮孔虽然钻了3 m多深,但是,爆破后掏槽区中心的可见深度只有2.1 m,还没有达到深度2.5 m的要求,因此,在进行辅助破岩时,需要对槽底进行适当处理。辅助破岩的炮孔布置和钻爆参数设计如下:
(1)炮孔布置:沿着掏槽区的边沿布置一圈炮孔,共20个;在掏槽区内(槽底)左右各布置3个炮孔,主要作用是配合辅助破岩孔处理残根,保证辅助破岩的效果。辅助破岩炮孔在隧洞断面上的分布如图4所示。
(2)钻爆参数:
①沿着掏槽区边缘布置的炮孔:最小抵抗线(孔口距掏槽区边缘)0.8 m,孔距1.2 m,孔长3.5 m,炮孔20个;炮孔向内、向下倾斜,炮孔与隧洞断面的水平夹角为75°,向下15°。
②掏槽区槽底的炮孔:6个炮孔,孔距0.9 m,孔长2.0 m,炮孔与隧洞中心线方向平行,向下15°。
(3)致裂管与堵塞长度设计
致裂管与堵塞长度设计结果见表2
(4)充气量设计
根据前面给出的设计原则,辅助破岩炮孔的充气量计算结果示于表2中,总充气量为120.0 L。
(5)点火网路设计
点火网路为串联电路,每个炮孔中使用了2个电阻片,一共使用52个电阻片,每个致裂管中的2个电阻片以串联方式连接。
(6)辅助破岩效果
辅助破岩点火后26个炮孔全部起爆,可见深度达到2.5 m,没有石块飞出隧洞口。
经过掏槽和辅助破岩后,在隧洞断面上已经形成长7.5 m、高4.5 m、深2.1~2.5 m的槽坑。现在需要对剩余的岩石进行破碎。由于受起爆能力的限制,需要把剩余的岩体分两次进行破碎,左边和右边各进行一次爆破。左侧周边炮孔分布如图5所示。
炮孔布置和钻爆参数设计如下:
(1)炮孔布置:沿着隧洞左边轮廓线布置1排炮孔,左边半轮廓线长度约15.8 m,共布置18个炮孔。除周边孔外,拱顶部位根据实际增加2排炮孔辅助破岩,其中一排4个炮孔,另一排3个炮孔,共25个炮孔。
(2)钻爆参数
①周边炮孔:底孔孔距0.8 m,边墙孔距1.0 m,拱顶孔距0.9 m,最小抵抗线都是1.0m,炮孔向外倾角为3°、向下15°,孔长3.1 m。
②拱顶增加的2排辅助炮孔:下排最小抵抗线0.9 m,后排排距0.8 m,孔距都是0.9 m,炮孔向下倾角15°,孔长3.1 m。数量7个。
(3)致裂管与堵塞长度设计
左侧周边破岩致裂管与堵塞长度设计结果见表3
(4)充气量设计
根据前面给出的设计原则,两种炮孔充气量的计算结果示于表3中。左侧周边破岩总充气量为165.6 L。
(5)点火网路设计
点火网路为串联电路,每个炮孔中安装2个电阻片,一共用了50个电阻片。
(6)掏槽破岩效果
左侧周边破岩区点火后25个炮孔全部起爆,可见深度大约2.5 m,气体把左边的岩石全部破碎并推出,没有石块飞出隧洞口。
右侧周边破岩区炮孔分布与左侧相同,钻爆参数也相同,不再细述。图6给出一个循环破岩后隧洞掘进的效果。
本掘进施工研究共进行了8个循环,共进尺19.7 m。本文给出的是其中一次循环掘进钻爆参数设计和效果。循环进尺大约2.5 m,爆破了4次,共消耗液氧710.4 L,破碎岩石约65.0×2.5=162.5 m3,折算单位耗气量为4.4 L/m3
开始用气体膨胀方法掘进隧洞时,完成一个循环约需要4 d,相当于一天钻孔、爆破一次。经过不断总结、改进,掌握了钻孔、清孔、装管、堵塞(包括调和砂浆配比)、充气、防护的工序衔接后,每天可以钻孔、爆破2次,最终实现2 d一个循环,平均循环进尺接近2.5 m。
通过上述研究与分析,可以得出以下几点认识:
(1)本研究是首次把液氧气体膨胀破岩技术应用到隧洞开挖工程中,为不许可使用民爆物品条件下实现隧洞快速掘进提供了一种新的安全的施工方法。
(2)该方法使用的器材、材料不涉及管制物品(如民爆物品、易制爆物品),使用操作安全性高,可降低公共安全管理风险,有广阔的推广应用前景。
(3)由于使用了作者发明的孔内充气技术,作业时,先把致裂管放入炮孔,堵塞好炮孔后再向致裂管中充入液氧,可燃介质在炮孔内静态状况下慢慢吸收液氧,没有机械撞击、摩擦、静电火花等安全风险,提高了隧洞掘进破岩作业的本质安全水平。
(4)由于这是国内外第一次采用液氧相变技术进行隧洞掘进工程应用研究,取得的数据还不够丰富,仅可供同行进一步研究和施工参考。
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2024年第41卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.028
  • 接收时间:2023-05-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-04
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    广东宏凯气能技术有限公司,深圳 518000

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朱振海(1956-),男,江苏淮安,博士、教授,从事爆破工程与气体爆破研究,(E-mail)
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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