Article(id=1241777702068355157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703865600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773992475286, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1717171200000, pubDateStr=2024-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773992475286, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773992475286, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992475286, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241777699996368955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773992474792, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992784144, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241778997575619517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241777699996368955, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=86, endPage=95, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241777702806552693, articleId=1241777702068355157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research on Application of Compound Wedge Cut in Large Section Tunnel Excavation, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The blasting effect of cut holes has a significant impact on the overall quality of blasting in large section tunnels. To address the challenges associated with difficult excavation and low utilization rate of blast holes, this study employs a fluid structure coupling algorithm based on ANSYS/LS-DYNA to compare and analyze the internal effective force and damage range between single wedge cut blasting and compound wedge cut blasting. The research findings confirm that compound wedge cut blasting yields better results compared to single wedge cut blasting, providing an explanation for this improved performance. The results indicate that in single wedge cutting, peak stress occurs at the bottom of the hole, gradually decreasing from the bottom to the stemming section before dropping sharply from the stemming section to the palm surface. In contrast, double wedge cutting exhibits higher peak stress values at the bottom of the first level cutting hole compared to single wedge cutting. The damage area cross-sections are found to be similar for both types of cutting models. However, in single wedge cutting models, rock from the blockage section to the palm face area remains unbroken and disconnected. Conversely, in compound wedge cutting models, there is complete connectivity throughout the entire groove cavity. Based on these numerical simulation results, an improved blasting scheme was implemented for a specific highway tunnel project. On-site experiments were conducted accordingly. Compound wedge cuts proved more effective in addressing issues such as low utilization rate of blast holes in large section tunnels and multiple large blocks after blasting.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHAO Ming-sheng (1982-), male, Ph. D, professor, engaged in research in blasting engineering and safety technology, (E-mail) .
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掏槽孔爆破效果对整个断面的爆破质量有着重要影响,为解决大断面隧道掘进困难,炮孔利用率低的问题,采用基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA的流固耦合算法对比研究单楔形掏槽与复式楔形掏槽的内部有效应力与损伤破坏范围,与现场实际爆破效果印证解释了复式楔形掏槽爆破效果优于单楔形掏槽的原因。研究结果表明:单楔形掏槽应力峰值出现在孔底处,随孔底至堵塞段应力峰值缓慢降低,堵塞段到掌子面应力峰值骤降。复式楔形掏槽应力峰值则出现在一级掏槽孔底位置,且其数值大小高于单楔形掏槽应力峰值。选取两种掏槽模型的损伤区域截面发现,两者的破碎面积接近,但单楔形掏槽模型的堵塞段至掌子面区域的岩石未能破碎贯通,复式楔形掏槽模型整个槽腔完全贯通。根据数值模拟结果改进了某公路隧道爆破方案并进行了现场试验,复式楔形掏槽能更好地解决大断面隧道爆破炮孔利用率低以及爆后大块多的问题。研究结果可为相关隧道掏槽孔布设方案提供选择和参考。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
赵明生(1982-),男,博士、教授,从事爆破工程及安全技术方面研究,(E-mail)
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钱至桥(1993-),男,硕士研究生,从事工程爆破方面研究,(E-mail)

QIAN Zhi-qiao (1993-), male, master degree, mainly engaged in research on engineering blasting, (E-mail) .

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钱至桥(1993-),男,硕士研究生,从事工程爆破方面研究,(E-mail)

QIAN Zhi-qiao (1993-), male, master degree, mainly engaged in research on engineering blasting, (E-mail) .

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钱至桥(1993-),男,硕士研究生,从事工程爆破方面研究,(E-mail)

QIAN Zhi-qiao (1993-), male, master degree, mainly engaged in research on engineering blasting, (E-mail) .

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Parameters of HJC constitutive model of rock

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ρ/(kg·m-3 G/GPa fc/MPa A B C N Smax T/MPa Pc/MPa
2 4006.531200.711.250.0070.6174.020.2
μc P1/GPa μ1 k1/GPa K2/GPa K3/GPa D1 D2 EPS0 FS
0.00171.20.182-1712080.041.012.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728349864212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702068355157, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩石HJC本构模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg·m-3 G/GPa fc/MPa A B C N Smax T/MPa Pc/MPa
2 4006.531200.711.250.0070.6174.020.2
μc P1/GPa μ1 k1/GPa K2/GPa K3/GPa D1 D2 EPS0 FS
0.00171.20.182-1712080.041.012.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728454721816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702068355157, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Optimized blasting parameters

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炮孔名称时间/ms延期眼数倾角/°炮孔深度/m单孔药量/kg
一级掏槽06751.51.0
二级掏槽258753.51.8
辅助眼50~15069903.21.6
周边眼175~20038953.21.3
底眼22511953.22.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728559579421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702068355157, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

优化后爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔名称时间/ms延期眼数倾角/°炮孔深度/m单孔药量/kg
一级掏槽06751.51.0
二级掏槽258753.51.8
辅助眼50~15069903.21.6
周边眼175~20038953.21.3
底眼22511953.22.4
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728668631331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702068355157, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Main blasting conditions and technical and economic indicators of the new and original schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案掏槽药量/kg平均爆破进尺/m炮眼利用率/%每循环消耗炸药量/kg大块情况
20.42.982.8206.6
22.43.291.4208.6较多
), ArticleFig(id=1241777728756711718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241777702068355157, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

新旧方案主要爆破条件和技术经济指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案掏槽药量/kg平均爆破进尺/m炮眼利用率/%每循环消耗炸药量/kg大块情况
20.42.982.8206.6
22.43.291.4208.6较多
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复式楔形掏槽在大断面隧道掘进中的应用研究
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钱至桥 1, 2 , 赵明生 1, 3 , 池恩安 1, 4 , 王振毅 2 , 崔未伟 2 , 吴永祥 5
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024,41(2): 86-95
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024, 41(2): 86-95
复式楔形掏槽在大断面隧道掘进中的应用研究
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钱至桥1, 2 , 赵明生1, 3 , 池恩安1, 4, 王振毅2, 崔未伟2, 吴永祥5
作者信息
  • 1.贵州大学 矿业学院,贵阳 550025
  • 2.浙江省高能爆破工程有限公司,杭州 310012
  • 3.保利久联控股集团有限责任公司,贵阳 550001
  • 4.保利特能工程有限公司,贵阳 550001
  • 5.瓮福(集团)有限责任公司,贵阳 550002
  • 钱至桥(1993-),男,硕士研究生,从事工程爆破方面研究,(E-mail)

    QIAN Zhi-qiao (1993-), male, master degree, mainly engaged in research on engineering blasting, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

赵明生(1982-),男,博士、教授,从事爆破工程及安全技术方面研究,(E-mail)
Research on Application of Compound Wedge Cut in Large Section Tunnel Excavation
Zhi-qiao QIAN1, 2 , Ming-sheng ZHAO1, 3 , En-an CHI1, 4, Zhen-yi WANG2, Wei-wei CUI2, Yong-xiang WU5
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Mining, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2.Zhejiang Gaoneng Blasting Engineering Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 3.Baoli Jiulian Holdings Group Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550001, China
  • 4.Baoli Teneng Engineering Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550001, China
  • 5.Wengfu (Group) Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550002, China
出版时间: 2024-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.011
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掏槽孔爆破效果对整个断面的爆破质量有着重要影响,为解决大断面隧道掘进困难,炮孔利用率低的问题,采用基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA的流固耦合算法对比研究单楔形掏槽与复式楔形掏槽的内部有效应力与损伤破坏范围,与现场实际爆破效果印证解释了复式楔形掏槽爆破效果优于单楔形掏槽的原因。研究结果表明:单楔形掏槽应力峰值出现在孔底处,随孔底至堵塞段应力峰值缓慢降低,堵塞段到掌子面应力峰值骤降。复式楔形掏槽应力峰值则出现在一级掏槽孔底位置,且其数值大小高于单楔形掏槽应力峰值。选取两种掏槽模型的损伤区域截面发现,两者的破碎面积接近,但单楔形掏槽模型的堵塞段至掌子面区域的岩石未能破碎贯通,复式楔形掏槽模型整个槽腔完全贯通。根据数值模拟结果改进了某公路隧道爆破方案并进行了现场试验,复式楔形掏槽能更好地解决大断面隧道爆破炮孔利用率低以及爆后大块多的问题。研究结果可为相关隧道掏槽孔布设方案提供选择和参考。

隧道掘进  /  复式掏槽  /  爆破参数  /  数值模拟  /  峰值应力

The blasting effect of cut holes has a significant impact on the overall quality of blasting in large section tunnels. To address the challenges associated with difficult excavation and low utilization rate of blast holes, this study employs a fluid structure coupling algorithm based on ANSYS/LS-DYNA to compare and analyze the internal effective force and damage range between single wedge cut blasting and compound wedge cut blasting. The research findings confirm that compound wedge cut blasting yields better results compared to single wedge cut blasting, providing an explanation for this improved performance. The results indicate that in single wedge cutting, peak stress occurs at the bottom of the hole, gradually decreasing from the bottom to the stemming section before dropping sharply from the stemming section to the palm surface. In contrast, double wedge cutting exhibits higher peak stress values at the bottom of the first level cutting hole compared to single wedge cutting. The damage area cross-sections are found to be similar for both types of cutting models. However, in single wedge cutting models, rock from the blockage section to the palm face area remains unbroken and disconnected. Conversely, in compound wedge cutting models, there is complete connectivity throughout the entire groove cavity. Based on these numerical simulation results, an improved blasting scheme was implemented for a specific highway tunnel project. On-site experiments were conducted accordingly. Compound wedge cuts proved more effective in addressing issues such as low utilization rate of blast holes in large section tunnels and multiple large blocks after blasting.

tunnel excavation  /  double wedge cut  /  blasting parameters  /  numerical simulation  /  peak stress
钱至桥, 赵明生, 池恩安, 王振毅, 崔未伟, 吴永祥. 复式楔形掏槽在大断面隧道掘进中的应用研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (2) : 86 -95 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.011
Zhi-qiao QIAN, Ming-sheng ZHAO, En-an CHI, Zhen-yi WANG, Wei-wei CUI, Yong-xiang WU. Research on Application of Compound Wedge Cut in Large Section Tunnel Excavation[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (2) : 86 -95 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.011
爆破开挖以高效率低成本的优点广泛应用于各种工程中,特别是隧道的开挖掘进仍以钻爆法作为主要手段[1]。在大断面隧道掘进中常用楔形掏槽的布孔方式,且掏槽孔爆破效果的好坏是隧道钻爆开挖成败的关键[2]。故选择合适的掏槽布孔方式对于提高隧道掘进效率以及缓解采掘矛盾至关重要。
关于楔形掏槽爆破的研究,熊海明利用灰色层次分析法得出影响掏槽爆破效果的几个关键因素[3],其中掏槽孔角度对掏槽爆破效果影响显著。袁文华基于模型试验开展了微差时间对楔形掏槽爆破效果的影响分析[4]。姜锐及Yang等通过模型试验系统研究了掏槽孔角度对于爆破效果的影响[5,6],得出掏槽角度在70°左右为宜的结论。而单楔形掏槽在面对大断面隧道中深孔时易出现炮孔利用率低、爆破效果差的问题。近年来,张召冉等研发出“多阶段”掏槽爆破技术[7],通过改变炸药能力释放顺序克服了深孔掏槽爆破效果差的难题。杨仁树等指出“准楔形掏槽复式+超深孔”、“二阶二段”两种复式楔形掏槽爆破是解决井巷“采掘失衡”的重要手段[8]。张万志等针对某隧道掌子面平整度差、爆堆出现大块的问题[9],在原掏槽孔基础上增加了4对辅助掏槽孔,在总药量减少的情况下取得了良好的隧道掘进效果。王雁冰等采用了基于数码电子雷管的准楔形复式掏槽技术[10],在合理确定段间延期爆破时间的基础上,显著提高了某煤矿巷道的循环进尺及炮孔利用率。数值模拟以高效可靠的优点成为研究各类爆炸与冲击问题的辅助手段,且已广泛应用于隧道掏槽爆破问题的解决中。杨国梁通过LS-DYNA数值模拟软件研究了复式楔形掏槽[11],并用现场试验验证了该方法提高隧道掘进效率的可行性。张召冉等通过ANSYS建立了“二阶二段”掏槽爆破数值计算模型[12],从峰值应力角度解释了“二阶二段”掏槽爆破机制,得出同等药量下爆破效果优于单楔形掏槽的结论。Ding等人建立了几种常见掏槽布孔方式的流固耦合模型[13],通过数值模拟计算探讨了适合深部高地应力下的掏槽开挖方式。漆涛等提出一种“楔形掏槽+高能孔”的掏槽布置形式[14],在使用LS-DYNA数值模拟计算后用于现场试验,该方法能很好地解决掌子面“鼓肚”现象。王雁冰推导出深孔爆破中岩石抛掷所受阻力公式[15],并通过AUTODYN数值软件模拟得出不同掏槽孔超深值时孔内岩石抛掷速度规律。在有关掏槽爆破的数值模拟中,爆破区域内的有效应力及损伤范围一直是重点讨论的问题,而目前少有对掏槽爆破槽腔内部有效应力的分布规律及破坏损伤分布规律进行研究。故本文借助数值模拟的手段重点探讨了掏槽爆破孔底至掌子面整个区域内应力分布、损伤演化情况。
针对大断面隧道选择掏槽方式的问题,从理论上分析了单楔形掏槽和复式楔形掏槽的空腔形成机理。利用LS-DYNA对两种掏槽模型进行了数值模拟,揭示了不同模型的槽腔内部应力分布规律,通过查看损伤变量的方式探明了不同槽腔位置损伤破坏情况。最后在某高速公路开挖隧道进行了现场试验,研究现场应用效果可为类似隧道掘进工程掏槽方案选择提供理论依据及设计参考。
贵州乌当至长顺高速公路TJ-03标一号隧道掘进爆破工程位于修文县谷堡镇境内,全长2704 m,隧址区高程约为1160~1350 m,相对高差约190 m。隧道区域地貌属溶蚀构造,岩体节理裂隙发育,围岩以灰岩为主。
隧道采用上下台阶施工法,上台阶净高7.3 m,净宽12.5 m。爆破方案采用单楔形掏槽爆破,共8个掏槽孔。掏槽眼炮孔深度3.5 m,孔口距和孔底距分别为2 m和0.4 m,上下排掏槽孔排距0.5 m,其中掏槽孔为连续耦合装药,单孔装药量为2.8 kg。辅助孔、周边孔与底板孔炮孔深度为3.4 m,间距分别为0.7 m、0.5 m、0.7 m,设计每循环进尺3 m。经多次现场数据统计发现炮孔利用率在80%左右,且现场爆破大块现象尤其严重,严重制约施工进度。见图1
基于上述爆破效果较差的实际问题,拟采用复式楔形掏槽方案。建立复式楔形掏槽爆破力学模型如图2所示。绿色部分为一级掏槽体,其中abeαH1/sin α分别为排距、孔口距、孔底距、掏槽倾斜角度及一级掏槽孔长度。外围二级掏槽体参数如下:孔口距x、孔底距y、二级掏槽倾斜角度β及二级炮孔深度H2/sin β
首先以C1C2C3C4-D1D2D3D4六面体为受力分析对象,研究单楔形槽腔形成机理。根据戴俊、Cheng等人的研究[16,17],楔形体受爆炸作用脱离掌子面时,会受到来自C1C2D2D1C3C4D4D3C1C3D3D1C2C4D4D2四个面的抗剪阻力、B1B3B4B6的抗拉阻力及摩擦阻力三部分阻力。
根据莫尔-库仑屈服准则[18],四个面的抗剪阻力可计算为
则总抗剪阻力为
根据最大拉应力准则可计算孔底的抗拉力
楔形掏槽体与岩壁之间的摩擦阻力可表示为
式中:cφσt分别为岩石的粘结力、内摩擦角与抗拉强度;σ1σ2垂直应力和水平应力;Ln为堵塞长度;λ为摩擦系数;vG分别为掏槽区域岩石的速度和重量;R为槽腔等效直径。
掏槽岩体抛掷出掌子面的能量来源于炸药,炸药爆轰后施加在岩体上的作用力F0
式中:P0为爆轰压力;K为径向不耦合系数;ω为绝热指数,取3;Lc为炸药直径;db为掏槽孔长度。
掏槽孔与自由面之间存在一定角度且岩体抛掷方向大致垂直于自由面,该方向分量F1
当掏槽区域的掏槽孔数量为6个时,槽腔形成的能力为
故当槽腔形成的能力大于阻力时,掏槽区域岩体可以顺利抛出
对于复式楔形掏槽而言,其一级掏槽孔深度通常在二级掏槽孔一半左右,孔深较浅故槽腔内岩体在爆轰气体作用下易排出。由式(5)假设一级掏槽爆破区域内岩石重量G′都被排出,则二级掏槽爆破槽腔形成过程中岩体与岩壁之间的摩擦阻力则可表示为
为研究不同掏槽孔布设形式对爆破掌子面爆破效果的影响,根据现场隧道实际断面情况,共设计单楔形掏槽及复式楔形掏槽两组数值计算模型[19]。使用ANSYS有限元软件建立模型,隧道断面尺寸如图3所示,单楔形掏槽孔深3.1 m,装药量2.3 kg,排距0.5 m,孔底距0.4 m。复式楔形掏槽一级掏槽孔深1.55 m,装药量0.85 kg,排距0.5 m,孔底距0.2 m。二级掏槽孔深3.1 m,装药量1.55 kg,排距0.5 m,孔底距0.4 m。一级掏槽孔与二级掏槽孔之间延期时间设置为1 ms。其中掏槽孔直径为42 mm,掏槽角度均为75°。
模型计算使用ALE流固耦合算法,其由两部分组成,即固体域岩石和流体域空气、炸药、堵塞物3种材料,其中空气部分网格与岩石部分网格完全重合。单元类型使用3D SOLID 164,整体模型使用映射网格划分,同时对炮孔周围网格进行了加密处理。
数值模拟中的岩石材料模型采用HJC本构模型。此模型包含状态方程、屈服面方程以及损伤演化方程三部分。隧道岩性以灰岩为主,部分参数取值参考文献[20]。见表1
表中:Smax为材料所能达到的最大标准化强度;Pcμc分别对应单轴压缩岩样的压碎体积压力和压碎体积应变;P1μl分别为压实压力和压实体积应变;T为岩样最大拉伸应力;D1D2为损伤常数;EFMIN为材料最小塑性应变,取0.01;剩余两个参数为参考应变率EPS0和失效类型fs
状态方程表示岩石材料由弹性到过渡阶段再到塑性变形阶段的过程,用三次多项式(11)表示
式中:K1K2K3为常数;为修正后体积应变。
HJC屈服面的方程如式(12)
式中:σ*为标准化等效应力;p*为标准化静水压力;ε*为无量纲应变率;ABCN分别表示标准化内聚力强度、标准化压力硬化系数、应变率系数、压力硬化系数。
损伤变量D由式(13)表示,D由等效塑性应变Δεp和塑性体积应变Δμp累加得到。
式中:()表示常压下岩石断裂时的塑性应变。
炸药选择*MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN关键字,同时采用关键字*EOS_JWL来描述炸药爆轰过程中压力、体积和能量之间的关系,见式(14)。空气网格部分使用关键字*MAT_NULL描述。并使用*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL来描述空气的状态方程,见表达式(15)。堵塞材料采用*MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM关键字对堵塞材料进行描述,其能很好地处理爆破荷载下空气与炮泥耦合的问题。
式中:P为爆轰产物压力;ABR1R2ω均为材料参数;E0为初始内能;V为体积。
式中:C0~C6为各多项式系数;μ为体积比;E为内能与初始体积比。
图4为隧道不同掏槽爆破有效应力等值线传播示意图。图4(a)在炸药引爆后有效应力以圆形波阵面从炮孔底部向四周扩散,至180 μs左右达到应力峰值,数值大小为140 MPa左右。随后波阵面向掌子面方向传播,至280 μs左右传播至掌子面。由于掌子面为自由面,有效应力达到掌子面后产生反射拉伸波与有效应力交汇形成了复杂的波阵面,同时总体上有效应力数值大幅下降。由图4(b)可知此时最大有效应力在160 MPa左右,略高于单楔形掏槽爆破所产生的应力峰值。至500 μs时二级掏槽孔由孔底起爆,至800 μs时两处炮孔产生的等效应力波相交。
图5为掏槽孔内部数据点提取位置示意图,为探明掏槽爆破中心位置区域内应力数值大小及随时间变化规律,在孔底至掌子面的岩石单元布设6个测量点。其中A点布设在掏槽孔连线中心孔底处,F点布设在掏槽孔连线中心距孔底2.5 m处,每个测点间隔为0.5 m。
图6单楔形掏槽爆破应力时程曲线可以看出,最大应力峰值为141 MPa出现在孔底周围附近,至测点E处应力峰值为82.8 MPa,应力峰值大小呈缓慢降低趋势。而至测点F处应力峰值的大小呈“断崖”式下降,测点F的应力峰值为40 MPa左右,未能使堵塞区域段的岩石发生破坏。
对比图7复式楔形掏槽爆破应力时程曲线可以发现两者内在应力分布规律的差异,复式楔形掏槽的峰值应力最大处出现在一级掏槽孔底与二级掏槽交界处,且其应力峰值为167 MPa大于单楔形掏槽的应力峰值,而二级掏槽孔的孔底应力峰值150 MPa,与单楔形掏槽孔底应力峰值大小接近。
图8两种掏槽模型的应力峰值大小对比可以直观发现,从离掏槽孔底1 m处至掌子面内的范围,复式楔形掏槽的应力峰值大小与单楔形掏槽相近。但由于复式掏槽布设了一级掏槽孔,从D点至堵塞段其峰值应力都显著高于单楔形掏槽。同时,在实际爆破过程由于爆生气体的作用,复式掏槽中先起爆岩石与后起爆岩石间会发生相互撞击,故相较单楔形掏槽来说复式掏槽掌子面区域岩石往往更易破碎。
为更直观对比不同掏槽模型损伤贯通程度,给出两种掏槽爆破模型的不同位置处的切片损伤示意图,其中z=0即代表孔底位置,每个切片间隔为0.5 m。图中颜色不同代表岩石破坏情况不同,红色区域代表岩石完全破坏,而蓝色代表岩石未发生破坏,当损伤值D>0.19时,认为岩石达到破坏的最低标准[21]图9(a)~(f)为单楔形掏槽爆破不同位置损伤云图,由图9(a)孔底处损伤程度可知炮孔垂直连线处破坏情况最为严重,炮孔斜对角线区域内的岩石破坏程度稍弱。随切片位置由孔底往孔口方向移动,图9(b)~(d)掏槽孔内部区域损伤情况类似,每排炮孔间的岩石都完全贯通,而孔间岩石的损伤程度低于孔底处岩石,但总体上掏槽孔内区域岩石已达到破碎贯通。图9(e)可见整个掏槽区域内只有炮孔周围附近的岩石损伤比较严重,而炮孔间区域的岩石损伤程度明显降低,大部分区域未达到岩石破坏的最低标准。图9(f)则可看出损伤程度最低,排间炮孔也未达到贯通。由以上模型损伤分析可知自距掌子面1 m处至掌子面的区域是大块最易产生的区域。
图10(a)~(f)为复式楔形掏槽爆破不同位置损伤云图,其中图10(a)~(c)损伤情况与单楔形掏槽爆破类似,掏槽孔区域内岩石完全破碎贯通。图10(d)为一级掏槽孔底与二级掏槽交界处,由图可知其损伤程度为整个掏槽区域内最严重位置。随着切片位置往掌子面方向移动,图10(e)一级掏槽孔内部岩石贯通,一级掏槽孔与二级掏槽孔区域内的岩石也基本贯通。图10(f)在一级掏槽孔的排间与孔间连线处岩石贯通。由数值模型计算结果可看出二级掏槽孔的布置形式能够保证掌子面堵塞段区域内岩石的贯通,从而保证了掏槽破碎的效果,为后续辅助孔起爆提供良好的自由面条件。
利用Lsprepost后处理软件隐藏各截面损伤D大于0.19的部分,再将其导入CAD软件中绘制各截面的破坏边界,通过List查询命令得到每一个截面的破碎面积。后将两种掏槽模型的破碎面积随切片距离变化的关系绘制如图11所示。可以看出,两种掏槽模型破碎区域变化的趋势为,从孔底开始逐渐增长,至槽腔中部时破坏面积在小幅度浮动,后至堵塞段破碎面积急剧下降。且两种模型破碎面积接近无较大差异,不同的是单楔形掏槽模型在离掌子面1 m处时的截面都未能有效贯通。
由原爆破方案结合数值模拟分析的结果可知单楔形的掏槽方式致使掌子面未贯通为造成炮孔利用率低的原因,对现场布设掏槽孔方式进行调整,炮孔布设参数如表2,掌子面炮孔分10组起爆,组间延期时间为25 ms。现场钻孔示意图如图12所示。
图13为爆破方案优化前的爆后效果图,如图可见岩石块度大小不均匀且以大块居多,结合上述数值模拟结果分析:由于单楔形掏槽堵塞段至掌子面的有效应力低于岩石破碎强度,导致堵塞段岩石未能有效破碎而难以抛离掌子面,同时未能为后续辅助孔爆破及时提供自由面及补偿空间,故导致整个隧道断面爆破效果差、炮孔利用率低,从而减慢了施工进度。
图14为优化后的爆后效果,图中明显无大块且块度均匀。由上3.3节中岩石内部损伤分析结果,复式楔形掏槽的整个槽腔内部基本破碎贯通,掏槽区域良好的爆破效果为后续辅助孔爆破创造了条件。
采用Split-Desk 4.0软件分析爆堆块度分布,对具有代表性的不同掏槽方案爆堆图案进行块度分析,图像处理结果如图15所示。由图15可以看出单楔形掏槽方案碎石粒径分布主要集中在5~38 cm,其中粒径大于38 cm的碎石占比约19%。而复式楔形掏槽碎石粒径在5~15 cm的占比约为75%,且无粒径大于38 cm的碎石。
方案优化前后的隧道主要爆破条件和技术经济指标对比见表3,隧道设计每循环进尺3.5 m。由表可见在复式楔形掏槽在减少掏槽孔药量的情况下有效提高了炮孔利用率及爆破进尺,同时有效控制了大块的产生。
使用有限元LS-DYNA数值模拟软件研究了单楔形掏槽与复式楔形掏槽爆破的内部应力与损伤规律,并基于数值模拟结果进行了现场深孔掏槽方案优化,取得了如下结论:
(1)随掏槽孔中心区域的有效应力测点从掏槽孔底移动至掌子面过程中,单楔形掏槽应力峰值呈缓慢下降趋势,至堵塞段时应力峰值骤减。复式楔形掏槽的最大应力峰值出现在一级掏槽孔底,从孔底至掌子面槽腔内的有效应力呈先增长后下降规律。
(2)由不同位置切片损伤云图得出,单楔形掏槽中堵塞段是损伤程度最低的位置,未能使掏槽区域内的岩石有效破碎贯通。复式楔形掏槽可保证整个掏槽区域内的良好破碎效果。
(3)基于数值模拟的结果进行了现场试验,说明利用基于流固耦合算法的LS-DYNA数值模拟手段解决掏槽爆破中的问题是可行的,合理选择岩石本构参数的条件下,能够得到掏槽区域正确的爆破损伤范围。
(4)相较于单楔形掏槽爆破,复式楔形掏槽的方式能有效解决中深孔掏槽爆破中岩石破碎不充分,掘进效率低的问题,试验结果可为类似隧道爆破掘进提供参考选择依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52064003)
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2024年第41卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.02.011
  • 接收时间:2023-12-30
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-30
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52064003)
国家自然科学基金(52064003)
作者信息
    1.贵州大学 矿业学院,贵阳 550025
    2.浙江省高能爆破工程有限公司,杭州 310012
    3.保利久联控股集团有限责任公司,贵阳 550001
    4.保利特能工程有限公司,贵阳 550001
    5.瓮福(集团)有限责任公司,贵阳 550002

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赵明生(1982-),男,博士、教授,从事爆破工程及安全技术方面研究,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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