Article(id=1241769331957236056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693756800000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773990479697, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1709222400000, pubDateStr=2024-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773990479697, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773990479697, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773990479697, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241769329201578292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773990479040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992264087, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241776816298459159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241776816298459160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=148, endPage=158, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241769332229865830, articleId=1241769331957236056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Mechanism of Hydration Rate of Static Blasting Agent on Rock Mechanics and Damage, columnId=1241046467696193882, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=SPECIAL BLASTING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For the purpose of studyingTo study the influence of hydration rate of static explosives on the mechanical behavior and damage mechanism of coal ore body, numerical simulations of ore body mechanical damage were carried out using a stress-damage coupling model under different hydration rates. The impact of hydration rate on the evolution of stress field and damage zone in the ore body was analyzed, and the mechanism of the effect of drilling arrangement model on hydration rate was revealed. The research results indicate that the development of the damage zone in static blasting can be divided into four stages: compaction stage, micro-damage formation stage, damage zone development stage, and damage zone connection stage. Among them, the stages of damage zone development and connection stages show the most significant stress effects. The stress field and damage zone increaseincreases with the increase in of hydration rate. Specifically, and the influence of hydration rate on the stress field and damage zonesuch kind of influence is relatively small during the initial rapid energy release phase, but becomes significantly different in the later stages. Besides, Tthe borehole arrangement model affects the mechanism of hydration rate. withUnder the single-hole mechanical model, the hydration rate promotes expansion pressure differences, while However, the under the double hole mechanical model, hydration rate promotes stress superimposition forunder the double hole mechanical model. The guided hole arrangement model has the most significant effect, where the initial hydration rate accelerates stress transfer and the later hydration rate promotes stress superimposition, leading to the expansion and connection of the damage zone under the combined effects of time and stress dimensions. In the numerical simulation and field tests scheme of this study, the hydration rate of the static blasting agent was 1.8 MPa/min, the blast orehole diameter was 113 mm, the borehole spacing was 1000 mm, and the reasonable ratio of borehole spacing to diameter (η) was 9. The guided hole arrangement model can effectively fractures the ore body and generatees a large number ofmany damage zones. This research provides a reference basis for improving the fracturing effect and construction arrangement of static blasting technology.

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ZHANG Cong-rui (1991-), male, Ph. D, associate professor/Senior experimentalist, mainly engaged in the research of engineering safety monitoring technology, (E-mail) .
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为了研究静态爆破剂水化速率对矿体力学及损伤作用机制,利用应力-损伤耦合模型进行了不同水化速率下矿体力学损伤数值模拟,分析了水化速率对矿体应力场及损伤区演化规律影响,揭示了钻孔布置模型对水化速率作用的机制。研究结果表明:静态爆破损伤区发育可以分为压实阶段、微损伤形成阶段、损伤区发育阶段、损伤区贯通阶段等4个阶段,其中损伤区发育、贯通阶段应力作用最为显著;矿体应力场及损伤区随着水化速率的增大而增加,并且在快速释能初期水化速率对应力场及损伤区影响差异性较小,快速释能后期水化速率对应力场及损伤区影响差异性显著;钻孔布置模型影响水化速率作用机制,其中单孔力学模型下水化速率促进膨胀压差异性,双孔力学模型下水化速率促进应力叠加,导向孔布置模型最为显著,初期水化速率加快应力运移,后期水化速率促进应力叠加,在时间维度和应力维度的共同作用下造成损伤区扩展、贯通;本次数值模拟和现场测试方案中,静态爆破剂水化速率1.8 MPa/min,钻孔直径113 mm,钻孔间距1000 mm,合理的孔间距与钻孔直径比η=9,导向孔布置模型可有效地致裂矿体、产生大量损伤区。该研究为提高静态爆破技术的致裂效果及施工布置提供了参考依据。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张聪瑞(1991-),男,博士、副教授/高级实验师,主要从事工程安全监测技术研究,(E-mail)
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张露伟(1995-),男,在读博士研究生,主要从事采矿、安全等方面的科研工作,(E-mail)

ZHANG Lu-wei (1995-), male, Ph. D candidate, mainly engaged in the researching work on mining and safety, (E-mail) .

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张露伟(1995-),男,在读博士研究生,主要从事采矿、安全等方面的科研工作,(E-mail)

ZHANG Lu-wei (1995-), male, Ph. D candidate, mainly engaged in the researching work on mining and safety, (E-mail) .

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张露伟(1995-),男,在读博士研究生,主要从事采矿、安全等方面的科研工作,(E-mail)

ZHANG Lu-wei (1995-), male, Ph. D candidate, mainly engaged in the researching work on mining and safety, (E-mail) .

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figureFileBig=7Sc7kJoegyoB6EFBn0mX1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241769353054585058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769331957236056, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Coal rock material parameters

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参数数值参数数值
弹性模量/MPa1800内摩擦角/(°)22
泊松比/MPa0.3损伤演化系数2
抗压强度/MPa15密度/(g·cm-11.4
抗拉强度/MPa1.3内聚力/MPa2.35
), ArticleFig(id=1241769353163636968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241769331957236056, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

煤体力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
弹性模量/MPa1800内摩擦角/(°)22
泊松比/MPa0.3损伤演化系数2
抗压强度/MPa15密度/(g·cm-11.4
抗拉强度/MPa1.3内聚力/MPa2.35
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静态爆破剂水化速率对矿体力学及损伤作用机制研究
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张露伟 1a , 李吉民 2 , 陈诚 3 , 任高峰 1a, 1b , 张聪瑞 1a, 1b , 赵亮 1a
爆破 | 特种爆破 2024,41(1): 148-158
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爆破 | 特种爆破 2024, 41(1): 148-158
静态爆破剂水化速率对矿体力学及损伤作用机制研究
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张露伟1a , 李吉民2, 陈诚3, 任高峰1a, 1b, 张聪瑞1a, 1b , 赵亮1a
作者信息
  • 1a.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,武汉 430070
  • 1b.武汉理工大学 关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,武汉 430070
  • 2.武钢资源集团程潮矿业有限公司,鄂州 436051
  • 3.武钢资源集团有限公司,武汉 430014
  • 张露伟(1995-),男,在读博士研究生,主要从事采矿、安全等方面的科研工作,(E-mail)

    ZHANG Lu-wei (1995-), male, Ph. D candidate, mainly engaged in the researching work on mining and safety, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

张聪瑞(1991-),男,博士、副教授/高级实验师,主要从事工程安全监测技术研究,(E-mail)
Study on Mechanism of Hydration Rate of Static Blasting Agent on Rock Mechanics and Damage
Lu-wei ZHANG1a , Ji-min LI2, Cheng CHEN3, Gao-feng REN1a, 1b, Cong-rui ZHANG1a, 1b , Liang ZHAO1a
Affiliations
  • 1a.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 1b.Key Laboratory of Green Utilization of Key Non-metallic Mineral Resources, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2.Chengchao Mining Company of WISCO Resources Group, Ezhou 436051, China
  • 3.WISCO Resources Group Corporation Limited, Wuhan 430014, China
出版时间: 2024-03-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.021
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为了研究静态爆破剂水化速率对矿体力学及损伤作用机制,利用应力-损伤耦合模型进行了不同水化速率下矿体力学损伤数值模拟,分析了水化速率对矿体应力场及损伤区演化规律影响,揭示了钻孔布置模型对水化速率作用的机制。研究结果表明:静态爆破损伤区发育可以分为压实阶段、微损伤形成阶段、损伤区发育阶段、损伤区贯通阶段等4个阶段,其中损伤区发育、贯通阶段应力作用最为显著;矿体应力场及损伤区随着水化速率的增大而增加,并且在快速释能初期水化速率对应力场及损伤区影响差异性较小,快速释能后期水化速率对应力场及损伤区影响差异性显著;钻孔布置模型影响水化速率作用机制,其中单孔力学模型下水化速率促进膨胀压差异性,双孔力学模型下水化速率促进应力叠加,导向孔布置模型最为显著,初期水化速率加快应力运移,后期水化速率促进应力叠加,在时间维度和应力维度的共同作用下造成损伤区扩展、贯通;本次数值模拟和现场测试方案中,静态爆破剂水化速率1.8 MPa/min,钻孔直径113 mm,钻孔间距1000 mm,合理的孔间距与钻孔直径比η=9,导向孔布置模型可有效地致裂矿体、产生大量损伤区。该研究为提高静态爆破技术的致裂效果及施工布置提供了参考依据。

静态爆破技术  /  水化速率  /  力学模型  /  应力场  /  损伤区

For the purpose of studyingTo study the influence of hydration rate of static explosives on the mechanical behavior and damage mechanism of coal ore body, numerical simulations of ore body mechanical damage were carried out using a stress-damage coupling model under different hydration rates. The impact of hydration rate on the evolution of stress field and damage zone in the ore body was analyzed, and the mechanism of the effect of drilling arrangement model on hydration rate was revealed. The research results indicate that the development of the damage zone in static blasting can be divided into four stages: compaction stage, micro-damage formation stage, damage zone development stage, and damage zone connection stage. Among them, the stages of damage zone development and connection stages show the most significant stress effects. The stress field and damage zone increaseincreases with the increase in of hydration rate. Specifically, and the influence of hydration rate on the stress field and damage zonesuch kind of influence is relatively small during the initial rapid energy release phase, but becomes significantly different in the later stages. Besides, Tthe borehole arrangement model affects the mechanism of hydration rate. withUnder the single-hole mechanical model, the hydration rate promotes expansion pressure differences, while However, the under the double hole mechanical model, hydration rate promotes stress superimposition forunder the double hole mechanical model. The guided hole arrangement model has the most significant effect, where the initial hydration rate accelerates stress transfer and the later hydration rate promotes stress superimposition, leading to the expansion and connection of the damage zone under the combined effects of time and stress dimensions. In the numerical simulation and field tests scheme of this study, the hydration rate of the static blasting agent was 1.8 MPa/min, the blast orehole diameter was 113 mm, the borehole spacing was 1000 mm, and the reasonable ratio of borehole spacing to diameter (η) was 9. The guided hole arrangement model can effectively fractures the ore body and generatees a large number ofmany damage zones. This research provides a reference basis for improving the fracturing effect and construction arrangement of static blasting technology.

static blasting technology  /  hydration rate  /  mechanical model  /  stress field  /  damage zone
张露伟, 李吉民, 陈诚, 任高峰, 张聪瑞, 赵亮. 静态爆破剂水化速率对矿体力学及损伤作用机制研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (1) : 148 -158 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.021
Lu-wei ZHANG, Ji-min LI, Cheng CHEN, Gao-feng REN, Cong-rui ZHANG, Liang ZHAO. Study on Mechanism of Hydration Rate of Static Blasting Agent on Rock Mechanics and Damage[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (1) : 148 -158 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.021
煤矿开采过程中,瓦斯、水、火、顶板、煤尘等五大灾害事故时常发生。随着煤矿开采深度的增加,煤矿瓦斯问题愈发严重。瓦斯爆炸和煤与瓦斯突出是瓦斯事故的主要类型[1,2]。如何提高煤层透气性、卸除地应力,已成为瓦斯治理亟待解决的技术难题。
静态爆破技术是一种替代炸药爆破的破岩技术[3],利用静态致裂剂产生的膨胀压实现先导性预裂,在煤体中形成相互沟通的裂隙网,改善煤体透气性,进而提高瓦斯预抽效果。静态爆破技术的研究主要集中在静态爆破剂膨胀压的优化、静态爆破技术的岩石力学损伤,静态爆破技术的应用效果等[4]。在静态爆破剂膨胀压测试研究方面,Li等研究了静态裂化剂膨胀压的演化特征[5],分析了单孔试件的致裂效果和防喷孔性能。李瑞森等分析了静态爆破过程中径向膨胀压应力沿孔深方向的分布[6,7],研究了孔径、孔深、约束程度对径向膨胀压应力大小的影响规律。White等研究了温度对静态致裂剂的影响[8],并对20℃下的静态致裂剂性能进行了定量研究。Desilva等通过添加化学促进剂改良静态致裂剂的膨胀压力[9],研究结果表明减水剂和化学促进剂可有效改善静态致裂剂膨胀压。在岩石力学损伤研究方面,谢雄刚等论证了静态爆破技术的作用机制及可行性[10,11],并验证了不同布孔方式的应用效果。郝兵元等利用声发射研究了单轴应力载荷下静态破碎裂纹演化规律[12],并建立了静态破碎剂作用力与裂纹扩展半径的关系。郭怀广等在建立静态爆破力学模型的基础上利用RFPA数值模拟软件研究了静态爆破释能防突及致裂增透机制[13]。Xing等研究了不同加载速率下岩石裂纹演化规律[14],建立了加载速率与微裂纹带扩展长度的关系。周云涛等基于Charles方程描述的静态爆破岩石临界扩展速度与应力强度因子的关系式[15],得到了钻孔裂纹扩展的三阶段裂纹长度表达式。在静态爆破技术现场应用方面,李忠辉等分析了静态破碎技术原理、裂缝孔的力学过程和现场施工参数等内容[16],并利用该技术改善低透气煤层透气性系数。翟成等通过分析破裂时间、裂缝面密度和裂缝数量等效果得出导向孔破碎有利于引导裂隙扩展[17],并提出了优化布置方案使煤层裂隙网络化。郭天魁等采用分形维数和面密度对静态致裂后裂缝网络复杂度进行了评价[18],并提出该技术对页岩气或致密砂岩气开发具有一定的指导意义。张超通过现场试验得出深孔定向静态破碎卸压增透技术卸压增透效果显著为低透气性松软煤层的瓦斯高效抽采提供了可靠的技术保障[19]
目前静态爆破技术在煤层致裂增透应用主要开展了理论分析及现场应用,并取得了一定的成果。但是,静态爆破剂水化速率对煤体力学及损伤作用机制研究较少,大多研究只强调了膨胀压的作用效果,而忽略了水化速率对煤体作用的影响。本文利用应力-损伤耦合模型进行了不同水化速率下煤体力学损伤数值模拟,分析了水化速率对煤体应力场及损伤区演化规律影响,揭示了钻孔布置模型影响水化速率作用的机制。该研究可为提高静态爆破技术的致裂效果及施工布置提供了参考依据。
双孔静态爆破力学模型,当存在两个爆破孔时,钻孔间距在致裂范围内,其相互之间的作用力如图1所示。
式中:σr为单元弹性体水平应力,MPa;σθ为单元弹性体水平应力,MPa;σr1σr2静态爆破剂产生的水平应力,MPa;σθ1σθ2静态爆破剂产生的垂直应力,MPa;r1r2为孔O1O2半径,m;q1q2为膨胀压力,MPa;l为孔O1O2圆心连线距离,m;r为到两孔圆心连线任一点的距离,m。
对公式(2)求极值,破坏发生在最大应力处,该点的极值为
在煤矿井下施工应用过程中,一般采用相同的钻孔直径和药剂量,此时,两个爆破孔参数和作用效果基本一致,即r=r1=r2q=q1t)=q2t),则公式(3)可得
式中:r点处的极值应力,MPa;σmin为孔O1O2圆心连线处的最小应力,MPa;q为膨胀压力,MPa。
依据材料材料力学第三强度理论,煤体发生断裂破坏的前提为
式中:Rt为煤体的极限抗拉强度,MPa。
由式(5)可以看出,对于双孔致裂模型,钻孔连线上的煤体会出现应力叠加效应。当煤体受到的叠加应力达到煤体的极限抗拉强度Rt时,孔壁处将产生裂隙,并随着钻孔内膨胀压的增加,裂隙逐渐沿着轴线方向扩展延伸直至贯通。
当煤体处于裂隙扩展阶段时,由于煤体变成裂纹体,其力学模型会发生根本性变化裂隙尖端会出现应力集中效应,即出现应力场的奇异性。为了解释这一现象,需引入断裂力学中的强度因子进行讨论。双边裂隙的单孔断裂模型,该模型下的强度因子为
随着裂隙的扩展,模型可简化为裂隙表面受均布载荷的断裂模型,如图2(a)所示,该模型下的强度因子为
随着裂隙的进一步扩展,模型所受分布力可近似看成集中力,如图2(b)所示,该模型下的强度因子为
随着膨胀压qt)的增大,K1=K1c,故裂隙扩展的前提为
式中:a是单边裂隙长度,m;F是影响系数,MPa·m1/2R为爆破孔半径,m;K1K1c为应力强度因子;W为爆破孔间距,m。
由式9可知:在{a+R<W/4}的范围内,随着裂隙长度a增加,所需膨胀压qt)也增大,说明静态爆破过程中裂隙的扩展、发育所需膨胀压要远大于岩石抗拉强度。
图3为单孔静态爆破裂隙演化图,爆破孔充填爆破剂初期,型煤基本没有任何变化,爆破孔内的静态爆破剂由浆体状变为固体状;随着反应进行,静态爆破剂继续固化并且产生膨胀,型煤表面沿最接近自由面方向出现3条微裂隙;3条微裂隙在膨胀压作用下转化为裂隙,并在爆破孔周围发育两条次生裂隙;反应后期,静态致裂剂达到快速释能阶段,裂隙在该阶段发生延伸、扩展,在型煤表面形成大裂隙和微裂隙,最终型煤试件断裂成3块,最大裂隙宽度9 mm。
由静态爆破技术破岩机理分析可知裂隙发育过程:煤体受到的拉应力随着膨胀压的增加而增大,当煤体受到的拉应力达到极限抗拉强度Rt时,孔壁处将产生裂隙,因为钻孔的轴心面作为主应力面,在此的拉应力最大,所以随着膨胀压力的逐渐增大,裂隙会沿着拉应力最大的轴心面发育,最终裂隙会在主应力面中央处连接并贯通,形成连续平整的破裂面,从而达到致裂的目的。
通过改变膨胀剂、抑制剂和水的配比制取3种水化速率的静态爆破剂。配比1为100∶10∶30,配比2为100∶13∶30,配比3为100∶20∶30,配制过程如图4所示。依据膨胀压测试有关规定,测得钢管圆周方向应变量即可计算出不同配比下的膨胀压,钢管内径63 mm,外径67 mm,钢管长度500 mm,静态爆破剂量充满钢管空间体积,并且装静态爆破剂时用钢棍压密,实验设备如图5所示。
不同配比下的膨胀压变化特性如图6所示。静态爆破剂反应过程分为4个阶段:静止阶段-缓慢释能阶段-快速释能阶段-稳定释能阶段。测试结果表明:3种配比下的静态爆破剂起效时间分别为20 min、40 min和90 min,配比1的反应时效最短,配比3的反应失效最长,3种配比的平均膨胀压为50 MPa。通过对快速释能阶段数据进行线性拟合可得配比1斜率(水化速率)最大,配比3斜率(水化速率)最小。由此可得随着抑制剂增加,静态爆破剂起效时间和水化速率均降低。
山西某煤矿3号煤层1304工作面位于一盘区的西部,工作面条带宽度214 m,长度1932 m,煤层结构简单,埋藏深度450 m,煤层厚度5.5~6.0 m,平均5.85 m,含有1层夹矸,夹矸厚度0.28 m,煤层倾角0~2°,为稳定可采的厚煤层。煤层顶板为泥岩、砂质泥岩、粉砂岩,局部为细粒砂岩;底板为泥岩。3号煤层的平均透气性系数为4.0×10-17 m2,原始瓦斯含量18.08 m3/t,平均瓦斯压力1.4 MPa,属煤与瓦斯突出矿井。数值模拟和工程实例的位置为1304工作面切眼,煤层坚固性系数在0.45~1.09之间,抗压强度为15 MPa,抗拉强度为1.3 MPa,整体而言,3号煤层具有煤质硬、瓦斯含量高和瓦斯压力大特点,因此需采用增透措施强化瓦斯抽采。
与水力压裂技术相比,静态爆破技术不具有维持膨胀压的能力,一旦快速释能阶段完成,煤体损伤区不再发育和扩展,因此损伤区的发育和扩展主要取决于快速释能阶段。选取图6不同配比膨胀压实验快速释能阶段(30 min)进行线性应力加载,通过计算配比1、配比2和配比3的水化速率分别为1.8 MPa/min、1.6 MPa/min、1.4 MPa/min。通过COMSOL仿真软件采用应力-损伤耦合模型研究静态爆破剂水化速率对煤体力学及损伤作用机制。
三维数值模型的建立分为4个步骤:
(1)几何模型建立:模型长8 m,宽6 m,高6 m,爆破孔/导向孔直径113 mm,钻孔间距1000 mm,钻孔深度5 m,钻孔布置方式为导向孔布置。
(2)煤体参数赋值:煤体应用应力-损伤耦合模型,线性应力加载前弹性模量都会随损伤区发育而改变,具体力学参数赋值见表1
(3)应力边界条件:X轴方向施加围压4 MPa,Y轴方向施加辊支撑,Z轴上部施加地应力12 MPa,下部施加固定约束,导向孔自由边界条件,爆破孔采用线性应力加载,水化速率分别为1.8 MPa/min、1.6 MPa/min、1.4 MPa/min;。
(4)网格划分:煤体划分为自由四面体网格,共划分为26261个网格单元。
静态爆破过程中煤体应力场及损伤区动态演化如图7所示。图中亮度表示应力大小,亮度越亮,应力越大,从图7可以看出随着静态爆破剂的释能,应力运移方向朝向导向孔,最终煤体会形成卸压区、应力集中区和原始应力区三带分布;在应力的作用下,损伤区发育可以分为煤体压实阶段、微损伤形成阶段、损伤区发育阶段、损伤区贯通阶段等4个阶段。
(1)煤体压实阶段。静态致裂剂开始膨胀,挤压爆破孔周围煤体,煤体原生孔隙受到挤压开始闭合,由于未达到煤体的拉应力,煤体周围未出现损伤区。
(2)微损伤形成阶段。随着膨胀力增大,局部区域应力大于煤体的拉应力,爆破孔周围较弱单元出现损伤。
(3)损伤区发育阶段。该阶段煤体应力出现放大,应力运移方向朝向导向孔,静态爆破剂快速释能和导向孔自由面促进损伤区的发育。
(4)损伤区扩展、贯通阶段。该阶段导向孔附近出现应力叠加效应,损伤区沿着导向孔方向扩展,直至爆破孔和导向孔贯通后,膨胀压得以完全释放,损伤区扩展结束。
静态爆破技术动态演化数值模拟结果表明:静态爆破技术产生拉剪应力可以实现煤层增透卸压,导向孔可以起到损伤区导向作用。静态爆破技术致裂增透能有效致裂煤体、产生大量损伤区。
不同水化速率条件下静态爆破剂对煤体应力场演化如图8~10所示。由图8~10可知,煤体应力值随着水化速率的增大而增加,并且在快速释能初期应力场差异性较小,快速释能后期应力场差异性显著。为了探究水化速率对应力场的作用机制,对单孔力学模型、双孔力学模型、导向孔力学模型的应力演化规律进行分析。
(1)单孔力学模型应力场
单孔力学模型下不同水化速率对应力场演化规律如图8所示。静态爆破初期煤体会形成应力集中区和原始应力区分布,并且不同水化速率下的应力值(x=2.4 m)分别为:7.79 MPa、7.81 MPa、7.82 MPa;静态爆破技术后期,不同水化速率下的应力值(x=2 m)分别为:10.3 MPa、11.4 MPa、13.8 MPa。由此可见静态爆破初期应力场差异性较小,静态爆破后期应力场差异性较大。由于静态爆破初期水化速率引起的膨胀压小于煤体的抗拉强度,仅在爆破孔周围形成应力集中区和原始应力区,应力场差异性较小;在静态爆破后期,由于水化速率引起的膨胀压差异性较大,形成的三带分布范围具有差异性,进而导致静态爆破后期应力场差异性较大。并且在静态爆破后期煤体处于损伤区扩展阶段时,由于煤体变成损伤体,其力学模型会发生根本性变化,损伤区会出现应力场的奇异性,在一定范围内,随着损伤区的发育,损伤区扩展膨胀压也增大。因此在单孔力学模型下静态爆破后期水化速率促进膨胀压差异性,在应力维度的作用下膨胀压大于煤体抗拉强度造成损伤区扩展。
(2)双孔力学模型应力场
双孔力学模型下不同水化速率对应力场演化规律如图9所示。静态爆破技术初期,不同水化速率下的应力值(x=4 m)分别为:7.76 MPa、7.80 MPa、7.83 MPa;静态爆破技术后期,不同水化速率下的应力值(x=4 m)分别为:12.3 MPa、13.8 MPa、14.8 MPa。由此可见,煤体应力值随着水化速率的增大而增加,并且在静态爆破初期应力场差异性较小,静态爆破后期应力场差异性显著。由于静态爆破初期水化速率引起的膨胀压差异性较小,爆破孔之间的连线处未形成应力叠加效应,应力值差异性较小;静态爆破后期水化速率引起的膨胀压差异性较大,爆破孔之间的连线处出现应力叠加效应,应力值差异性较大。因此在双孔力学模型下静态爆破后期水化速率促进应力叠加,在应力维度的作用下造成损伤区扩展、贯通。
(3)导向孔力学模型应力场
导向孔力学模型下不同水化速率对应力场演化规律如图10所示。静态爆破技术初期,爆破孔周围的应力值大于导向孔周围的应力值,并且爆破孔周围的应力运移至导向孔,由单孔力学模型可知:随着水化速率的增加,应力场运移的速度越快,因此导向孔力学模型下静态爆破技术初期加速应力的运移;静态爆破技术后期,不同水化速率下的应力叠加区最小值分别为:11.1 MPa、12.3 MPa、13.9 MPa,爆破孔之间的连线处出现应力叠加效应;因此在导向孔力学模型下静态爆破初期水化速率加快应力运移,静态爆破后期水化速率促进应力叠加,在时间维度和应力维度的共同作用下造成损伤区扩展、贯通。
不同水化速率条件下静态爆破剂对煤体损伤区演化如图11所示。由图11可知,随着静态爆破剂快速释能,损伤区不断发育、扩展,直至损伤区贯通,损伤区范围随着水化速率的增大而增加,并且在快速释能初期损伤区差异性不大,快速释能后期损伤区差异性显著。以导向孔布置模型为例,在静态爆破快速释能初期(15 min),不同水化速率下的损伤区分别为0.21 m2、0.24 m2、0.26 m2;在静态爆破快速释能后期(30 min),不同水化速率下的损伤区分别为3.20 m2、3.97 m2、4.83 m2。不同水化速率下的损伤区范围在快速释能初期损伤区差异性不大,这是由于快速释能初期水化速率引起的膨胀压差异性较小,微损伤形成阶段占据主导地位,导致损伤区差异性不大;快速释能后期损伤区差异性显著,这是由于快速释能后期水化速率引起的膨胀压差异性较大,加之损伤区扩展阶段降低煤体的强度,在二者的共同作用下导致损伤区差异性显著。
钻孔布置模型对水化速率作用机制影响,同一水化速率下(1.8 MPa/min)达到1.42 m2的损伤区,单孔布置模型、双孔布置模型,导向孔布置模型所需时间分别为30 min、24 min、21 min;同一时刻(30 min),单孔布置模型不同水化速率下的损伤区分别为1.11 m2、1.35 m2、1.42 m2;双孔布置模型不同水化速率下的损伤区分别为1.85 m2、2.34 m2、2.67 m2;导向孔布置模型不同水化速率下的损伤区分别为3.21 m2、3.96 m2、4.83 m2;相比于水化速率1.4 MPa/min,水化速率1.8 MPa/min的单孔布置模型损伤区增加28%,双孔布置模型损伤区增加44%,导向孔布置模型增加50.5%。因此可知钻孔布置模型影响水化速率作用机制,其中导向孔布置模型最为显著,由于导向孔布置模型存在自由面,初期水化速率加快应力运移,后期水化速率促进应力叠加,在时间维度和应力维度的共同作用下造成损伤区扩展、贯通。
声波法是测试煤体损伤区的方法之一,对于相同性质的煤体,声波速度越高,煤体完整性越好,声波波速越低说明煤体存在裂隙。故利用声波仪测量静态爆破后煤体的波速值,判断静态爆破后煤体损伤区的演化规律。测试地点选取在3号煤层1304工作面位于一盘区的西部,工程概况如上所述,施工布置如图12所示。静态爆破后煤体波速演化规律如图13所示。从图13可知,钻孔2.6m范围内,超声波波速在1150~1300 m/s之间波动,平均1251.3 m/s;钻孔在2.6~4.4m范围内,超声波波速在1650~1800 m/s之间波动,平均1719.1 m/s,平均波速增长了37%,说明在此范围内煤体完整性较好。据此可判定,导向孔布置模型下,静态爆破剂产生的损伤区为2.6 m。现场测试结果表明:静态爆破剂水化速率1.8 MPa/min,钻孔直径113 mm,钻孔间距1000 mm,合理的孔间距与钻孔直径比η=9,可有效地致裂煤体、产生大量损伤区。
通过建立应力-损伤耦合模型研究了静态爆破剂水化速率对煤体力学及损伤作用机制,并结合现场测试验证了工程效果,主要得到了以下结论:
(1)静态爆破损伤区发育可以分为煤体压实阶段、微损伤形成阶段、损伤区发育阶段、损伤区贯通阶段等4个阶段,其中损伤区发育、贯通阶段应力作用最为显著。
(2)煤体应力场及损伤区随着水化速率的增大而增加,并且快速释能初期水化速率对应力场及损伤区影响差异性较小,快速释能后期水化速率对应力场及损伤区影响差异性显著。
(3)钻孔布置模型影响水化速率作用机制,其中单孔力学模型下水化速率促进膨胀压差异性,双孔力学模型下水化速率促进应力叠加,导向孔布置模型最为显著,初期水化速率加快应力运移,后期水化速率促进应力叠加,在时间维度和应力维度的共同作用下造成损伤区扩展、贯通。
(4)不同的水化速率测试方案中,水化速率1.8 MPa/min,导向孔布置模型产生的损伤区最大,煤体增透效果最好。结合现场测试结果表明:静态爆破剂水化速率1.8 MPa/min,钻孔直径113 mm,钻孔间距1000 mm,合理的孔间距与钻孔直径比η=9,可有效的致裂煤体、产生大量损伤区。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2904002)
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2024年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.021
  • 接收时间:2023-09-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-04
基金
The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2904002)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2904002)
作者信息
    1a.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,武汉 430070
    1b.武汉理工大学 关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,武汉 430070
    2.武钢资源集团程潮矿业有限公司,鄂州 436051
    3.武钢资源集团有限公司,武汉 430014

通讯作者:

张聪瑞(1991-),男,博士、副教授/高级实验师,主要从事工程安全监测技术研究,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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