Article(id=1241769333135839482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1667491200000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773990479978, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1709222400000, pubDateStr=2024-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773990479978, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773990479978, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773990479978, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241769329201578292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773990479040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992264087, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241776816298459159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241776816298459160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=67, endPage=76, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241769334427685150, articleId=1241769333135839482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Optimization and Application of Uncoupled Charge Coefficient for Directional Blasting of Sandstone Roadway Roof, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Shaped charge blasting technology plays an important role in goaf retaining roadway engineering, and the charge structure is always a hot and difficult issue in current discussions. At present, there is no clear indicator of the pre-splitting charge length of goaf-retaining roof. Taking the track groove of No. 2-11031 working face of the Mengjin Coal Mine as the research background, an isometric charge pre-splitting technology is proposed. Firstly, a three-dimensional directional shaped charge blasting model is established by LS-DYNA numerical simulation software to determine the optimal charge structure. By changing the axial cylinder length and taking the crack propagation length and stress decay rate as the analysis indexes, the numerical simulation shows that the radial slit distance is about 40 cm, and the axial slit distance is about 80 cm per meter when the axial uncoupling coefficient is between 1.25 and 1.7. Additionally, the slit distance is respectively increased by 25% and 12.5% compared with the axial uncoupling coefficient between 2 and 3. Furthermore, the energy utilization is the most reasonable as the stress attenuation rates are all less than 1 when the axial uncoupling coefficients are between 1.25 and 3. Finally, a roof directional blasting experiment with an axial uncoupling coefficient α=1.25~2 was carried out on the track groove of No. 2-11031 working face of the Mengjin Coal Mine. After the pre-split blasting, the middle line of the two holes was drilled and peeping. It is found that the cracks along the cutting seam direction between the two holes have been completely connected, the cracks are smooth, and the field application effect is good. Considering economy and safety, the uncoupling coefficient α=1.7 is the best. The results show that the isometric charging structure can replace the traditional three-stage charging structure.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
SUI ji-sheng (1992-), male, postgraduate, (E-mail) .
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聚能爆破技术在沿空留巷工程项目中有着重要的作用,装药结构问题一直是目前讨论的热点及难点。对于目前沿空留巷顶板超前预裂装药长度尚没有明确的指标情况下,以孟津煤矿二2-11031工作面轨道顺槽为研究背景,提出了等长装药顶板预裂技术,为明确最优装药结构,本文通过LS-DYNA数值模拟软件建立了三维定向聚能爆破模型,改变轴向药柱的长度,以裂纹扩展长度和应力衰减速率为分析指标,通过数值模拟可知,轴向不耦合系数在1.25~1.7之间径向切缝距离约为40 cm,轴向切缝距离约为80 cm,相比轴向不耦合系数在2~3之间,切缝距离分别提高了25%和12.5%;轴向不耦合系数在1.25~3之间,应力衰减速度均小于1,能量利用最为合理;将轴向不耦合系数α=1.25~2的装药结构在孟津煤矿二2-11031工作面轨道顺槽进行顶板定向爆破实验,对预裂爆破后的两炮孔中线进行钻孔窥视,观察到4种爆破方案,两炮孔之间沿切缝方向裂纹均已经完全贯通,裂纹光滑平整,现场应用效果良好,结合经济性、安全性两方面考虑,不耦合系数α=1.7为最优;研究结果表明等长装药结构可以代替传统的三段式装药结构。研究结果可以为今后类似的项目提供参考。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
隋纪胜(1992-),男,硕士研究生,(E-mail)
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刘少伟(1977-),男,教授、博士生导师,(E-mail)

LIU Shao-wei (1977-), male, professor, doctoral supervisor, (E-mail) .

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刘少伟(1977-),男,教授、博士生导师,(E-mail)

LIU Shao-wei (1977-), male, professor, doctoral supervisor, (E-mail) .

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刘少伟(1977-),男,教授、博士生导师,(E-mail)

LIU Shao-wei (1977-), male, professor, doctoral supervisor, (E-mail) .

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Study on damage zone test of jointed rock slope under Pre-split blasting[J]. Blasting, 20, 37(3): 74-77, 94. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on damage zone test of jointed rock slope under Pre-split blasting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241769363074781707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=27, authorNames=吕鹏飞, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吕鹏飞. 聚能爆破煤体增透及裂隙生成机理研究[D]. 北京: 中国矿业大学(北京), 2014., articleTitle=聚能爆破煤体增透及裂隙生成机理研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241769363137696269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Lu Peng-fei, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lu Peng-fei. Research on anti-reflection and Fracture Formation Mechanism of shaped charge blasting coal[D]. Beijing: China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), 2014. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on anti-reflection and Fracture Formation Mechanism of shaped charge blasting coal, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241769359123747254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, awardId=52074102, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52074102), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241769359207633338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, awardId=52074102, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(52074102), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241769345207047048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241769345215435657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, companyId=1241769345207047048, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Energy Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241769345223824268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, companyId=1241769345207047048, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.河南理工大学 能源科学与工程学院,焦作 454000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241769345395790735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241769345408373651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, companyId=1241769345395790735, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Collaborative Innovation Center of Coal Work Safety and Clean High Efficiency Utilization, Henan Province, Jiaozuo 454000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241769345420956565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, companyId=1241769345395790735, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.煤炭安全生产与清洁高效利用省部共建协同创新中心,焦作 454000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241769345517425564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241769345530008478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, companyId=1241769345517425564, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Yima Coal Group Mengjin Mine Co,. LTD., Luoyang 471100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241769345550979999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, companyId=1241769345517425564, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.义马煤业集团孟津矿有限责任公司,洛阳 471100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241769352157008044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Geological histogram and tangent design, figureFileSmall=trEQOk2iTW7zNHBTTwoKgA==, figureFileBig=98ibCXvtdPa4paXNjjp5Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769352278642866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=CN, label=图1, caption=地质柱状图及切线设计图, figureFileSmall=trEQOk2iTW7zNHBTTwoKgA==, figureFileBig=98ibCXvtdPa4paXNjjp5Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769352597409989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Peep results of α=1.43, figureFileSmall=hfR+qvtMB9tBoGzopqjuPQ==, figureFileBig=x6F3I6ATDfU5YdaZqAaMGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769356888183143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=CN, label=图14, caption= α=1.43窥视结果, figureFileSmall=hfR+qvtMB9tBoGzopqjuPQ==, figureFileBig=x6F3I6ATDfU5YdaZqAaMGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769356984652137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Peep results of α=1.7, figureFileSmall=LHvrnJ7sJo6pLYPk6GVXzg==, figureFileBig=McgbjeDKvhgRmqHNvMwBYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769357135647089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=CN, label=图15, caption= α=1.7窥视结果, 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ArticleFig(id=1241769357559271808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=CN, label=图17, caption=采用等长装药结构巷道留设效果, figureFileSmall=m3IHysedKA0349+A9JRP+Q==, figureFileBig=v5wjkRdzwrOfJDfVbZW5GA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769357634769281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Charging scheme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案封堵长度/m装药长度/m空气长度/m不耦合系数
10.21.00.01.00
20.90.11.10
30.80.21.25
40.70.31.43
50.60.41.70
60.50.52.00
70.40.62.50
80.30.73.30
), ArticleFig(id=1241769357722849669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

装药方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案封堵长度/m装药长度/m空气长度/m不耦合系数
10.21.00.01.00
20.90.11.10
30.80.21.25
40.70.31.43
50.60.41.70
60.50.52.00
70.40.62.50
80.30.73.30
), ArticleFig(id=1241769357810930057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main mechanical parameters of rock

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa泊松比密度/(g·cm-3
604.050.252.58
), ArticleFig(id=1241769357915787660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

岩石力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa泊松比密度/(g·cm-3
604.050.252.58
), ArticleFig(id=1241769358016450961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mechanical parameters of plugging material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg·m-3弹性模量/GPa泊松比屈服应力/MPa
2350300.297.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241769358100337041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

封堵材料力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg·m-3弹性模量/GPa泊松比屈服应力/MPa
2350300.297.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241769358205194644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Main mechanical parameters of explosive

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度ρ/(g·cm-3 D/(cm·μs-1 Pcj/GPa A/GPa B/GPa
1.00.47.4214.40.812
), ArticleFig(id=1241769358310052249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

炸药主要力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度ρ/(g·cm-3 D/(cm·μs-1 Pcj/GPa A/GPa B/GPa
1.00.47.4214.40.812
), ArticleFig(id=1241769358398132635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Air material parameters

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密度ρ/(kg·m-3 C1~C3 C4 C5 C6 E0/GPa
100000.40.400.025
), ArticleFig(id=1241769358469435806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

空气材料参数

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密度ρ/(kg·m-3 C1~C3 C4 C5 C6 E0/GPa
100000.40.400.025
), ArticleFig(id=1241769358536544673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Mechanical parameters of shaped tube materials

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密度ρ/(kg·m-3 E/GPa GPVC/GPa δ/MPa ν
1.43433.261.70.32
), ArticleFig(id=1241769358645596581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

聚能管材料力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度ρ/(kg·m-3 E/GPa GPVC/GPa δ/MPa ν
1.43433.261.70.32
), ArticleFig(id=1241769358704316840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Statistical table of peak stress at each measuring point

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相对距离 α=1.0 α=1.1 α=1.25 α=1.43 α=1.7 α=2 α=2.5 α=3.3
55021181180.010.010.01
1025820.10.10.010.010.01
1511.510.100.010.010.01
2010.40.10.100.010.010.01
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各测点峰值应力统计表

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相对距离 α=1.0 α=1.1 α=1.25 α=1.43 α=1.7 α=2 α=2.5 α=3.3
55021181180.010.010.01
1025820.10.10.010.010.01
1511.510.100.010.010.01
2010.40.10.100.010.010.01
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Charging scheme

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孔深/m封孔长度/m装药长度/cm空气长度/cm不耦合系数
12250502.00
12260401.70
12270301.43
12280201.25
), ArticleFig(id=1241769358976946608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769333135839482, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

装药方案

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孔深/m封孔长度/m装药长度/cm空气长度/cm不耦合系数
12250502.00
12260401.70
12270301.43
12280201.25
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砂质泥岩巷道顶板定向爆破不耦合装药系数优化与应用
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刘少伟 1, 2 , 隋纪胜 1 , 贺德印 1 , 付孟雄 1 , 何伟 3 , 李震 3
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024,41(1): 67-76
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024, 41(1): 67-76
砂质泥岩巷道顶板定向爆破不耦合装药系数优化与应用
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刘少伟1, 2 , 隋纪胜1 , 贺德印1, 付孟雄1, 何伟3, 李震3
作者信息
  • 1.河南理工大学 能源科学与工程学院,焦作 454000
  • 2.煤炭安全生产与清洁高效利用省部共建协同创新中心,焦作 454000
  • 3.义马煤业集团孟津矿有限责任公司,洛阳 471100
  • 刘少伟(1977-),男,教授、博士生导师,(E-mail)

    LIU Shao-wei (1977-), male, professor, doctoral supervisor, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

隋纪胜(1992-),男,硕士研究生,(E-mail)
Optimization and Application of Uncoupled Charge Coefficient for Directional Blasting of Sandstone Roadway Roof
Shao-wei LIU1, 2 , Ji-sheng SUI1 , De-yin HE1, Meng-xiong FU1, Wei HE3, Zhen LI3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
  • 2.Collaborative Innovation Center of Coal Work Safety and Clean High Efficiency Utilization, Henan Province, Jiaozuo 454000, China
  • 3.Yima Coal Group Mengjin Mine Co,. LTD., Luoyang 471100, China
出版时间: 2024-03-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.010
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聚能爆破技术在沿空留巷工程项目中有着重要的作用,装药结构问题一直是目前讨论的热点及难点。对于目前沿空留巷顶板超前预裂装药长度尚没有明确的指标情况下,以孟津煤矿二2-11031工作面轨道顺槽为研究背景,提出了等长装药顶板预裂技术,为明确最优装药结构,本文通过LS-DYNA数值模拟软件建立了三维定向聚能爆破模型,改变轴向药柱的长度,以裂纹扩展长度和应力衰减速率为分析指标,通过数值模拟可知,轴向不耦合系数在1.25~1.7之间径向切缝距离约为40 cm,轴向切缝距离约为80 cm,相比轴向不耦合系数在2~3之间,切缝距离分别提高了25%和12.5%;轴向不耦合系数在1.25~3之间,应力衰减速度均小于1,能量利用最为合理;将轴向不耦合系数α=1.25~2的装药结构在孟津煤矿二2-11031工作面轨道顺槽进行顶板定向爆破实验,对预裂爆破后的两炮孔中线进行钻孔窥视,观察到4种爆破方案,两炮孔之间沿切缝方向裂纹均已经完全贯通,裂纹光滑平整,现场应用效果良好,结合经济性、安全性两方面考虑,不耦合系数α=1.7为最优;研究结果表明等长装药结构可以代替传统的三段式装药结构。研究结果可以为今后类似的项目提供参考。

聚能爆破  /  轴向不耦合装药  /  沿空留巷  /  定向预裂  /  等长装药结构

Shaped charge blasting technology plays an important role in goaf retaining roadway engineering, and the charge structure is always a hot and difficult issue in current discussions. At present, there is no clear indicator of the pre-splitting charge length of goaf-retaining roof. Taking the track groove of No. 2-11031 working face of the Mengjin Coal Mine as the research background, an isometric charge pre-splitting technology is proposed. Firstly, a three-dimensional directional shaped charge blasting model is established by LS-DYNA numerical simulation software to determine the optimal charge structure. By changing the axial cylinder length and taking the crack propagation length and stress decay rate as the analysis indexes, the numerical simulation shows that the radial slit distance is about 40 cm, and the axial slit distance is about 80 cm per meter when the axial uncoupling coefficient is between 1.25 and 1.7. Additionally, the slit distance is respectively increased by 25% and 12.5% compared with the axial uncoupling coefficient between 2 and 3. Furthermore, the energy utilization is the most reasonable as the stress attenuation rates are all less than 1 when the axial uncoupling coefficients are between 1.25 and 3. Finally, a roof directional blasting experiment with an axial uncoupling coefficient α=1.25~2 was carried out on the track groove of No. 2-11031 working face of the Mengjin Coal Mine. After the pre-split blasting, the middle line of the two holes was drilled and peeping. It is found that the cracks along the cutting seam direction between the two holes have been completely connected, the cracks are smooth, and the field application effect is good. Considering economy and safety, the uncoupling coefficient α=1.7 is the best. The results show that the isometric charging structure can replace the traditional three-stage charging structure.

shaped charge blasting  /  axial decoupling charge  /  goaf retaining roadway  /  directional pre-splitting  /  isometric charge structure
刘少伟, 隋纪胜, 贺德印, 付孟雄, 何伟, 李震. 砂质泥岩巷道顶板定向爆破不耦合装药系数优化与应用. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (1) : 67 -76 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.010
Shao-wei LIU, Ji-sheng SUI, De-yin HE, Meng-xiong FU, Wei HE, Zhen LI. Optimization and Application of Uncoupled Charge Coefficient for Directional Blasting of Sandstone Roadway Roof[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (1) : 67 -76 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.010
沿空留巷作为无煤柱成巷的关键技术,现已成为科学开采的重要发展方向和技术手段,聚能爆破以其显著的技术与经济优越性成为沿空留巷技术中无可取代的一环,是实现顶板预裂切缝的最重要的手段之一。对于聚能爆破国内外学者做了大量研究并取得了非常重大的成果,早在18世纪末期,工程师F V Baader便发现了聚能爆破现象,但直到20世纪50年代初期,才有学者提出了聚能装药模型。80年代后,研究人员将聚能装药引入到岩石爆破中[1],20世纪80年代中期北京矿业学院开始对聚能切割技术展开研究[2]
何满潮院士根据岩石抗压不抗拉的特点[3,4],提出了改进型的聚能拉伸爆破技术,利用狭缝的聚能作用在预制切缝方向对岩石产生破裂,并将其应用到工程实际,取得较好的效果。
对于沿空留巷装药结构的问题国内外专家学者进行了大量的理论和试验研究,取得了大量的研究成果。杨仁树采用动态焦散线光学实验系统对二维模型进行分析[5-11],通过改变药柱直径对应力演化过程、岩石定向断裂行为、损伤演化规律进行了大量研究。并且科研工作者将聚能爆破广发的用于工程实际均取得了较好的效果[12-15]
由以上分析可知,目前对于聚能爆破研究的结果都是以二维平面模型为准,忽略了轴向装药长度对定向效果的影响,拟采用数值模拟和现场实测的方法,以孟津煤矿二2-11031工作面砂质泥岩顶板轨道顺槽为研究背景,通过LS-DYNA数值模拟软件对三维定向爆破模型进行了研究,系统研究药柱变化对定向效果的影响,并在数值模拟的基础上提出顶板预裂最优轴向装药系数,进行了现场实验,为类似条件巷道顶板定向预裂提供新的理论依据和技术借鉴。
孟津煤矿二2-11031工作面位是矿井第二个二2采煤面,南侧为大巷保护煤柱,东侧和北侧未开采区。
孟津煤矿二2-11031工作面轨道顺槽,巷道埋深700 m,顶板主要为砂质泥岩,室内实验测得岩石强度较低,属于典型的软弱顶板,并且为保留既有巷道,为下一工作面提供服务,采用定向爆破技术对顶板进行切断,如图1为地质柱状图及切顶线设计图,切线设计长度为12 m。
目前对于沿空留巷定向爆破装药结构问题多数都采用工程经验,采用孔底加强装药孔口减弱装药中间正常装药的“三段式装药结构”,如图2(a)所示。
结合工程实际效果分析,对爆破后两炮孔中间进行窥视观察裂纹扩展效果,如果装药量多,如图2(b)所示,虽然两炮孔之间已经完全被切开,但爆破产生的爆生产物直接冲击孔口,破坏顶板的完整性,容易造成顶板失稳破坏。如果药量少,如图2(c)所示,炮孔之间不会完全被切开,预裂效果较差,会导致顶板无法完全切断直接影响留巷质量。
孟津煤矿二2-11031工作面顶板岩层的为砂质泥岩,顶板岩层的完整性较好,为完全达到预想的切缝效果,设计采用等长装药的方式对顶板进行预裂爆破,观察其整体的切缝效果,监测其留巷质量。
聚能装药爆破中使用的轴向不耦合装药将直接影响爆破煤岩体的致裂效果,建立力学模型如图3所示,爆破后孔内爆炸气体的静压P1和作用在孔壁上的冲击压力P2可表示为[16]
式中:η为轴向装药系数,η=lb/lc,其中lblc分别为不包括封孔段的炮孔长度和装药长度;k为径向不耦合装药系数,k=db/dc,其中dbdc分别为爆破孔直径和装药直径。
在径向不耦合系数k唯一的条件下,对公式中的η分别求偏导可得
由公式可知,P1P2η呈负相关,即随着轴向装药系数的增大,爆生气体产生的静压和爆炸冲击压力减小。由此可知,当药柱直径不变,只是单纯提高药柱的长度不能达到最佳的爆破效果,其量化关系需要进一步探究。
对于等长装药结构,为了便于分析对模型做如下假设:
(1)假设岩石为各向同性的均质体,无裂隙节理发育。
(2)因为炮孔长度远大于炮孔直径所以忽略炮孔深度对模拟结果的影响。
(3)炮孔内等长装药,只考虑每延米定向爆破效果。
基于上述假设,讨论三维定向爆破与轴向不耦合装药二者共同作用下岩石的破坏过程,建立如图4所示的数值模型,模型尺寸为1 m×1 m×1.5 m。聚能管长度1 m,聚能管外径41 mm,内径为38 mm,切缝宽度为4 mm,沿轴向方向开2条缝,堵塞物长度20 cm。在模拟过程中考虑炸药、聚能管、空气3种物质,工作面埋深700 m,模型四周设置18 MPa应力。
参数量为m-kg-s,为减少运算时长,增加计算效率,建立二分之一模型后对称获得整体模型,计算过程中炸药采用孔口起爆,空气和岩石边界设置无反射边界。装药结构见表1所示。
布置测点如图4(b)聚能管外空气和岩石模型水平和垂直方向选择8个特征单元,相邻单元之间的距离为10 cm,在聚能管外距离炸药5 cm布置环向监测点。
为说明装药结构变化与定向爆破两者之间的匹配关系,用轴向不耦合系数α衡量炸药长度的增减变化,模型如图5所示。
式中:α为轴向不耦合装药系数;L为炮孔长度;Le为药柱长度。
采用有限元程序LS-DYNA的流固耦合算法,对聚能管装药爆破进行了数值模拟分析。用于岩石的材料模型为HJC,孟津煤矿二2-11031工作面顶板取芯,进行室内岩石力学实验,得到岩石的相关参数如表2所示,因为混凝土和岩石都具有应变硬化、损伤软化和应变率效应等特性,所以部分参数引自混凝土材料。
用于堵塞的材料模型为MAT_PLASTIC_KINETIC,该模型采用Cowper-Symonds本构方程来考虑应变率对材料强度的影响。堵塞的相关参数如表3所示。
炸药为矿用乳化炸药,采用MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN模型,具体参数如表4所示,其中:D为炸药的爆轰速度,V为相对体积,E0为初始比内能,参数AB为实验确定常数。
本文采用流固耦合算法,EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL为空气压力变化线性多项式状态方程
式中:C0~C6为常数;μ为泊松比;E0为空气内能和初始体积比,具体参数如表5所示。
聚能选用PVC材料,其最主要作用是在切口方向对岩石产生张拉效应,具体材料参数如表6所示。
为分析聚能爆破的聚能效果,选择在距离聚能管外5 cm处空气单元分析其压力峰值和峰值时刻,为忽略炸药末端对应力峰值的影响,分析距钻孔底部5 cm处的平面单元进行分析。
图6为应力峰值图,如图所示炸药爆破后应力峰值所形成的区域大致相同,在切缝口处应力峰值最大,聚能管外侧最小,随着轴向不耦合系数的逐渐增加切缝处的应力峰值逐渐增大,切缝处的应力峰值远大于非切缝方向,以不耦合系数α=1、α=1.7、为例进行分析,当不耦合系数α=1时0°方向应力峰值为50 MPa,12°方向应力峰值为45 MPa,在90°方向应力峰值为4 MPa,90°方向的压力峰值最小,切缝方向的应力约为垂直切缝方向应力的1.5到12.5倍α=1.7时0°方向应力峰值为20 MPa,10°方向应力峰值为9 MPa,在90°方向应力峰值为3 MPa,90°方向的压力峰值最小,切缝方向的压力约为垂直切缝缝方向应力的1.1到6倍,应力波在聚能管处发生绕射非切缝方向应力会有所衰减,在切缝向受爆炸冲击应力较大,所以切缝向应力要高于非切缝向应力,通过上述分析可知聚能管可以有效控制爆炸后应力的传播方向。
应力峰值的出现时刻也是一个影响聚能效果的重要因素,应力峰值也会影响爆炸效果,如图7所示,沿切缝方向达到应力峰值所需要的时间要早于非切缝方向所需要的时间,当不耦合系数α=3.3时切缝方向上的压力峰值最早产生为760 μs,非切缝方向的峰值时间为860 μs;当不耦合系数α在2~2.5两种装药结构,沿切缝方向的峰值时刻约为600 μs,非切缝方向的峰值时刻约为800 μs;不耦合系数α为1.1~1.7四种装药结构,沿切缝方向的峰值时刻约为560 μs,非切缝方向的峰值时刻约为780 μs。随着不耦合系数的增加沿切缝方向和非切缝方向的峰值时间也随之提高。
聚能管的存在增加了爆炸产生的爆生产物在切口方向上的传播速度,其主要作用是可以有效控制爆炸后应力在不同方向的分布,提高在切缝方向的峰值应力,降低非切缝方向的应力峰值,此外,在非切缝方向产生应力峰值的时间也被延迟,由此可知聚能管可以起到定向的作用。
为分析应力随时间变化的趋势,提取应力变化云图如图8所示。
当不耦合系数α=1时,100 μs应力峰值为56 MPa,随着炸药在孔内继续起爆在450 μ应力上升为63 MPa,应力的上升幅度较大说明采用这种装药结构容易导致能量的流失能量利用率较低,由图8可知,起爆后封孔处率先受到应力的冲击封堵物从内部产生破碎,并逐渐向外扩展,在现场实际施工中,封堵物的失效将导致应力冲出对顶板的完整性产生破坏,虽然这种装药结构切缝长度最佳但是对岩石整体破坏性较强,不适合现场施工。
当不耦合系数α=1.1~3.3时,7种装药结构从起爆初始至爆破结束,应力变化趋势整体较为稳定,约为20 MPa左右,整体变化范围较小,没有骤然上升也没有骤然下降,说明此时装药结构从能量利用角度分析较为合理。
通过对裂纹扩展和应力演化两者分析可知除不耦合系数α=1应力有骤升的趋势外,其余方案应力变化趋近于稳定值,从能量角度考虑整体利用率较高,但还需要进一步对应力增减变化的幅度进行定量的分析。
从定向裂纹扩展规律中可以看出,在孔口和钻孔中部的定向裂纹扩展的差异较小,而且裂纹扩展的形态,曲线的平滑程度大致相同,只是在不耦合系数为1和1.1时对孔口损毁较重,部分位置因为模型被穿透导致应力损失,不能准确地形容应力衰减全过程,所以对裂纹扩展变化差异较大的钻孔底部平面单元进行应力衰减速度的定量分析。
为了进一步说明应力变化与不耦合装药之间的辩证关系,对各监测点数据进行提取如表7所示,并拟合出峰值应力与相对距离之间的关系曲线,求出同一位置内的各曲线斜率如图9所示,可以定量的来描述应力衰减速度的快慢。
通过对应力衰减曲线的斜率可知,随着相对距离的增加,不同耦合系数峰值曲线变化幅度有很大的差异性,当不耦合系数为α=1和α=1.1两种条件下,曲线斜率大于1说明此时应力衰减速度过快,而在α=1.25~3.3六种条件下,应力变化幅度最慢曲线较为平缓,炸药从起爆到最后结束,各测点的峰值应力变化幅度较小,能量利用率较高。
通过对裂纹扩展的长度、爆破过程中的应力变化和应力衰减速度三者分析可知,不耦合系数α在1.25~1.7三种装药条件下,裂纹最大扩展距离为38 cm、能量利用率较高、应力衰减速度慢,在满足经济性、安全性的同时,又满足现场施工要求。由以上分析可知合理的装药结构对控制定向爆破效果,提高能量利用率具有重要意义。
炸药起爆后在聚能管的聚能作用下,会在瞬间产生高温、高压的聚能流,因为聚能管的密度高于炸药的密度,在爆轰产物的气楔作用下,聚能流沿聚能管冲击切缝口处的岩体,孔壁在切缝方向率先形成应力集中,从而形成缺陷,沿切缝口方向形成初始裂纹。炸药爆炸作用在孔壁的应力包括径向压应力和切向压应力。切向拉应力在径向裂缝尖端的应力集中、爆生气体的准动态膨胀作用和侵彻作用共同使初始径向裂缝发生进一步扩展。
聚能管与孔壁之间的空气缓冲作用使割缝管不断向外膨胀,切缝宽度膨胀,气体射流强度不断增加,导致割缝方向孔壁受应力冲击越大,形成了连续而均匀的切缝面,定向裂纹形态沿钻孔方向对称分布。从定向切缝的最终分布来看,沿定向切缝的长度存在显著差异,绘制切缝距离与钻孔深度曲线,如图10所示。
图10所示,对于双缝聚能爆破,α=1、1.1时初始起爆在孔口处因黏土炮泥的封堵孔口(起爆位置)的定向裂缝长度应力沿径向对岩石产生拉伸破坏形成最大长度约为50 cm,定向爆破产生的裂缝最长,但对孔口冲击较重,孔底的定向裂缝最短长度为38 cm,钻孔孔中部裂纹扩展较为平缓,但孔口处岩石破碎严重,实际施工将导致顶板破碎严重不适宜工程应用。
α=1.25~1.7之间三组模拟在钻孔中部径裂纹三者趋近于同一值约为38 cm,轴向切缝长度为70 cm,三组方案轴向装药长度不同,但切缝距离大致相同,是因为炸药被引爆后应力会率先沿切缝口产生聚能流,切割径向岩石,产生等长的切缝距离,随后在炸药末端在聚能管内形成射流冲击孔底,如图11所示,所以虽然药量略有不同但是处在药柱中部位置,就会在钻孔中部产生大致相同的切缝长度。
当不耦合系数α在2~3.5之间时,整体切缝距离较短最大切缝长度均值约30 cm,仅轴向50 cm范围内的岩石被切开作用范围较短,不适宜工程应用。
由上述分析可知,轴向孔底径向切缝长度随着药柱减短逐渐减小,应力在管内传递消耗的能量就越多,对径向岩石的切缝距离越短,而且由图8可知当不耦合系数α=1~1.1时,应力对孔口冲击严重,α=2~3.3时轴向切缝长度较短,以上情况均不满足施工要求。当不耦合系数α=1.25~1.7时对孔口冲击较小,轴向切缝长度较长,能够保证岩石整体的完整性。
通过对上述的模拟分析结果结合经济性及安全性两方面考虑,对孟津煤矿二2-11031工作面轨道顺槽采用每延米装药段长度50 cm、60 cm、70 cm、80 cm四种装药结构进行现场爆破实验,进行对比分析,通过数值模拟分析可知四种装药最大切缝距离为38 cm,设计炮孔间距为80 cm,药结构如图12所示,孔口封堵长度为2 m,装药方案如表8所示。现场试验共4孔爆破,实验的主要直径,装药长度等参数均与数值模拟相同,数值模拟的4种不耦合系数在现场试验中均进行了验证。
爆破后对两炮孔中线进行钻孔窥视,观察裂纹状态和切缝效果。D为入孔深度,对爆破后的结果进行分析,图13为不耦合系数为1.25时爆后窥视图,根据窥视结果可知,爆破后孔内已形成连续的切缝面,但是因为药量多,虽然在炸药初始阶段有了定向爆破的效果,但是孔内在靠近切缝口侧又形成了新裂纹并且相互贯通,而且6~8 m之间定向破碎宽度较大,虽然已经形成连续的切缝面但是产生了额外的能量损失。
图14图15两种装药结构,根据炮孔中线的窥视结果可知沿定向管的切缝方向已经形成两条清晰的裂纹,并且裂纹之间已经完全贯通,在裂缝宽度上70 cm装药长度略优于60 cm装药长度,但两种装药结构均已经形成了贯通裂纹,岩石径向已经被完全切开,而且没有非定向侧的裂纹产生整体爆破效果较好。
图16为不耦合系数为2时爆后窥视图,根据窥视结果可知炮孔与炮孔之间并未完全贯通,在2~4 m范围内形成切缝但是很难辨别,而且在4~8 m之间径向岩石并没有被完全切断,8~12 m范围内仅有少许的裂隙产生,定向效果较差部分高度并没有达到预期的切缝效果。
通过数值模拟和现场实验可知,在每延米60 cm、70 cm装药长度下,定向效果较好,径向岩石完全被切开,使用效果较好,随着药柱的长度增加,破坏范围也会增大不利于工程施工,药柱长度减小,定向效果较差不能形成贯通的裂纹,部分岩石并不会被切开,不满足现场的施工要求。所以根据现场实测和数值分析并结合经济性、安全性、两方面考虑,不耦合装药系数为α=1.7时可以满足现场的施工要求。
图17所示,孟津煤矿二2-11031工作面轨道顺槽采用等长装药形式进行顶板超前预裂,工作面回采后沿切缝处顶板断裂,留巷效果好,说明等长装药结构可以作为类似条件下沿空留巷顶板预裂的技术手段。
(1)由数值模拟可知,在聚能管的作用下,能量衰减速度变化与药柱长度正相关,药柱长度小于80 cm,应力衰减速度慢,能量利用率高,裂纹扩展形态平整光滑。
(2)等长装药结构在赵家寨煤矿顶板断裂试验中,依据模拟结果设计装药参数。模拟结果与实验结论一致,并达到了预期的破岩效果,可为相似工程设计施工提供依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52074102)
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2024年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.010
  • 接收时间:2022-11-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-04
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52074102)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52074102)
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    1.河南理工大学 能源科学与工程学院,焦作 454000
    2.煤炭安全生产与清洁高效利用省部共建协同创新中心,焦作 454000
    3.义马煤业集团孟津矿有限责任公司,洛阳 471100

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隋纪胜(1992-),男,硕士研究生,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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