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An equal proportion separated common node model was established by ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element software to simulate the collapse process of a frame structure with a small height-width ratio demolished by blasting, and the stress characteristics of reinforced concrete columns of the structure were analyzed. It is found that the actual engineering and simulation results are highly consistent in terms of collapse time, collapse process and blast muck pile range, which shows that the numerical simulation is reliable. Additionally, during the collapse process, the plastic hinge was generated at the beam-column joints after each row of columns reached the section resistance moment, and the upper structure rotated with the plastic hinge as the fixed axis. There was a backward reaction force on the rear column, which resulted in an obvious recoiling in the forward leaning process. In the early stage of collapse, the stress of the reinforcing bar and the concrete element is stressed together. The stress of the reinforcing bar element with its co-node suddenly changed after the failure of the concrete element, and then it continuously changed in the state of tension and compression until the collapse ended. The reinforced bar at the blasting cut has certain hindrances to the free fall of the upper structure.

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WANG Yan-ping (1997-), male, master degree, mainly engaged in research work of rock and soil mechanics and blasting safety technology, (E-mail) .
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为研究小高宽比框架结构爆破拆除的倒塌过程,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件建立分离式共节点模型,对其倒塌过程进行数值模拟研究,分析该结构钢筋混凝土柱的受力特点。通过对比实际工程与模拟结果,发现两者在倒塌时间、倒塌历程、爆堆范围等方面高度一致,由此可见数值模拟是可靠的。研究发现:在倒塌过程中,各排立柱达到截面抵抗弯矩后会在梁柱节点处产生塑性铰,上部结构以塑性铰作定轴转动,前倾过程中对后排立柱产生向后的反力,以致产生明显的后坐。倒塌前期钢筋与混凝土单元共同受力,混凝土单元失效后,与其共节点的钢筋单元应力发生突变,随后在拉压状态下不断变换,直至倒塌结束,爆破切口处的钢筋对上部结构的自由落体有一定的阻碍作用。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王燕萍(1997-),男,硕士生,主要从事岩土力学和爆破安全技术的科研工作,(E-mail)
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高文乐(1966-),男,教授、硕士,主要从事岩土力学和爆破安全技术的教学和科研工作,(E-mail)

GAO Wen-le (1966-), male, professor, master, mainly engaged in teaching and research work of rock and soil mechanics and blasting safety technology, (E-mail) .

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高文乐(1966-),男,教授、硕士,主要从事岩土力学和爆破安全技术的教学和科研工作,(E-mail)

GAO Wen-le (1966-), male, professor, master, mainly engaged in teaching and research work of rock and soil mechanics and blasting safety technology, (E-mail) .

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高文乐(1966-),男,教授、硕士,主要从事岩土力学和爆破安全技术的教学和科研工作,(E-mail)

GAO Wen-le (1966-), male, professor, master, mainly engaged in teaching and research work of rock and soil mechanics and blasting safety technology, (E-mail) .

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Close-range photogrammetry analysis of building-collapse (i)—movement of building during bl asting demolition[J]. Engineering Blasting, 2007(3): 8-13, 17. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769352261861563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769336059265506, language=CN, label=图12, caption=钢筋单元应力时程曲线, figureFileSmall=HpC5bwRZkqfzosixCYk9bw==, figureFileBig=yZZZ4q1N/i0SmbyFABlJtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769352366719168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769336059265506, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of materials

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名称密度/(kg·m-1弹性模量/GPa泊松比拉伸极限/MPa
钢筋78502100.30320
梁、柱2500350.185.8
3400350.185.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241769352458993858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769336059265506, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料物理力学参数

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名称密度/(kg·m-1弹性模量/GPa泊松比拉伸极限/MPa
钢筋78502100.30320
梁、柱2500350.185.8
3400350.185.6
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小高宽比框架结构爆破拆除数值模拟研究
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高文乐 1 , 王燕萍 1 , 李琛豪 1 , 张建伟 1 , 李赛江 2
爆破 | 拆除爆破 2024,41(1): 112-119
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爆破 | 拆除爆破 2024, 41(1): 112-119
小高宽比框架结构爆破拆除数值模拟研究
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高文乐1 , 王燕萍1 , 李琛豪1, 张建伟1, 李赛江2
作者信息
  • 1.山东科技大学 土木工程与建筑学院,青岛 266590
  • 2.中建八局第二建设有限公司,济南 250014
  • 高文乐(1966-),男,教授、硕士,主要从事岩土力学和爆破安全技术的教学和科研工作,(E-mail)

    GAO Wen-le (1966-), male, professor, master, mainly engaged in teaching and research work of rock and soil mechanics and blasting safety technology, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

王燕萍(1997-),男,硕士生,主要从事岩土力学和爆破安全技术的科研工作,(E-mail)
Study on Blasting Demolition of Frame Structure with Small Height-width Ratio by Numerical Simulation
Wen-le GAO1 , Yan-ping WANG1 , Chen-hao LI1, Jian-wei ZHANG1, Sai-jiang LI2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
  • 2.The Second Construction Limited Company of China Construction Eighth Engineering Division, Jinan 250014, China
出版时间: 2024-03-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.016
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为研究小高宽比框架结构爆破拆除的倒塌过程,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件建立分离式共节点模型,对其倒塌过程进行数值模拟研究,分析该结构钢筋混凝土柱的受力特点。通过对比实际工程与模拟结果,发现两者在倒塌时间、倒塌历程、爆堆范围等方面高度一致,由此可见数值模拟是可靠的。研究发现:在倒塌过程中,各排立柱达到截面抵抗弯矩后会在梁柱节点处产生塑性铰,上部结构以塑性铰作定轴转动,前倾过程中对后排立柱产生向后的反力,以致产生明显的后坐。倒塌前期钢筋与混凝土单元共同受力,混凝土单元失效后,与其共节点的钢筋单元应力发生突变,随后在拉压状态下不断变换,直至倒塌结束,爆破切口处的钢筋对上部结构的自由落体有一定的阻碍作用。

楼房爆破拆除  /  小高宽比  /  分离式共节点  /  数值模拟

An equal proportion separated common node model was established by ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element software to simulate the collapse process of a frame structure with a small height-width ratio demolished by blasting, and the stress characteristics of reinforced concrete columns of the structure were analyzed. It is found that the actual engineering and simulation results are highly consistent in terms of collapse time, collapse process and blast muck pile range, which shows that the numerical simulation is reliable. Additionally, during the collapse process, the plastic hinge was generated at the beam-column joints after each row of columns reached the section resistance moment, and the upper structure rotated with the plastic hinge as the fixed axis. There was a backward reaction force on the rear column, which resulted in an obvious recoiling in the forward leaning process. In the early stage of collapse, the stress of the reinforcing bar and the concrete element is stressed together. The stress of the reinforcing bar element with its co-node suddenly changed after the failure of the concrete element, and then it continuously changed in the state of tension and compression until the collapse ended. The reinforced bar at the blasting cut has certain hindrances to the free fall of the upper structure.

blasting demolition  /  small height-width ratio  /  separated joints  /  numerical simulation
高文乐, 王燕萍, 李琛豪, 张建伟, 李赛江. 小高宽比框架结构爆破拆除数值模拟研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (1) : 112 -119 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.016
Wen-le GAO, Yan-ping WANG, Chen-hao LI, Jian-wei ZHANG, Sai-jiang LI. Study on Blasting Demolition of Frame Structure with Small Height-width Ratio by Numerical Simulation[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (1) : 112 -119 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.016
随着国家城市用地变得越来越紧张,二十世纪中后期所建造的大部分建筑已经超过了建筑物的设计使用年限,难以满足建筑物安全生产的要求。为满足城市化建设的需求,高层、超高层建筑物的拆除工作仍然是建筑领域的难题[1,2]。许多学者对此展开了一系列的研究:李胜林等通过建立混凝土单榀结构模型进行数值模拟[3],得到了不同内爆方法的倒塌规律;高文乐等通过对建筑物非承重结构进行预拆除与试爆方法[4],确定了合理的爆破参数;费鸿禄等利用理论计算框架结构倒塌转角随时间的变化[5],发现最后一排立柱起爆时间要小于结构整体形成有效倾角的时间;叶海旺等利用高清摄像机拍摄楼房爆破拆除过程[6],结合数值模拟确定了爆破拆除的最佳延期时差;泮红星通过软件对结构顶层单元进行模拟计算[7],采用双切口单向折叠爆破拆除方法,确保了结构向预定方向精准倒塌;于明亮对框架结构倒塌过程中的力学和动力学机理进行研究[8],分析了爆破切口的形成过程以及支撑部位的受力特点,推导出了支撑立柱受冲击荷载的动载系数。爆破拆除环境的复杂性以及对控制爆破有害效应的要求越来越高,框架结构爆破技术一直在不断地发展之中[9-13]
上述研究均分析了爆破参数对爆破效果的影响,从理论方面研究了结构的倒塌机理及动力学状态,但未对结构倒塌历程及其特点进行详细研究。本文采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件对某化纤厂厂房进行数值模拟,分析其倒塌过程,探究后排立柱混凝土和钢筋的受力情况,为相似框架结构爆破设计提供一定的参考。
潍坊市寒亭区积极进行新旧动能转换,加快城市高质量发展,恒天海龙化纤厂内一座酸站车间需要进行拆除。酸站车间在厂区内的西北侧,东距渤海路739 m,南距民主街715 m,西侧为待拆厂区,北侧厂区已拆除完毕。待拆酸站车间300 m范围内无其他需重点保护对象,周边环境见图1
酸站车间为钢筋混凝土框架结构,结构总长度为100 m,宽度为25 m,高度为34.4 m,属于小高宽比结构。其中1层高度9 m,2层高度为7 m,3层高度4.6 m,4层高度12.8 m。结构内部有钢筋混凝土支柱东西方向12根,立柱间隔为9 m,从西往东第8根为双支柱;南北方向支柱共5排,每排间隔为6 m。立柱截面积为750 mm×750 mm,纵梁截面积为800 mm×500 mm,结构立柱平面图见图2
综合考虑待爆破厂房的结构特点和周围环境情况,结构的水平倒塌距离约为待拆建筑物0.7~1倍的高度;其横向倒塌范围可以达到2~2.5倍的建筑物外宽度,因此确定结构向正北方向倾倒。为给结构创造倒塌空间,此次爆破拟采用阶梯式缺口,倒塌方向最外侧局部区域进行钻孔爆破进以减弱建筑物刚度,炸高选取14.4 m。此爆破方案使用起爆网路为非电双向多点触发,孔内半秒导爆管雷管进行起爆,爆破网路连接的核心为“同排不分段,排间时差为半秒”。五排立柱分别装入半秒1段、2段、3段、4段、5段导爆管雷管,再用1段管进行连接,最后用四通与塑料导爆管将柱间各连接点进行双向连接。
利用ANSYS软件对结构进行等比例建模,为更好体现钢筋与混凝土不同的性能,采用分离式建模方法。结构的梁柱部位采用SOLID164单元,钢筋使用BEAM161单元,为节省计算时间,刚性地面与楼板采用SHELL163单元[12]。结构的划分单元尺寸大小将直接影响数值模拟的计算结果,单元尺寸小计算结果会更准确,但会使计算时间变长,综合考虑将该模型的单元尺寸设置为0.2 m[13]。建模过程中,未考虑填充墙的作用,将其重量、强度等效至结构楼板中;楼板使用整体式模型;立柱和梁只建立竖向钢筋和横向钢筋,不考虑箍筋作用,因此对混凝土立柱的强度进行适当调节[14];不考虑钢筋的保护层厚度,只将其布置在混凝土立柱的外侧,混凝土结构模型、钢筋模型分别如图3图4所示。
钢筋混凝土采用塑性随动材料模型,可以较好体现钢筋、混凝土处于低应变率情况下接触和碰撞的情况,钢筋、混凝土物理力学参数如表1所示。爆破拆除过程中建筑物自身结构的接触及其与地面的接触情况非常复杂,存在很大的随机性,因此选择关键字*CONTACT_ERODING_SINGLE_SUFACE定义结构内部及其与地面的接触,通过点面接触关键字*CONTACT_NODES_TO_SUFACE设置钢筋与地面之间的接触,避免钢筋击穿地面的情况发生。在模拟过程中利用失效材料*MAT_ADD_EROSION的FAILTAM选项卡来使单元失效被删除,该选项使爆破切口处单元达到某一时刻被删除,以此模拟爆破切口的形成。实际爆破过程中,并没有将爆破切口处的钢筋炸毁,因此在模拟时除了部分预处理钢筋外,对切口处的钢筋做了相应的弱化处理,降低其刚度,增加其变形能力。
将数值模拟求解完成的d3plot文件导入至LS-DYNA中进行处理,以0.8 s为间隔,分别对比实际拍摄的倒塌过程截图与模拟结果进行比较分析。最后以结构触地破碎完成倒塌,其对比过程如图5图6所示。
图5图6可知,该结构爆破拆除数值模拟的时程倒塌姿态与实际倒塌姿态高度一致,所选模型可以真实地反映该结构倒塌的实际状况。通过比对数值模拟与实际录像,该小高宽比结构倒塌过程大体可分为爆破切口形成(0.2~2.2 s)、失稳倾覆(2.2~2.59 s)、切口闭合(2.59~4.2 s)、结构触地解体(4.2~5.1 s)四个阶段[15]。为了更准确地描述该结构的四个倒塌过程,选取该结构模型后排3号柱顶层结构8697单元,导出该单元的时间速度曲线图7、时间位移曲线图8
图7图8可得:在0.7 s之前,对结构的第一排进行爆破,竖向速度和竖向位移几乎没有变化,这是由于该小高宽比结构立柱截面尺寸较大,数量较多且分布均匀,对结构有较强的支撑作用。在0.7 s后,上部结构逐渐有前倾趋势。在1.7 s后,随着第二、三排立柱被爆破,单元竖向速度开始增大,这是由于该结构梁较长,第一排立柱被爆破后,该结构上部分变为类似悬臂结构,随着二、三排被爆,悬臂增长,达到梁端抵抗弯矩,梁柱节点的梁端开始出现塑性铰。在2.2 s时,结构的最后一排立柱被爆后,标志着爆破切口形成阶段结束,倒塌过程进入失稳倾覆阶段。
在失稳倾覆阶段,此时位于爆破切口处的裸露钢筋承担上部结构的重力,由于钢筋的抗压能力远小于抗拉能力,钢筋失稳发生屈曲破坏。上部结构作自由落体时间与最后一排支撑立柱的炸高有关,在2.2~2.59 s速度急剧增大,在t=2.59 s时速度出现拐点,在此时最后一排立柱触地,失稳倾覆结束共经历0.39 s。因为爆破切口钢筋的“细长杆失稳现象”,对上部结构自由落体运动有略微的阻碍,因此数值模拟计算的上部结构下落时间比其自由落体多0.08 s。
在最后一排支撑立柱触地后,倒塌进入爆破切口闭合阶段,后排立柱在上部结构重力下处于大偏心受压状态,逐渐在结构一层顶部形成塑性铰,然后建筑物以塑性铰作定轴转动。在这个过程中上部结构对后排立柱会产生向后的推力,会伴有“后坐”现象产生。在2.59~2.7 s内,上部结构速度逐渐减小至3.05 m/s,竖向位移变化缓慢,这是由于最后一排立柱触地后,第一排梁、楼板触地,对上部结构的倒塌运动有一定的阻碍作用。在t=2.7~4.2 s内,结构竖向倒塌速度不断增大,此时结构倒塌处于二层爆破切口闭合阶段。
t=4.2~4.5 s内,结构进入倒塌过程的最后阶段,结构竖向速度随时间增大而增大,这是由于该结构梁柱较长,变形能力也更强,承载力则降低,以及结构在倒塌过程中重力势能转换成动能。在t=4.2 s以后建筑物上部结构与地面接触面积不断增大,以至于结构塌落的速度趋于稳定,t=4.7 s时竖向位移趋于稳定,t=5.1 s时竖向倒塌速度为0.19 m/s,标志着触地解体阶段完成。
在数值模拟中,该结构的爆堆高度和后坐距离分别为7.6 m、8.10 m;而实际的爆堆高度为8.3 m,后坐距离为7.4 m,因此数值模拟的爆堆高度与实际爆破拆除偏差为8.4%,后坐距离与其偏差为8.7%。这是因为地面设置为刚性,且结构因为自身特点变形能力较强,导致结构倒塌解体程度较为彻底,结构实际爆堆与数值模拟爆堆如图9所示。
现实爆堆与数值模拟结果都类似三棱柱,两者均以第三排立柱触地的形式结束倒塌过程。结构以8号柱为分界线,西部结构相对东部结构触地解体比较彻底,这是因为8号双柱存在施工缝,相对于其他现浇梁柱结合部位相对薄弱,西部结构拥有更多的梁柱结构,承载力较东部分强,因此在倒塌过程中分为东西两部分。从侧面看厂房由于较多梁柱构成箱型结构,在第一二排立柱处结构触地解体后消耗了大量的变形能、动能,能量在第三排立柱触地的过程中消耗有所减少,以至于结构由箱型结构变成三角形结构,形成三棱柱形的爆堆。
该厂房一层结构较高,爆破后产生较长的力臂,以致在一层顶端产生较大的倾覆力矩,后排支撑立柱顶端产生塑性铰,上部结构前倾对后排支撑立柱产生向后的推力,随后结构产生明显的后坐。建筑物向正北方向倒塌,以结构南侧外边缘作为后坐距离的起始点,在倒塌后的爆堆中,选取爆堆最外侧的单元(416291单元),输出其后坐位移曲线如图10所示。在t=2.2 s时刻,随着最后一排立柱爆破,混凝土单元失效与结构底部钢筋屈曲失稳,上部结构饶底部转动产生微小后坐,随着结构触地,后坐暂时停止。在t=3.8 s时刻,随着结构爆破切口闭合,后排立柱混凝土在上部结构挤压下产生破坏断裂,立柱发生急剧后坐,直至倒塌结束后坐停止。
为研究支撑区立柱钢筋单元和混凝土单元的受力情况,选取结构后排一层3号支撑立柱形成塑性铰部位的AB两个单元,A单元位于支撑立柱内侧,B单元位于支撑立柱外侧。分别输出后排支撑立柱的混凝土与钢筋单元时间-压力曲线,如图11图12所示,选取的钢筋单元与混凝土单元共节点,图中压应力为正,拉应力为负。
图11可知,在t=0.2 s前,后排立柱始终处于受压状态,根据支撑立柱失稳理论以及车间结构特性[16],第1排爆破切口形成后上部结构悬挑出一跨梁,上部荷载带动结构略微前倾,上部重心位置发生变化,第一排立柱底部受到破坏,结构产生较大转动弯矩,在略微前倾后对后排立柱产生向后的反力,导致后排支撑立柱受力状态发生变化。在t=0.4 s后立柱底部内侧混凝土单元变为受拉应力,外侧所受应力状态没有变化,随时间增大,内外侧混凝土单元受力增大。塑性铰处混凝土单元内外侧所受拉压应力与第1层立柱底部混凝土相反,受力状态变化与第1层立柱底部混凝土基本一致。
图11(a),在t=0.4~2.3 s之间,第1层立柱内、外侧混凝土单元所受应力状态未发生变化,立柱底部受力在0.7~1.2 s内均缓慢增加,但在t=1.2 s后压力突然增大,这是因为前三排爆破切口形成后,结构重心前移,结构前倾过程加速。在t=2.2 s时,结构爆破切口全部形成,最后排支撑立柱底部的混凝土单元全部失效,混凝土单元不再受力,压力值减小至0。如图11(b),塑性铰部位外侧混凝土单元一直处于相对稳定的受拉状态,在t=2.2 s时,后排立柱由于结构重力产生的偏转力矩大于截面抵抗弯矩,外侧混凝土单元开始达到屈服强度而失效,其拉力增至2.2 s后逐渐降低至0,后排立柱产生塑性铰。结构在2.2~2.5 s属于失稳倾覆阶段,底部混凝土单元失效,上部结构荷载由钢筋承担,而钢筋承压能力较小,因此混凝土内侧单元压力在此期间减小,随后逐渐增大。在t=2.5 s后,后排混凝土支撑立柱触地,受冲击反力作用,支撑立柱出现受力骤增,内侧出现应力集中现象。在t=2.7 s后,混凝土单元达到失效强度,立柱发生破坏,内侧混凝土在压力达到最大值后减小至0,塑性铰时间持续0.5 s。
图12可知,在立柱混凝土单元达到失效之前,混凝土单元与钢筋单元共同承担上部结构产生的压力,受力状态也基本一致,两者具有相同的应变。在t=2.2 s时,爆破切口完全形成,结构进入失稳倾覆阶段。后排立柱底部钢筋承受上部结构产生的重力,后排立柱底部钢筋的应力发生突变,钢筋单元应力迅速增大,立柱内侧钢筋单元受力状态由受拉应力变为受压应力。结构在形成塑性铰后,支撑立柱外侧混凝土受拉失效,与其共节点的钢筋单元并未消失,钢筋所受拉力增加,在结构倒塌过程中与其他构件发生碰撞,钢筋在受拉受压状态下不断变换。随着倒塌过程的进行,结构后排支撑立柱与地面接触,受到地面的冲击反力作用,支撑立柱也受到上部结构产生的向后的推力。在t=2.7 s时,外侧钢筋所受拉力、应变逐渐增加,随后钢筋达到失效应变,外侧钢筋单元失效被删除,不再参与模型计算[1718]。
以ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件为工具,采用分离式共节点方法对小高宽比结构进行建模计算及数值分析,通过探究结构的倒塌过程、结构后坐与爆堆范围以及支撑立柱的受力情况,得到以下结论:
(1)爆破切口形成后,裸露的钢筋对阻碍上部结构的倒塌,结构的梁柱组成较大的箱型结构,容易达到截面抵抗弯矩,在梁柱节点产生塑性铰,因此前三排结构解体相对彻底。
(2)结构在后排立柱触地后,由于受到冲击反力作用,后排梁柱节点处会出现应力集中,加速后排支撑立柱顶端塑性铰完全形成。上部结构以塑性铰作定轴转动,前倾过程中对后排立柱产生向后的推力,因此产生明显的后坐现象。
(3)钢筋的抗拉能力远大于混凝土,因此混凝土单元先于钢筋单元受到破坏,混凝土单元达到失效条件被删除后,与其共节点钢筋单元应力发生突变,之后便在拉压状态下变换,一直到倒塌结束。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51874189)
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2024年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.016
  • 接收时间:2022-07-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-13
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(51874189)
国家自然科学基金项目(51874189)
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    1.山东科技大学 土木工程与建筑学院,青岛 266590
    2.中建八局第二建设有限公司,济南 250014

通讯作者:

王燕萍(1997-),男,硕士生,主要从事岩土力学和爆破安全技术的科研工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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