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Article(id=1241769332548636918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1672156800000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773990479837, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1709222400000, pubDateStr=2024-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773990479837, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773990479837, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773990479837, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241769329201578292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773990479040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992264087, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241776816298459159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241776816298459160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=186, endPage=195, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241769335694365044, articleId=1241769332548636918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Ignition Position on Methane/Air Premix Explosion Characteristics, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The explosion of premixed gas in a closed vessel is very complicated. In order to study the effect of ignition position on the explosion characteristics of methane/air premixed gas, the central ignition explosion experiment with 10 vol. % methane concentration in a 1 m3 closed spherical explosive vessel was carried out under an initial pressure of 101 kPa and an initial temperature of 300 K. Besides, the effect of different ignition positions (center ignition, 0.5R ignition, R ignition) on the explosion characteristics of methane/air premix in the vessel was studied by LES turbulence model and Zimont combustion model of the Fluent numerical simulation software. It includes flame structure evolution, explosion temperature, explosion pressure and explosion pressure rise rate. The results show that the flame expands around until the wall and profile of the vessel gradually change from the initial “left thin and right thick” to the “left raised sharp angle” and gradually stretch from the “circular arc” to the “sharp shape” to the left when the flame is ignited at the center, 0.5R and R. And then, there is a temperature gradient in the temperature field at different ignition positions. The heating law is continuously released from the energy of the ignition center, and the temperature continuously accumulates and rises. Furthermore, the variation trend of explosion pressure under different ignition positions is basically the same. The final maximum explosion pressure is stable at about 766 kPa due to the wall insulation. Finally, the rise rate of the maximum explosion pressure in the center ignition is the highest, which is 94.5% and 141.8% higher than that in 0.5R ignition and R ignition, respectively.

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WEI Lin-hui (1998-), female, postgraduate, (E-mail) .
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密闭容器内预混气体爆炸非常复杂，为研究点火位置对甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸特性的影响，在初始压力为101 kPa和初始温度为300 K的环境下，开展1 m3密闭球形爆炸容器中10 vol%甲烷浓度的中心点火爆炸实验，并使用Fluent数值模拟软件，采用LES湍流模型和Zimont燃烧模型，研究不同点火位置（中心点火、0.5R点火、R点火）对容器内甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸特性的影响，包括火焰结构演化、爆炸温度、爆炸压力、爆炸压力上升速率。结果表明：（1）在中心、0.5R和R处点火时，火焰分别向四周膨胀直至容器壁面、轮廓由最初的“左薄右厚”逐渐转变为“左侧凸起的尖角”和在壁面处从“圆弧形”逐渐拉伸转变成“尖形”向左侧发展；（2）不同点火位置下温度场存在温度梯度，升温规律均由点火中心能量持续向外释放，温度不断积聚升高；（3）不同点火位置下爆炸压力变化趋势基本一致，由于壁面绝热，最终最大爆炸压力均稳定在766 kPa左右；（4）中心点火时最大爆炸压力上升速率最大，较0.5R点火和R处点火分别增大了94.5%和141.8%。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
魏林慧（1998-），女，硕士研究生，（E-mail）.
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王金贵（1987-），男，博士、副教授，（E-mail）.

WANG Jin-gui (1987-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, (E-mail) .

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王金贵（1987-），男，博士、副教授，（E-mail）.

WANG Jin-gui (1987-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, (E-mail) .

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王金贵（1987-），男，博士、副教授，（E-mail）.

WANG Jin-gui (1987-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, (E-mail) .

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figureFileBig=a06v83kBeFI5zQ89M9OJEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769356548444502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769332548636918, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Variation trend of the average temperature in the vessel with time at different ignition positions, figureFileSmall=jqJfsBmzm5nWwHy/Xt/6rg==, figureFileBig=hjJQdFZ6UySQZMss38oukQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769356661690717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769332548636918, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同点火位置下容器内平均温度随时间变化趋势, figureFileSmall=jqJfsBmzm5nWwHy/Xt/6rg==, figureFileBig=hjJQdFZ6UySQZMss38oukQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769356774936930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769332548636918, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Effect of different ignition positions on overpressure, figureFileSmall=AGtgIqH97Hc+5J4vb0U9fg==, figureFileBig=Cf9R7qQoA5nfGBFv9Vsf3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769356883988839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769332548636918, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同点火位置对超压的影响, figureFileSmall=AGtgIqH97Hc+5J4vb0U9fg==, figureFileBig=Cf9R7qQoA5nfGBFv9Vsf3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769356984652138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769332548636918, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Effect of different ignition positions on the rate of pressure rise, figureFileSmall=dNNNyS/zTQuPdTgMYY/3WA==, figureFileBig=mUTW1Fg565iBA/EAVzA1Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769357127258479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769332548636918, language=CN, label=图17, caption=不同点火位置对压力上升速率的影响, figureFileSmall=dNNNyS/zTQuPdTgMYY/3WA==, figureFileBig=mUTW1Fg565iBA/EAVzA1Mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769357232116083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769332548636918, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The specific data values of explosion intensity related parameters at 10% methane concentration

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甲烷浓度/%爆炸超压峰值/kPa到达超压峰值所需时间/ms
实验值计算值实验值计算值
10740.51766.96326353
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10%甲烷浓度下爆炸强度相关参数的具体数据值

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甲烷浓度/%爆炸超压峰值/kPa到达超压峰值所需时间/ms
实验值计算值实验值计算值
10740.51766.96326353
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Specific data values of explosion intensity related parameters at different ignition positions

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工况点火位置
中心点火0.5R点火 R处点火
爆炸超压峰值/kPa766.96766.25766.88
到达爆炸超压峰值时间/ms353491582
最大压力上升速率/MPa·s-15.873.122.51
到达最大压力上升速率时间/ms263287372
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不同点火位置爆炸强度相关参数的具体数据值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况点火位置
中心点火0.5R点火 R处点火
爆炸超压峰值/kPa766.96766.25766.88
到达爆炸超压峰值时间/ms353491582
最大压力上升速率/MPa·s-15.873.122.51
到达最大压力上升速率时间/ms263287372
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点火位置对甲烷/空气预混爆炸特性影响的数值模拟研究
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王金贵 , 梁志星 , 胡强强 , 朱杭钦 , 胡超 , 魏林慧
爆破 | 安全与管理 2024,41(1): 186-195
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2024, 41(1): 186-195
点火位置对甲烷/空气预混爆炸特性影响的数值模拟研究
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王金贵 , 梁志星, 胡强强, 朱杭钦, 胡超, 魏林慧
作者信息
  • 福州大学　环境与安全工程学院，福州　350116　

    • 王金贵（1987-），男，博士、副教授，（E-mail）.

    WANG Jin-gui (1987-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

魏林慧（1998-），女，硕士研究生，（E-mail）.
Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Ignition Position on Methane/Air Premix Explosion Characteristics
Jin-gui WANG , Zhi-xing LIANG, Qiang-qiang HU, Hang-qin ZHU, Chao HU, Lin-hui WEI
Affiliations
  • College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
出版时间: 2024-03-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.025
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摘要
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密闭容器内预混气体爆炸非常复杂，为研究点火位置对甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸特性的影响，在初始压力为101 kPa和初始温度为300 K的环境下，开展1 m3密闭球形爆炸容器中10 vol%甲烷浓度的中心点火爆炸实验，并使用Fluent数值模拟软件，采用LES湍流模型和Zimont燃烧模型，研究不同点火位置（中心点火、0.5R点火、R点火）对容器内甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸特性的影响，包括火焰结构演化、爆炸温度、爆炸压力、爆炸压力上升速率。结果表明：（1）在中心、0.5R和R处点火时，火焰分别向四周膨胀直至容器壁面、轮廓由最初的“左薄右厚”逐渐转变为“左侧凸起的尖角”和在壁面处从“圆弧形”逐渐拉伸转变成“尖形”向左侧发展；（2）不同点火位置下温度场存在温度梯度，升温规律均由点火中心能量持续向外释放，温度不断积聚升高；（3）不同点火位置下爆炸压力变化趋势基本一致，由于壁面绝热，最终最大爆炸压力均稳定在766 kPa左右；（4）中心点火时最大爆炸压力上升速率最大，较0.5R点火和R处点火分别增大了94.5%和141.8%。

点火位置  /  甲烷/空气预混气体  /  火焰前锋  /  大涡模拟  /  密闭球形容器

The explosion of premixed gas in a closed vessel is very complicated. In order to study the effect of ignition position on the explosion characteristics of methane/air premixed gas, the central ignition explosion experiment with 10 vol. % methane concentration in a 1 m3 closed spherical explosive vessel was carried out under an initial pressure of 101 kPa and an initial temperature of 300 K. Besides, the effect of different ignition positions (center ignition, 0.5R ignition, R ignition) on the explosion characteristics of methane/air premix in the vessel was studied by LES turbulence model and Zimont combustion model of the Fluent numerical simulation software. It includes flame structure evolution, explosion temperature, explosion pressure and explosion pressure rise rate. The results show that the flame expands around until the wall and profile of the vessel gradually change from the initial “left thin and right thick” to the “left raised sharp angle” and gradually stretch from the “circular arc” to the “sharp shape” to the left when the flame is ignited at the center, 0.5R and R. And then, there is a temperature gradient in the temperature field at different ignition positions. The heating law is continuously released from the energy of the ignition center, and the temperature continuously accumulates and rises. Furthermore, the variation trend of explosion pressure under different ignition positions is basically the same. The final maximum explosion pressure is stable at about 766 kPa due to the wall insulation. Finally, the rise rate of the maximum explosion pressure in the center ignition is the highest, which is 94.5% and 141.8% higher than that in 0.5R ignition and R ignition, respectively.

ignition position  /  methane/air premixed gas  /  flame front  /  large eddy simulation  /  hermetically sealed spherical vessel
王金贵, 梁志星, 胡强强, 朱杭钦, 胡超, 魏林慧. 点火位置对甲烷/空气预混爆炸特性影响的数值模拟研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (1) : 186 -195 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.025
Jin-gui WANG, Zhi-xing LIANG, Qiang-qiang HU, Hang-qin ZHU, Chao HU, Lin-hui WEI. Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Ignition Position on Methane/Air Premix Explosion Characteristics[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (1) : 186 -195 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.025
正文
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天然气作为一种清洁能源，已广泛应用于各行各业中。但是天然气易燃易爆，在运输、储存和使用过程中极易发生爆炸，将造成巨大的财产损失和人员伤亡[1,2]。在球形储罐容器内开展甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸实验，研究其爆炸特性，对天然气的安全储存具有重要的参考意义。
近年来，国内外学者针对可燃气体爆炸，从可燃气体浓度[3,4]、初始条件[5]、爆炸容器体积和形状等方面展开了大量的研究[6]。其中点火位置也是影响可燃气体爆炸的一个重要参数[7]。Kindracki等和Bi等分别使用实验和数值模拟的方法研究了密闭管道内点火位置对甲烷/空气爆炸超压的影响[8,9]，研究结果均表明：管道中心点火产生的爆炸超压高于管道端部点火。在圆柱形容器中也是相同的结果[10,11]。Xiao等使用长度为530 mm的密闭管道研究管道一侧不同点火位置下氢气/空气爆炸火焰传播特性[12]，研究结果表明：点火位置在管道中心时，火焰传播较为缓慢，火焰振荡较弱。孙从煌等通过模拟对管道内可燃气体爆炸产生的温度场进行了分析[13]，点火位置距管道左端壁面越远，中间节点处温度越高，升温越快。Dai等和Zhang等在20L球形容器中比较中心和壁面点火的爆炸危险性[14,15]，由于壁面点火下火焰更早接触容器壁，造成更多的热损失，因此壁面点火的爆炸强度小于中心点火。
点火位置对可燃气体爆炸影响的研究多集中于管道容器中，球型容器研究较少且为小尺度的。基于此，在中等尺度（1 m3）球形容器中进行甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸实验，并使用Fluent软件研究不同点火位置下甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸特性，为容器尺寸效应研究提供数据基础。
1　实验系统及三维几何模型
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甲烷/空气预混爆炸实验系统由1m3密闭球形爆炸容器、高速摄像系统、数据采集系统、配气系统及点火系统等组成，如图1所示。
1 m3密闭球形容器实物图如图2（a）所示，为实现爆炸过程的可视化，球形爆炸容器前后两侧均安装有直径为250 mm、厚度为50 mm的透明石英玻璃视窗，高速摄像机（HX-3E）以2000 Hz的频率记录动态火焰演化图像。实验的压力信号采集系统由压阻式压力传感器（ZXP660）及存储记录仪（MR8847A）构成。依据球形爆炸容器的实际尺寸等比例建立三维模型，采用ICEM CFD对几何模型进行结构化网格划分，如图2（b）所示。
本次实验使用体积浓度为10%的甲烷/空气预混气体。实验开始前使用真空泵将容器内部抽至真空状态，关闭真空泵并检查装置气密性，在确保内部压力无波动后，按照道尔顿分压定律配置体积浓度为10%的甲烷/空气预混气体，真空压力表的精度为±0.01 kPa，配气完成后静置10 min，以保证气体混合均匀减少误差[16]。触发DDS信号发生装置同步启动数据采集系统，并通过同步控制器诱发高压脉冲放电开关，使点火电极产生电火花，点火电压为15 kV，点火能量约为500 mJ。本次实验均在初始压力为101 kPa，初始温度为300 K的环境下进行，点火位置位于球形容器中心，针对该工况开展3次重复实验，并使用该组实验数据验证数值模拟的可靠性。
2　数学模型
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2.1　湍流模型
预混火焰传播过程以湍流流动为主，本研究采用大涡模拟（Large eddy simulation，LES）作为球形容器内甲烷/空气预混爆炸数值模拟的湍流模型。大涡模拟方法介于RANS模拟与DNS模拟之间，通过滤波函数将大尺度涡和小尺度涡分离，大尺度涡流运动通过瞬时Navier-Stokes（N-S）方程直接计算，而对于小尺度涡流运动采用亚网格（sub-grid scale，SGS）模型进行建模处理。模拟实验中控制方程被大涡模拟滤波后的三维瞬态方程为[17]
式中：“—”和“~”分别表示LES滤波的参量和质量权重滤波的参量；ρ为密度；p为压力；t为时间；ui和uj为速度分量；σij为应力张量；τij为亚网格尺度应力；hs为显焓；λ为热导率；T为温度；亚网格模型选用Smagorinsky-Lilly模型。
2.2　燃烧模型
实际中的气体燃烧过程是湍流和化学反应相互作用的结果，本次仿真实验采用Fluent软件中提供的部分预混燃烧模型模拟甲烷/空气预混燃烧的化学反应情况。部分预混燃烧模型是预混燃烧模型和非预混燃烧模型的结合，该模型不仅可求解完全均匀预混合的气体，而且还可以通过求解几何混合分数方程确定预混可燃物的组分浓度。因此，本文采用部分预混燃烧模型中基于C方程的Zimont模型来模拟甲烷-空气预混气体的燃烧爆炸过程。在Zimont模型中，燃料和氧化剂在点火之前已经进行分子级别的混合，燃烧反应发生在一个极薄的火焰锋面中，使得未燃烧反应物向燃烧产物转变，并将未燃区与燃烧区分开。Zimont模型通过求解一个输运方程得到反应进程变量c，c为一个表征反应进程的标量，表达式如公式（5）所示
式中：n为燃烧产物数，Yi，eq、Yi为平衡产物组分与产物组分i的质量分数。
2.3　初始条件与边界条件
模拟设置的甲烷浓度、初始温度、初始压力和点火情况均与实验条件保持一致。模型的边界条件设置为wall，壁面为静止无滑移的绝热边界，局部化学平衡无热损失，故热通量和对流换热系数都设置为0。采用SIMPLE算法求解进程变量和压力场，对流项为二阶逆风格式，扩散项为中心差分格式。为了计算快速收敛，采用k-omga SST模型对流场进行冷态计算，得到稳态计算的流场初始值，进而使用LES进行求解计算。点火位置及监测点设置情况如图3所示。
3　结果与讨论
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3.1　模拟结果验证
3.1.1　网格无关性验证
数值模拟中计算网格的尺寸会影响求解精度，网格尺寸越小，精度越高，但成本也随之增加。本文研究工况为中等尺度球形容器，其计算域远大于小尺寸球形容器，在考虑计算成本、网格数量及质量的基础上，采用ICEM CFD软件对最小网格尺寸为6、7、8、9和10mm五种网格尺寸使用相同的网格划分方法进行网格独立性分析。
图4为不同网格尺寸下爆炸超压随时间变化情况，从图中可以看出计算结果的差距随着网格尺寸减小逐渐缩小，这是因为空间离散误差对计算结果的影响随着网格细化逐渐降低，当计算结果不再随着网格尺寸减小而产生明显变化时，即使再对网格进行细化，结果曲线也不会有较大改变，但同时也增加了计算所需时间[18]。综合考虑计算效率、费用和精度，最终选取网格尺寸为7 mm，整体网格数量为223 w进行后续计算。
3.1.2　火焰演化图像
图5是中心点火条件下10%的甲烷/空气预混爆炸实验图像与模拟云图对比。预混气体点燃后，在自身的热膨胀作用下火焰迅速向外扩张；20 ms时，火焰受点火电极的影响右侧向内凹陷，形成“苹果形”火焰结构；火焰前锋在能量传输作用下，火焰中心呈亮黄色，四周呈淡蓝色，这是由于反应区的光谱中具有CH和OH谱带以及一部分CO火焰光谱[19]；随后，点火电极杆的影响逐渐减小，40 ms时，火焰以近似“球形”传播，最终以“球形”火焰形态传播至视窗边缘。由于实验过程中高速摄像机通过直径为250 mm的石英玻璃视窗捕捉爆炸过程中局部动态火焰演化过程，而数值模拟云图为全尺寸密闭球形容器中火焰，故在图5中显示出火球大小存在差异。通过图6实验与模拟结果的火焰等效半径对比，能更加直观的对照实验图像与模拟云图的火焰大小。
为更详细直观地显示火焰演化结构，图7为火焰传播过程进程变量c=0.2的等值面，代表预混火焰三维结构变化情况。火焰发展初期处于层流状态，以“球形”结构膨胀，不断向未燃区域推进；随火焰不断演化，在D-L不稳定性、热-质扩散不稳定性和流体力学不稳定性等因素的耦合作用下，火焰面失稳，逐渐向湍流状态转变。t=60 ms时，观察到原本光滑平整的火焰轮廓上出现不规则的褶皱以及“胞状”结构，该现象随着反应的进行持续加剧；t=225 ms时，火焰表面“胞状”结构开始破裂，如图中红色圆圈标记所示；t=230 ms后，火焰“胞状”结构不断破裂，火焰表面出现大量裂纹；最后，预混可燃气体燃尽，火焰淬熄。
3.1.3　火焰等效半径
图6为甲烷-空气预混气体爆炸火焰等效半径随时间变化曲线，从图中可知实验与模拟的火焰传播速度（即曲线斜率）变化趋势基本相同，模拟与实验结果较为吻合。数值模拟得到的火焰半径略大于实验的等效半径，这是因为模拟为理想状态，无热耗散、热损失，总的来说，所选数值模型能够有效模拟出火焰的结构，具有较高的准确性。
3.1.4　爆炸超压
图8为甲烷/空气预混爆炸超压随时间变化的实验结果与模拟结果对比。实验结果与模拟结果发展趋势基本一致，但压力峰值略有差异。表1列出了10%甲烷浓度下爆炸超压峰值和到达超压峰值所需时间实验与模拟结果具体数值，模拟计算结果略高于实验监测结果。分析认为数值模拟假设是理想状态，不考虑热量散失、浮力不稳定性等因素造成的影响；加之，为便于计算对物理模型进行简化，模型壁面设置为绝热无滑移状态，且局部化学平衡，故模拟后期压力值趋于平缓。综上所述，基于大涡模拟的数值模拟结果与实验结果拟合效果较好，整个过程中的压力误差小于10%，在误差允许范围内，所采用的数值仿真模型较为准确可靠。
3.2　点火位置对爆炸温度场的影响
3.2.1　中心点火
图9为中心点火工况下预混火焰温度场分布情况，图10为爆炸温度随时间变化曲线。当预混气体自球心处点燃后，点火中心火焰温度骤升至2242.56 K，此时区域内预混火焰发生层流燃烧，初始火焰呈“球形”向四周扩散。t=80ms后，监测点2和4处观察到火焰温度开始骤升。随着燃烧不断进行，点火中心能量持续向外释放，中心温度不断叠加升高，由于火焰前锋与未燃气体之间存在温度差，导致D-L不稳定性、热-质扩散不稳定性等因素的产生，火焰锋面的褶皱现象和“胞状”结构愈加明显。D-L不稳定性是火焰前沿热膨胀的结果，在其作用下，火焰锋面凸出部分会持续膨胀凹陷部分持续收缩，进而促使火焰破裂[20]。热-质扩散不稳定性是由于火焰在传播过程中火焰面处可燃混合物热扩散与质量扩散的差异引起的，在其作用下，火焰面处的混合物成分、化学反应速率和燃烧速率都发生改变，使得火焰褶皱[21,22]。t=200 ms时火焰右侧接触容器壁面，此时，观察到右壁面处监测点5的预混火焰温度先于左壁面监测点1迅速升高。反应后期容器内温度以较慢的速度缓慢发展，这主要是因为在爆炸反应后期容器内可燃气体所剩不多，链式反应还在继续但活性粒子的浓度减小，各活性粒子间碰撞几率减少，所以容器内缓慢升温直至预混可燃气体燃烧殆尽，最终容器内温度保持在相对稳定状态。
3.2.2　0.5R处点火
图11为0.5R处点火工况下预混火焰温度场分布情况，图12为爆炸温度随时间变化曲线。当预混气体在0.5R处点燃时，点火瞬间热量积聚，监测点4处火焰温度升至2239.12 K；火焰受到容器右壁面限制，点火位置左右两侧存在一定的压力差，在压差作用下火焰轮廓呈现“左薄右厚”形态发展；随着反应不断进行，火焰左侧中心略向前凸起形成“尖角”传播至容器左壁面，对比发现点火位置左侧火焰传播速度明显快于右侧；t=80 ms时，中心处监测点3处火焰温度迅速升高至2250.13 K；t=150 ms时，火焰右侧接触壁面，壁面处监测点5火焰温度骤升；随着反应的进行，右侧火焰与容器壁面接触面积不断增大，温度在容器右侧积聚，可以明显观察到容器右侧的温度高于左侧；反应后期，预混可燃气体耗尽，火焰面消失。
3.2.3　 R处点火
图13为R处点火工况下预混火焰温度场分布情况，图14为爆炸温度随时间变化曲线。当预混气体在壁面R处点燃时，温度监测点记录下的火焰升温的顺序依次为：监测点5>监测点4>监测点3>监测点2>监测点1。火焰初期发展阶段，其传播过程受到容器右壁面的影响，火焰锋面由“圆弧形”逐渐拉伸转变成“尖形”向左侧发展；随后，由于压力波到达左侧壁面后产生反射波，与火焰前锋相互作用，促使Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定现象出现，火焰锋面相互挤压、卷吸及拉伸，致使火焰扰动增强，更多的未燃气体卷入燃烧，火焰锋面失稳逐渐转向湍流[23-25]；与0.5R处点火相同，在反应后期，容器右侧温度积聚，右侧温度高于左侧。对比中心点火和0.5R处点火发现，火焰锋面的褶皱程度及“胞状”结构最明显。
3.2.4　点火位置对爆炸平均温度的影响
点火位置对爆炸温度场变化情况及反应时间有显著影响。在爆炸过程中化学反应发生在极薄的火焰锋面内，把高温产物与未燃气体隔开，火焰前锋与未燃气体之间存在温度梯度，未燃气体经热对流、热交换和热辐射等迅速升温，从而促使燃烧波不断向未燃区域推进。在反应过程中，点火中心能量持续向外释放，中心温度不断叠加升高，球形密闭容器内温度场的升温是从点火位置处向外扩散升温的，由于模型的简化，容器壁面为绝热状态，反应后期容器内能量不断积聚，温度曲线基本趋于平缓。图15为不同点火位置下容器内平均温度随时间变化趋势。可以看出，中心点火时容器内升温速率最快，随着点火位置越靠近壁面，升温速率逐渐降低。这是因为随着点火位置越靠近壁面，火焰受到右侧壁面的限制，区域内升温速度变得缓慢。
3.3　点火位置对爆炸超压及压力上升速率的影响
图16为不同点火位置对爆炸超压的影响。可以观察到，不同点火位置下密闭球形容器内爆炸压力发展规律是一致的，但是到达超压峰值的时间不同。中心点火时最先到达爆炸最大压力，0.5R点火次之，而壁面R处点火最慢到达压力峰值。气体在电火花点火的作用下，开始发生化学反应并释放大量的热量，促使预混气体向外膨胀做功产生压力波，压力随之升高。反应初期，火焰以层流状态向外发展，在此阶段火焰向外膨胀的速率较低，压力上升速率较慢；反应中期，在湍流扰动的作用下，火焰发生扭曲变形，火焰表面与未燃气体接触增加，反应温度不断升高，化学反应速率加快，故压力迅速上升至达到超压峰值；反应后期，可燃气体燃烧殆尽，由于数值模拟的壁面为绝热边界，局部化学平衡无热损失，故压力趋于平缓，最终不同点火位置所达到的最大爆炸压力均稳定在766 kPa左右，在数值模拟计算中爆炸压力峰值的大小与点火位置无关。
图17为不同点火位置对压力上升速率的影响。表2给出了密闭球形容器内不同点火位置下爆炸超压峰值、到达爆炸超压峰值时间、最大压力上升速率和到达最大压力上升速率时间的具体数值。可以发现，对于特定浓度的甲烷气体，中心点火的压力上升速率总是最快，随着点火位置靠近壁面，压力上升速率逐渐减小。分析认为在中心点火时，火焰向四周膨胀发展最佳，火焰与未燃气体的接触面积最大，使得爆炸压力上升最快；而在壁面点火时，火焰仅向左发展，火焰右端受到壁面的约束，限制火焰的发展，火焰与未燃气体的接触面积受到影响，故压力上升速率最慢。
4　结论
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本文通过实验和Fluent数值模拟研究了中等尺度（1 m3）密闭球形容器内不同点火位置对甲烷/空气预混爆炸特性的影响，实验结论如下：
（1）在壁面R处点火时，火焰锋面褶皱程度及“胞状”结构最明显。
（2）中心点火时，容器内的升温速率最快，点火位置越靠近壁面，火焰越早受到壁面的影响。
（3）点火位置不同，压力变化趋势基本一致，但随着点火位置由中心向壁面移动，到达爆炸超压峰值的时间变长。
（4）中心点火的压力上升速率最大，随着点火位置越靠近壁面，压力上升速率逐渐减小。因此，中心点火时造成的危害最严重。
基金
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  • 福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2020J01505)
文献
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2024年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.025
  • 接收时间：2022-12-28
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2024-03-01
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  • 收稿日期：2022-12-28
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province funded projects(2020J01505)
福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2020J01505)
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    福州大学　环境与安全工程学院，福州　350116　

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魏林慧（1998-），女，硕士研究生，（E-mail）.
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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