Article(id=1241769334251520382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687622400000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773990480243, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1709222400000, pubDateStr=2024-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773990480243, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773990480243, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773990480243, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241769329201578292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773990479040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992264087, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241776816298459159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241776816298459160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=202, endPage=209, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241769334557704592, articleId=1241769334251520382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Statistical Analysis and Preventive Measures of Explosion Accidents about Civil Explosive Materials in China, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to analyze the general rules and causes of civil explosive accidents in China, statistical analysis was carried on the occurrence time, regional distribution, accident grade and other dimensions of nationwide civil explosive accidents from 2006 to 2023. Using analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a hierarchical structure model is constructed. It includes four first-level indicators (human, machine, environment and system) and 11 second-level indicators (safety awareness, technical training, supervision intensity, safety education, standardized operation, production equipment, production process, weather and climate, storage conditions, safety management system and emergency management system). Through analysis, the weight of each index is obtained, and then the importance of the influencing factors on explosion accidents is sorted. The results show that the number of explosion accidents has decreased year by year, and the safety situation is improved. The explosion accident time is concentrated in the second and third quarters of each year, and the space distribution is across all provinces with a staggered characteristic of “North-South and high-low”. Generally, the ordinary accidents and large accidents are the main accident levels. Based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), it is learned that human is the most important factor to cause the accidents in the first-level indexes. Meanwhile, the standardized operation, production process, supervision intensity and safety management system are the more important factors in the second-level indexes. Finally, according to the importance of the factors affecting the accidents, preventive measures such as strict standardization of operation, increasing safety input, strengthening supervision and improving safety management system are proposed.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
HE Xin (1997-), female, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in the field of safety engineering, (E-mail) .
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为分析我国民爆物品爆炸事故一般性规律与事故原因,对2006—2023年全国民爆物品爆炸事故的发生时间、地区分布、事故等级等维度进行事故统计与分析,使用层次分析法构建了包含人、机、环、制度4个一级指标和安全意识、技术培训、监管力度、安全教育、标准化作业、生产设备、生产工艺、天气气候、仓储条件、安全管理体制、应急管理制度共11个二级指标的层次结构模型,通过分析得到各指标权重进而对爆炸事故影响因素做出重要性排序。研究结果表明:爆炸事故发生次数逐年降低,安全形势转好,时间上集中于每年的第2、3季度,空间上以“南北高低交错”特征分布于各省份,事故等级中一般事故、较大事故占据主导地位;基于层次分析法得知一级指标中人是造成事故的最主要因素,二级指标中标准化作业、生产工艺、监管力度和安全管理体制是比较重要的几项因素,最后针对事故影响因素重要度提出了严格标准化作业、增加安全投入、加强监管力度和完善安全管理体制的预防措施。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
何鑫(1997-),女,硕士研究生在读,主要从事安全工程领域的研究工作,(E-mail)
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张飞燕(1978-),女,教授、博士,主要从事安全技术及工程领域的教学与科研工作,(E-mail)

ZHANG Fei-yan (1978-), female, professor, Ph. D, mainly engaged in the field of safety technology and engineering teaching and research, (E-mail) .

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张飞燕(1978-),女,教授、博士,主要从事安全技术及工程领域的教学与科研工作,(E-mail)

ZHANG Fei-yan (1978-), female, professor, Ph. D, mainly engaged in the field of safety technology and engineering teaching and research, (E-mail) .

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张飞燕(1978-),女,教授、博士,主要从事安全技术及工程领域的教学与科研工作,(E-mail)

ZHANG Fei-yan (1978-), female, professor, Ph. D, mainly engaged in the field of safety technology and engineering teaching and research, (E-mail) .

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figureFileBig=pNdBK6vAyFwi/OMtWuViEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769345722942429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2006—2023年爆炸事故起数, figureFileSmall=LowI2IpUR9/crpmllb83tA==, figureFileBig=pNdBK6vAyFwi/OMtWuViEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769347417441260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The hierarchical structure model of influencing factors of civil explosive accident, figureFileSmall=to4wLnzaFWEVr1IzRnkZAQ==, figureFileBig=PfmIXBj0UYuTALGixrVrrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769347526493170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=CN, label=图2, caption=民爆物品爆炸事故影响因素层次结构模型, figureFileSmall=to4wLnzaFWEVr1IzRnkZAQ==, figureFileBig=PfmIXBj0UYuTALGixrVrrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769347627156474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic situation of civil explosive articles explosion accidents in China from 2006 to 2023

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年份生产类事故储存类事故工程施工类事故销毁类事故运输类事故总计
2006年13920024
2007年9541019
2008年2323120260
2009年1613152147
2010年161572040
2011年7871225
2012年6551118
2013年7531016
2014年81061126
2015年4042010
2016年11330118
2017年4324013
2018年122038
2019年421007
2020年5211110
2021年212106
2022年121004
2023年600129
总计143108771814360
), ArticleFig(id=1241769347736208384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2006—2023年我国民爆物品爆炸事故基本情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份生产类事故储存类事故工程施工类事故销毁类事故运输类事故总计
2006年13920024
2007年9541019
2008年2323120260
2009年1613152147
2010年161572040
2011年7871225
2012年6551118
2013年7531016
2014年81061126
2015年4042010
2016年11330118
2017年4324013
2018年122038
2019年421007
2020年5211110
2021年212106
2022年121004
2023年600129
总计143108771814360
), ArticleFig(id=1241769347866230793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Based on the monthly explosion accident statistics

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事故类别1月2月3月4月5月6月7月8月9月10月11月12月
生产类事故7119582017172210710
储存类事故59711131712118546
工程施工类事故34767512781152
销毁类事故011361301110
运输类事故101211012131
总计162525273544443641282019
), ArticleFig(id=1241769347987865618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于月份的爆炸事故统计数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事故类别1月2月3月4月5月6月7月8月9月10月11月12月
生产类事故7119582017172210710
储存类事故59711131712118546
工程施工类事故34767512781152
销毁类事故011361301110
运输类事故101211012131
总计162525273544443641282019
), ArticleFig(id=1241769348122083353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Region-based explosion accident statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
省份事故起数省份事故起数
湖南29内蒙古11
河北26江西11
山西24辽宁10
河南22甘肃6
广东20北京6
山东19新疆5
安徽19吉林5
陕西18重庆5
四川16黑龙江5
广西15宁夏3
贵州14上海2
福建14台湾2
浙江13青海2
湖北13天津1
江苏12海南1
云南11  
), ArticleFig(id=1241769348273078307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于地域的爆炸事故统计数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
省份事故起数省份事故起数
湖南29内蒙古11
河北26江西11
山西24辽宁10
河南22甘肃6
广东20北京6
山东19新疆5
安徽19吉林5
陕西18重庆5
四川16黑龙江5
广西15宁夏3
贵州14上海2
福建14台湾2
浙江13青海2
湖北13天津1
江苏12海南1
云南11  
), ArticleFig(id=1241769348373741608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Statistics of explosion accidents based on the accident level

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事故等级无死亡一般事故较大事故重大事故特别重大事故不详
生产类事故3064331330
储存类事故323627733
工程施工类事故173022800
销毁类事故378000
运输类事故245300
总计84141953163
), ArticleFig(id=1241769348482793518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

基于事故等级的爆炸事故统计数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事故等级无死亡一般事故较大事故重大事故特别重大事故不详
生产类事故3064331330
储存类事故323627733
工程施工类事故173022800
销毁类事故378000
运输类事故245300
总计84141953163
), ArticleFig(id=1241769348612816952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Test results and weight calculation of human factors in index layer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
判断矩阵B1 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 Wi λmax CI CR
C1111/31/51/21/70.0515.1740.0440.039
C1231221/30.195
C1351/2111/50.129
C1421/2111/50.107
C15735510.518
), ArticleFig(id=1241769348768006210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

指标层人的因素的检验结果及权重计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
判断矩阵B1 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 Wi λmax CI CR
C1111/31/51/21/70.0515.1740.0440.039
C1231221/30.195
C1351/2111/50.129
C1421/2111/50.107
C15735510.518
), ArticleFig(id=1241769348868669514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Test results and weight calculation of machine factors in index layer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
判断矩阵B2 C21 C22 Wi λmax CI CR
C2111/30.25200
C22310.75
), ArticleFig(id=1241769348990304340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

指标层机器因素的检验结果及权重计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
判断矩阵B2 C21 C22 Wi λmax CI CR
C2111/30.25200
C22310.75
), ArticleFig(id=1241769349107744861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Test results and weight calculation of environmental factors in index layer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
判断矩阵B3 C31 C32 Wi λmax CI CR
C3111/70.125200
C32710.875
), ArticleFig(id=1241769349220991075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

指标层环境因素的检验结果及权重计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
判断矩阵B3 C31 C32 Wi λmax CI CR
C3111/70.125200
C32710.875
), ArticleFig(id=1241769349338431592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Test results and weight calculation of institutional factors in index layer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
判断矩阵B4 C41 C42 Wi λmax CI CR
C41120.67200
C421/210.33
), ArticleFig(id=1241769349451677807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

指标层制度因素的检验结果及权重计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
判断矩阵B4 C41 C42 Wi λmax CI CR
C41120.67200
C421/210.33
), ArticleFig(id=1241769349602672759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769334251520382, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Weight of each index

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指标权重指标包含的分指标权重
人的因素0.523安全意识0.027
监管力度0.102
技术培训0.067
安全教育0.056
标准化作业0.271
机的因素0.278生产设备0.054
生产工艺0.164
环境因素0.058天气气候0.007
仓储条件0.051
制度因素0.141安全管理体制0.094
应急管理制度0.047
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各指标权重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标权重指标包含的分指标权重
人的因素0.523安全意识0.027
监管力度0.102
技术培训0.067
安全教育0.056
标准化作业0.271
机的因素0.278生产设备0.054
生产工艺0.164
环境因素0.058天气气候0.007
仓储条件0.051
制度因素0.141安全管理体制0.094
应急管理制度0.047
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我国民爆物品爆炸事故统计分析及防范对策
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张飞燕 1, 2 , 何鑫 1 , 张念思 1 , 孙金山 3a, 3b , 谢全民 3a, 3b
爆破 | 安全与管理 2024,41(1): 202-209
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2024, 41(1): 202-209
我国民爆物品爆炸事故统计分析及防范对策
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张飞燕1, 2 , 何鑫1 , 张念思1, 孙金山3a, 3b, 谢全民3a, 3b
作者信息
  • 1.河南理工大学 安全科学与工程学院,焦作 454003
  • 2.煤炭安全生产与清洁高效利用省部共建协同创新中心,焦作 454003
  • 3a.江汉大学 省部共建精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
  • 3b.江汉大学 爆破工程湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430056
  • 张飞燕(1978-),女,教授、博士,主要从事安全技术及工程领域的教学与科研工作,(E-mail)

    ZHANG Fei-yan (1978-), female, professor, Ph. D, mainly engaged in the field of safety technology and engineering teaching and research, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

何鑫(1997-),女,硕士研究生在读,主要从事安全工程领域的研究工作,(E-mail)
Statistical Analysis and Preventive Measures of Explosion Accidents about Civil Explosive Materials in China
Fei-yan ZHANG1, 2 , Xin HE1 , Nian-si ZHANG1, Jin-shan SUN3a, 3b, Quan-min XIE3a, 3b
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
  • 2.Collaborative Innovation Center of Coal Work Safety and Clean High Efficiency Utilization, Jiaozuo 454003, China
  • 3a.State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
  • 3b.Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
出版时间: 2024-03-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.027
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为分析我国民爆物品爆炸事故一般性规律与事故原因,对2006—2023年全国民爆物品爆炸事故的发生时间、地区分布、事故等级等维度进行事故统计与分析,使用层次分析法构建了包含人、机、环、制度4个一级指标和安全意识、技术培训、监管力度、安全教育、标准化作业、生产设备、生产工艺、天气气候、仓储条件、安全管理体制、应急管理制度共11个二级指标的层次结构模型,通过分析得到各指标权重进而对爆炸事故影响因素做出重要性排序。研究结果表明:爆炸事故发生次数逐年降低,安全形势转好,时间上集中于每年的第2、3季度,空间上以“南北高低交错”特征分布于各省份,事故等级中一般事故、较大事故占据主导地位;基于层次分析法得知一级指标中人是造成事故的最主要因素,二级指标中标准化作业、生产工艺、监管力度和安全管理体制是比较重要的几项因素,最后针对事故影响因素重要度提出了严格标准化作业、增加安全投入、加强监管力度和完善安全管理体制的预防措施。

民爆物品  /  爆炸事故  /  事故统计  /  影响因素分析  /  层次分析法  /  防范对策

In order to analyze the general rules and causes of civil explosive accidents in China, statistical analysis was carried on the occurrence time, regional distribution, accident grade and other dimensions of nationwide civil explosive accidents from 2006 to 2023. Using analytic hierarchy process (AHP), a hierarchical structure model is constructed. It includes four first-level indicators (human, machine, environment and system) and 11 second-level indicators (safety awareness, technical training, supervision intensity, safety education, standardized operation, production equipment, production process, weather and climate, storage conditions, safety management system and emergency management system). Through analysis, the weight of each index is obtained, and then the importance of the influencing factors on explosion accidents is sorted. The results show that the number of explosion accidents has decreased year by year, and the safety situation is improved. The explosion accident time is concentrated in the second and third quarters of each year, and the space distribution is across all provinces with a staggered characteristic of “North-South and high-low”. Generally, the ordinary accidents and large accidents are the main accident levels. Based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), it is learned that human is the most important factor to cause the accidents in the first-level indexes. Meanwhile, the standardized operation, production process, supervision intensity and safety management system are the more important factors in the second-level indexes. Finally, according to the importance of the factors affecting the accidents, preventive measures such as strict standardization of operation, increasing safety input, strengthening supervision and improving safety management system are proposed.

civil explosive materials  /  explosion accidents  /  accident statistics  /  analysis of influencing factors  /  analytic hierarchy process  /  preventive measures
张飞燕, 何鑫, 张念思, 孙金山, 谢全民. 我国民爆物品爆炸事故统计分析及防范对策. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (1) : 202 -209 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.027
Fei-yan ZHANG, Xin HE, Nian-si ZHANG, Jin-shan SUN, Quan-min XIE. Statistical Analysis and Preventive Measures of Explosion Accidents about Civil Explosive Materials in China[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (1) : 202 -209 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.027
近年来,我国民爆物品行业快速发展的同时,行业重大安全事故仍时有发生。通过事故统计分析发现民爆事故一般性规律,对降低我国民爆物品行业事故发生率具有一定的现实意义和应用价值。王艳平等对我国民爆行业安全生产形势进行了分析[1,2],认为民爆安全生产形势不容乐观。蒋荣光[3]、彭伟[4]、雷振等分析了民爆物品生产企业存在的问题[5],并提出了相应的对策措施。孔文等创新安全管理模式[6],运用现代化信息技术护航民爆物品安全管理,及时掌控民爆物品动态。郭杰凯通过软硬件集成开发方式[7],设计了一套民爆物品防丢安全管理系统。黄显杭等为了能够提高民爆行业生产经营作业过程安全监管水平[8],研发了一种基于物联网的生产经营安全管理信息系统。李荣深[9]、胡圣邦[10]、陈仁康等针对民爆物品运输的基本特性[11],分析了影响民爆物品运输路线选择的3个主要因素,并根据结果建立了民爆物品的道路运输数学模型。刘知言等对露天爆破作业安全事故统计并具体分析典型案例[12],提出了预防露天爆破事故的安全技术措施和安全管理措施。刘治兵等统计分析了近年国内民爆物品生产燃烧爆炸安全事故致因[13],据此建立了基于人失误的民爆物品生产安全事故致因模型。赵昌龙[14]、叶海旺等的研究都使用了层次分析法来确定影响爆破效果或危险因素的主要因素和权重[15]。而罗毅等则结合了层次分析法和熵权法来确定各指标的主客观权重[16],并以最大关联度为评判标准来优选出最优的台阶爆破方案。
基于此,通过检索我国2006—2023年发生的360起民爆物品爆炸事故,事故案例来源于中爆网和中华人民共和国应急管理部等网站[17],从事故等级、发生时间、发生地区等多个维度出发,探究我国民爆物品爆炸事故的发生规律,对事故影响因素重要度进行排序并提出相应防范措施,为企业开展安全生产工作提供依据和参考,预防和控制我国民爆物品爆炸事故的发生。
本文的数据来源于中爆网和中华人民共和国应急管理部等网站,对我国自2006年至2023年期间发生的民爆物品爆炸事故(以下爆炸事故均指的是民爆物品爆炸事故)进行了综合统计。事故的详细信息包括:事故发生的年份、月份、地点以及事故等级。统计区域不包括香港、澳门和西藏,主要涵盖了生产类事故、储存类事故、工程施工类事故、销毁类事故和运输类事故,不包括其他类型的事故。这些数据对于了解我国民爆物品爆炸事故的分布、原因和趋势具有重要的参考价值。
自2006—2023年全国民爆物品爆炸案件共发生360起,平均每年发生20起,其中生产类事故共计143起,占比39.7%,储存类事故共计108起,占比30%,工程施工类事故共77起,占比21.4%,销毁类事故18起,运输类事故14起。年份的具体统计数据见表1
根据表1中数据绘图,得出民爆物品爆炸事故发生总起数随时间推移的变化规律,如图1所示。由图1可知,在2008年达到事故发生的高峰期,在2013—2016年间我国爆炸事故的发生也表现出波动特性,在2006—2023年间全国民爆物品爆炸事故总起数整体是逐步下降的趋势,这表明我国在民爆物品安全管理方面取得了一定的成效。我国民爆行业安全形势转好,但仍需持续关注并加强安全管理。
爆炸事故多发从发生环节究其原因总结为:生产和工程施工中操作人员的技术水平不足、缺乏安全意识、疲劳或违章操作以及设备故障等都可能导致爆炸事故的发生;如果民爆物品存放的地方通风不良、潮湿或者易燃物品的堆放不当等,都可能造成储存类爆炸事故。例如:2016年陕西府谷10.24爆炸事故造成14人死亡106人受伤,事故原因为非法制造储存炸药。2015年兰州采石场11.05崩塌事故造成5人被困,事故原因为工人操作不当至炸药意外引爆。
对2006—2023年期间民爆物品爆炸事故发生月份进行统计发现6、7月份事故发生次数均为44起,事故发生最多。1月份事故发生最少,发生16起。具体统计数据见表2
根据统计情况得知爆炸事故发生主要集中在6~9月,事故总占比达到了45.8%。相比之下,1月份的事故发生最少,占比仅为4.4%。究其原因6~9月份天气炎热,民用爆炸物品的储存和运输变得困难,同时生产施工等作业环境较为艰苦,导致作业人员注意力不集中、心浮气躁等。此外,1月份正值春节期间,工程施工和生产活动减少,因此事故发生量相对减少。基于以上分析,政府和相关企业应重点关注每年的二、三季度,采取有效措施加强民用爆炸物品的管理和安全防范,以减少爆炸事故的发生。
2006—2023年期间,统计区域不包括香港、澳门、西藏,全国31个省市自治区的具体统计数据见表3
可以看出,爆炸事故在空间上以“南北高低交错”特征分布于各省份。全国31个省市自治区平均民爆物品爆炸事故发生11起;湖北省发生爆炸事故次数最多,共发生29起,约占总事故的8%;发生爆炸事故较多的省份有湖南、河北、山西、河南等,事故多发省份大多位于中东部地区。爆炸事故低发省份为天津、海南,共发生爆炸事故2起,只占总事故数的0.5%。
根据事故造成的人员伤亡,事故一般分为以下等级:一般事故、较大事故、重大事故、特别重大事故[18]。2006年至2023年间民爆物品爆炸事故具体统计数据见表4
2006年至2023年间民用爆炸物品爆炸事故中一般事故发生次数最多,共计141起,占比39.2%;较大事故共95起,占比约26.4%;重大事故共31起,占比约8.6%;特别重大事故6起占比约1.7%;伤亡人数不详的事故共计3起,占比约0.8%;未造成死亡的事故共84起,占比约23.3%。2008年以来,较大以上爆炸事故已得到有效遏制,目前民爆物品爆炸事故主要是一般事故、较大事故和未致人死亡的其他事故。
2008年四川甘孜州因违规存储爆炸物品造成2人死亡,属于一般事故;2010年河北秦皇岛骊骅公司粉尘爆炸事故造成21人死亡,属于重大事故,事故原因为员工防爆与逃生知识欠缺,企业安全意识差、安全管理不到位,国家对标准规章的执行监督不到位;2013年山东保利5.20特别重大爆炸事故暴露出一系列问题[19],包括企业安全管理混乱、安全意识淡薄、违法违规生产,地方政府及主管部门安全监管不到位,民爆行业安全管理法规制度不健全不细化;2014年河南鹤壁发生因私制雷管爆炸事故造成3人死亡,属于较大事故。
根据对爆炸事故的统计,人为因素、机械故障、不利环境条件和制度缺陷是主要的事故原因。首先,人为因素包括操作人员的技术水平不足、安全意识薄弱,以及疲劳或违章操作等。其次,机械故障包括设备故障及维修不当等。第三,不良的环境条件包括存储条件以及天气气候等。最后,企业如果没有健全的安全管理体制和应急管理体制,都有可能导致事故的发生。基于对爆炸事故原因的深入理解,考虑采用层次分析法来对爆炸事故进行综合评价。
层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)是美国运筹学家T L Seaty教授于20世纪80年代提出的将与决策总是有关的元素分解成目标、准则、方案等层次,在此基础之上进行定性和定量分析的决策方法。
(1)层次结构模型的建立
爆炸事故通常是复杂的事故过程,在对我国民爆物品爆炸事故统计和特征规律分析的基础上,基于层次分析法确定指标权重,根据要求所选取指标的科学性,合理性,系统性,代表性和可行性的原则,将民爆物品爆炸事故影响因素这一目标层分为人、机、环和制度四个准则层,选取安全意识、技术培训、监管力度、安全教育、标准化作业等由人发出的行为作为人的因素的下一级指标,选取生产设备、生产工艺等设备条件作为机的因素的下一级指标,选取天气气候、仓储条件等环境条件作为环的因素的下一级指标,选取安全管理体制、应急管理制度等管理因素作为制度因素的下一级指标,民爆物品爆炸事故影响因素层次结构模型如图2所示。
(2)构造计算判断矩阵
①目标层的权重计算
构造判断矩阵并赋值:关于填写判断矩阵,一般经过向相关专家询问,根据判断矩阵的准则,比较出两个元素的重要程度,对重要程度进行赋值。文章采用Seaty提出的1~9之间的整数及其倒数比例标度法进行重要性量化。
根据图2所示的评价指标体系,对目标层A的人、机、环、制度4个指标按照重要性标度进行评价指标的重要度判断,得如下判断矩阵
通过计算,得到:M1=63,M2=5,M3=1/105,M4=1/3
将上式代入式(3)进行计算,得到
对向量W′归一化处理带入公式(4)计算得到W=(0.523 0.278 0.058 0.141)T
经计算解得
代入公式(5)解得λmax=4.139
n=4时,矩阵的平均一致性指标RI=0.80,进而计算矩阵的随机一致性比例CR=CI/RI=0.046/0.8=0.058
由于CR=0.058<0.1,说明该矩阵满足一致性检验。相对A的排序为
②指标层的权重计算
与目标层各因素计算同理,对人的因素:安全意识、监管力度、技术培训、安全教育、标准化作业建立判断矩阵B1,计算结果见表5;对机器因素:生产设备、生产工艺建立判断矩阵B2,计算结果见表6;对环境因素:天气气候、仓储条件建立判断矩阵B3,计算结果见表7;对制度因素:安全管理体制、应急管理制度建立判断矩阵B4,计算结果见表8
判断矩阵B1B2B3B4均满足一致性检验,由表9可知,影响民用物品爆炸事故的影响因素权重由大到小排序为标准化作业(0.271)、生产工艺(0.164)、监管力度(0.102)、安全管理体制(0.094)、技术培训(0.067)、安全教育(0.056)、生产设备(0.054)、仓储条件(0.051)、应急管理制度(0.047)、安全意识(0.027)、天气气候(0.007)。一级指标中,人是造成事故的最主要因素,二级指标中,标准化作业、生产工艺、监管力度和安全管理体制是比较重要的几项因素。
(1)严格标准化作业
对于民爆物品企业,为确保生产的安全性和效率,必须建立明确的标准操作规程。这些规程应详细阐述每一项生产工艺的操作步骤、关键注意事项和必要的安全要求,以保障员工在操作过程中能够有明确的指导。我们期望员工不仅能精通自己的岗位,还要对其他相关岗位有所了解,甚至具备操作第三岗位的能力[20],从而成为技术上全面且熟练的操作专家。此外,企业应实施定期的标准化评估机制,以监督和评价员工对操作规程的执行情况,从而及时发现并纠正任何不符合规定或不安全的操作行为。
(2)增加安全投入
生产施工中,不能只追求眼前的效益,企业应该投入更多的资金来购买和安装必要的安全设施,如防爆电器、通风设备、消防器材等,加强培训和演练,确保事故救援响应快速、应对科学、保障有力[21]。投入资金研发技术,对生产工艺进行更新升级,排查消除隐患,从根源上实现本质安全。
(3)加强监管力度
各级民爆安全监管部门要强化对民爆物品全过程安全管控的组织领导,落实责任部门和责任人员,制定专项工作制度。及时发现和消除事故隐患,同时还要加强对事故隐患的跟踪和监督,及时采取措施进行整改[22]。安全是一个企业的根本,企业更应该加强安全管理,尽到自己的责任和义务来保护用户的安全[23]
(4)完善安全管理体制
民用爆炸物品管理的核心就是“谁主管、谁负责”落实管理的责任制[24]。通过完善安全管理体制来预防爆炸事故的发生,需要企业在制度、人员、设备、工艺等多个方面加强管理和监控,确保各项安全管理制度得到有效执行,定期开展与生产实际联系密切的安全培训,注重应急预案的操作性实战性。
(1)我国民爆事故具有南北高低交错分布的特征,湖南、河北、山西、河南的事故最多,中东部是重点防控区域。
(2)事故统计分析结果显示,爆炸事故发生次数逐年降低,安全形势转好。我国每年第二、三季度爆炸事故多发且一般事故、较大事故占据主导地位。
(3)基于层次分析法建立了爆炸事故影响因素的评价模型,通过计算得到了各级指标的权重,其中标准化作业、生产工艺、监管力度和安全管理体制等因素的影响较大,在日常治理中应加强防范。
(4)我国民爆物品爆炸事故多发,因此建立明确的标准操作规程是企业发展的基础;加强配套性安全投入是该行业健康长远发展的必然趋势;监管部门应当加强执法队伍建设,监管到位;企业做好安全管理体制建设,做到有针对性、实战性的安全生产教育与应急培训,做到防患于未然。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51974108; 51404093)
  • 河南省自然科学基金项目(232300420077)
  • 河南省博士后科研项目(001701014)
  • 教育部产学合作协同育人项目(220901665213056; 201902044044)
  • 河南省研究生教育改革与质量提升工程项目(YJS2024KC09)
  • 河南理工大学研究生质量提升工程项目(2024YSZ03)
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2024年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.027
  • 接收时间:2023-06-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-25
基金
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51974108; 51404093)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51974108; 51404093)
Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(232300420077)
河南省自然科学基金项目(232300420077)
Post-doctoral Research Project in Henan Province(001701014)
河南省博士后科研项目(001701014)
Collaborative Education Project of Ministry of Education(220901665213056; 201902044044)
教育部产学合作协同育人项目(220901665213056; 201902044044)
Postgraduate Education Reform and Quality Improvement Project of Henan Province(YJS2024KC09)
河南省研究生教育改革与质量提升工程项目(YJS2024KC09)
Postgraduate Quality Improvement Project of Henan Polytechnic University(2024YSZ03)
河南理工大学研究生质量提升工程项目(2024YSZ03)
作者信息
    1.河南理工大学 安全科学与工程学院,焦作 454003
    2.煤炭安全生产与清洁高效利用省部共建协同创新中心,焦作 454003
    3a.江汉大学 省部共建精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
    3b.江汉大学 爆破工程湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430056

通讯作者:

何鑫(1997-),女,硕士研究生在读,主要从事安全工程领域的研究工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Number of
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种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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