Article(id=1241769331223236828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678809600000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773990479521, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1709222400000, pubDateStr=2024-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773990479521, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773990479521, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773990479521, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241769329201578292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773990479040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992264087, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241776816298459159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241776816298459160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=159, endPage=171, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241769331567169759, articleId=1241769331223236828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research Progress and Trend of Application of Nano-Aluminum Powder in Explosives, columnId=1240702073851925013, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aluminum powder is the most used metal fuel in explosives industry. The nano aluminum powder has a much higher specific surface area, reaction reactivity and completeness compared with the micron aluminum powder. Therefore, the application of nano aluminum powder in explosives will undoubtedly improve the explosive power and the ammunition damage efficiency. This article has systematically reviewed the effects of nano aluminum powder on the detonation performance, safety performance, process performance and other explosive properties. As for the detonation performance, the nano aluminum powder can improve almost all detonation parameters of the mixed explosive, including the detonation velocity and heat, the peak value of shock wave overpressure of air explosion, the total energy of underwater explosion, the peak value of explosion pressure and the rise rate of explosion pressure of the fuel-air explosives, the metal acceleration ability, arson ability, work ability, and brisance, et al. However, some incorrect conclusions are often drawn by some researchers due to the low effective aluminum contents of the nano aluminum powder. In terms of safety performance, the introduction of nano aluminum powder increases the impact sensitivity, friction sensitivity, shock wave sensitivity and thermal sensitivity of mixed explosives, which significantly reduces the ignition energy of explosives and promotes the thermal decomposition of common explosives (such as TNT, RDX, HMX, CL-20, NG, etc.). Therefore, the introduction of nano explosives has a negative influence on the safety performance of mixed explosives. In terms of process performance, the nano aluminum powder increases the viscosity of the cast explosive system. However, it reduces the density of the explosive column in the pressed explosive system. Therefore, the introduction of nano-aluminum explosive deteriorates the process performance of the mixed explosive. It is pointed out that it is easy to oxidize in various stages from preparation to storage due to the large specific surface area and high reaction activity of nano aluminum powder, which results in a sharp decrease in the effective aluminum content of nano aluminum powder. This is an important reason why some researchers get wrong conclusions. Therefore, it is necessary to study the preparation methods and storage conditions to make full use of nano aluminum powder in explosives.

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ZHAO Dong-kui (1971-), male, researcher, mainly engaged in research on the formulation and process of military mixed explosives, (E-mail) .
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铝粉是火炸药行业中最常用的金属燃料。相比微米铝粉,纳米铝粉的比表面积、反应活性和反应完全性都高得多。因此,将纳米铝粉应用于炸药中,无疑将改善炸药的反应完全性,增加炸药威力,提高弹药的毁伤效能。本文系统综述了纳米铝粉对爆轰性能、安全性能、工艺性能等多种炸药性能的影响。就爆轰性能而言,纳米铝粉可以提高混合炸药几乎所有的爆轰参数,包括爆速、爆热、空中爆炸的冲击波超压峰值、水下爆炸的总能量、燃料空气炸药的爆炸压力峰值和爆炸压力上升速率、金属加速能力、纵火能力、作功能力及猛度等,可以全方位提高混合炸药的毁伤效果。但是,由于部分研究者选用的纳米铝粉有效铝含量差异较大,常常得出不同的结论。就安全性能而言,纳米铝粉的引入提高了混合炸药的撞击感度、摩擦感度、冲击波感度、热感度等,显著降低了炸药的点火能,并且对常用炸药(如TNT、RDX、HMX、CL-20、NG、TATB等)热分解有促进作用,导致纳米炸药的引入对混合炸药的安全性能有不利影响;就工艺性能而言,在浇注固体炸药体系中,纳米铝粉增加了浇注固体炸药体系的粘度,降低了压装炸药体系中炸药药柱的密度,纳米炸药的引入恶化了混合炸药的工艺性能。本文指出,由于纳米铝粉的比表面积大、反应活性高,从制备到储存的各个环节极易氧化,造成纳米铝粉的有效铝含量急剧降低,是部分研究者得到错误结论的一个重要原因。因此,应深入研究纳米铝粉的制备方法和存储条件,使纳米铝粉在炸药中充分发挥效能。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
赵东奎(1971-),男,研究员,从事军用混合炸药配方及工艺研究,(E-mail)
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郭惠丽(1975-),女,高工,从事火炸药科技情报研究,(E-mail)

GUO Hui-li (1975-), female, senior engineer, mainly engaged in research of scientific and technological intelligence on propellants and explosives, (E-mail) .

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郭惠丽(1975-),女,高工,从事火炸药科技情报研究,(E-mail)

GUO Hui-li (1975-), female, senior engineer, mainly engaged in research of scientific and technological intelligence on propellants and explosives, (E-mail) .

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郭惠丽(1975-),女,高工,从事火炸药科技情报研究,(E-mail)

GUO Hui-li (1975-), female, senior engineer, mainly engaged in research of scientific and technological intelligence on propellants and explosives, (E-mail) .

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纳米铝粉在炸药中的应用研究进展及趋势
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郭惠丽 , 张为鹏 , 黄亚峰 , 赵东奎
爆破 | 爆破器材 2024,41(1): 159-171
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爆破 | 爆破器材 2024, 41(1): 159-171
纳米铝粉在炸药中的应用研究进展及趋势
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郭惠丽 , 张为鹏, 黄亚峰, 赵东奎
作者信息
  • 西安近代化学研究所,陕西 710065
  • 郭惠丽(1975-),女,高工,从事火炸药科技情报研究,(E-mail)

    GUO Hui-li (1975-), female, senior engineer, mainly engaged in research of scientific and technological intelligence on propellants and explosives, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

赵东奎(1971-),男,研究员,从事军用混合炸药配方及工艺研究,(E-mail)
Research Progress and Trend of Application of Nano-Aluminum Powder in Explosives
Hui-li GUO , Wei-peng ZHANG, Ya-feng HUANG, Dong-kui ZHAO
Affiliations
  • Xi′an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi′an 710065, China
出版时间: 2024-03-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.022
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铝粉是火炸药行业中最常用的金属燃料。相比微米铝粉,纳米铝粉的比表面积、反应活性和反应完全性都高得多。因此,将纳米铝粉应用于炸药中,无疑将改善炸药的反应完全性,增加炸药威力,提高弹药的毁伤效能。本文系统综述了纳米铝粉对爆轰性能、安全性能、工艺性能等多种炸药性能的影响。就爆轰性能而言,纳米铝粉可以提高混合炸药几乎所有的爆轰参数,包括爆速、爆热、空中爆炸的冲击波超压峰值、水下爆炸的总能量、燃料空气炸药的爆炸压力峰值和爆炸压力上升速率、金属加速能力、纵火能力、作功能力及猛度等,可以全方位提高混合炸药的毁伤效果。但是,由于部分研究者选用的纳米铝粉有效铝含量差异较大,常常得出不同的结论。就安全性能而言,纳米铝粉的引入提高了混合炸药的撞击感度、摩擦感度、冲击波感度、热感度等,显著降低了炸药的点火能,并且对常用炸药(如TNT、RDX、HMX、CL-20、NG、TATB等)热分解有促进作用,导致纳米炸药的引入对混合炸药的安全性能有不利影响;就工艺性能而言,在浇注固体炸药体系中,纳米铝粉增加了浇注固体炸药体系的粘度,降低了压装炸药体系中炸药药柱的密度,纳米炸药的引入恶化了混合炸药的工艺性能。本文指出,由于纳米铝粉的比表面积大、反应活性高,从制备到储存的各个环节极易氧化,造成纳米铝粉的有效铝含量急剧降低,是部分研究者得到错误结论的一个重要原因。因此,应深入研究纳米铝粉的制备方法和存储条件,使纳米铝粉在炸药中充分发挥效能。

金属材料  /  金属纳米粒子  /  火炸药

Aluminum powder is the most used metal fuel in explosives industry. The nano aluminum powder has a much higher specific surface area, reaction reactivity and completeness compared with the micron aluminum powder. Therefore, the application of nano aluminum powder in explosives will undoubtedly improve the explosive power and the ammunition damage efficiency. This article has systematically reviewed the effects of nano aluminum powder on the detonation performance, safety performance, process performance and other explosive properties. As for the detonation performance, the nano aluminum powder can improve almost all detonation parameters of the mixed explosive, including the detonation velocity and heat, the peak value of shock wave overpressure of air explosion, the total energy of underwater explosion, the peak value of explosion pressure and the rise rate of explosion pressure of the fuel-air explosives, the metal acceleration ability, arson ability, work ability, and brisance, et al. However, some incorrect conclusions are often drawn by some researchers due to the low effective aluminum contents of the nano aluminum powder. In terms of safety performance, the introduction of nano aluminum powder increases the impact sensitivity, friction sensitivity, shock wave sensitivity and thermal sensitivity of mixed explosives, which significantly reduces the ignition energy of explosives and promotes the thermal decomposition of common explosives (such as TNT, RDX, HMX, CL-20, NG, etc.). Therefore, the introduction of nano explosives has a negative influence on the safety performance of mixed explosives. In terms of process performance, the nano aluminum powder increases the viscosity of the cast explosive system. However, it reduces the density of the explosive column in the pressed explosive system. Therefore, the introduction of nano-aluminum explosive deteriorates the process performance of the mixed explosive. It is pointed out that it is easy to oxidize in various stages from preparation to storage due to the large specific surface area and high reaction activity of nano aluminum powder, which results in a sharp decrease in the effective aluminum content of nano aluminum powder. This is an important reason why some researchers get wrong conclusions. Therefore, it is necessary to study the preparation methods and storage conditions to make full use of nano aluminum powder in explosives.

metal material  /  metal nanoparticle  /  explosives
郭惠丽, 张为鹏, 黄亚峰, 赵东奎. 纳米铝粉在炸药中的应用研究进展及趋势. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (1) : 159 -171 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.022
Hui-li GUO, Wei-peng ZHANG, Ya-feng HUANG, Dong-kui ZHAO. Research Progress and Trend of Application of Nano-Aluminum Powder in Explosives[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (1) : 159 -171 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.022
铝粉是火炸药行业中最常用的金属燃料。纳米铝粉比微米铝粉有高得多的比表面积、反应活性和反应完全性。因此,将纳米铝粉应用于炸药中,无疑将提高炸药的反应完全性。但是,我们发现,纳米铝粉对炸药性能的影响,不同研究者常常得出完全不同甚至相反的结论。例如,苗勤书等认为纳米铝粉比同样质量比例的微米铝粉更降低混合炸药的爆速[1],而Zhou等人将纳米铝粉与同样质量含量的微米铝粉应用于炸药[2],含纳米铝粉的配方爆速有明显提高;Makhov等人多次试验表明[3],纳米铝粉并没有体现出比微米铝粉更优的金属加速能力,但王辉等人的研究则表明[4],纳米铝粉改变了其能量释放结构,提高了装药的能量利用效率。这些结论矛盾的研究,给读者造成很大的困扰。
尽管也有研究者对纳米铝粉在炸药中的应用进行过综述[5-7],但这些研究基本都是一鳞半爪,很少得出确切的、价值高的结论。纳米铝粉对混合炸药的爆轰性能、安全性能、工艺性能及其它性能影响如何,我们对大量文献进行了系统研究,本文系统地进行了综述,并对造成结果差异的原因进行了分析,以期为火炸药行业的从业人员提供技术支持。
苗勤书等研究了铝粉粒度和形状对炸药爆炸性能的影响[1]。采用了多种规格的铝粉,但未指出铝粉的有效铝含量。研究结果显示,相同装药密度下,随铝粉粒度减小,混合炸药的爆速降低,爆热则增加。纳米铝粉显著改变了炸药的能量输出结构。该作者认为,根据二次反应理论和惰性热稀释理论,在炸药爆炸过程中,铝在爆轰区不参加反应而且还要吸热。由于纳米铝粉比表面积大,从而快速地吸收周围炸药和爆轰产物中的热量,使支持爆轰波的能量减少,从而降低爆速。曹少亭等则得到了不同的结论[8],该团队研究了纳米铝粉对RDX基炸药的爆速影响,试验采用了两种铝粉,其中一种平均粒度为5 μm,另外一种平均粒度为150 nm。未说明两种铝粉的有效铝含量。试验样品为ϕ 30 mm×30 mm的压制药柱。复合铝粉样品为5 wt%的纳米铝粉替代微米铝粉。测试结果表明,当铝粉含量为10%以下时,含纳米铝粉的样品的爆速高于含微米铝粉的爆速。当铝粉含量为15%时,含纳米铝粉的样品的爆速低于含微米铝粉的爆速。但添加复合铝粉的样品爆速则比单独加入微米铝粉和纳米铝粉的样品爆速都要高。他们认为,纳米铝粉的比表面积大,当铝粉含量较高时,对RDX爆轰能量起到较强的稀释作用,反而降低了炸药的爆速。而对于复合铝粉,少量纳米铝粉的高反应速率可以加速微米铝粉的反应,因此复合铝粉的爆速反而更高。Gogulya等人研究了不同规格的铝粉对HMX/Al体系爆速的影响[9]。采用了平均粒度从38 nm到143 nm的7种纳米铝粉,这些铝粉的活性铝含量从60%到86%。另外选用了平均粒度为3.6、7、15、150 μm的四种微米铝粉,活性铝含量从96%到99%。HMX/Al质量比为85/15,采用两种工艺制备造型粉,喷雾造粒和直接混合。为了便于比较,将获得的实验值归一化为相同密度的铝化炸药。结果表明:在所有情况下,无论是实测爆速还是归一化后的爆速,添加纳米铝比添加微米尺寸的铝使得混合炸药的爆轰速度降低更多。Brousseau等系统研究了纳米铝粉和微米铝粉对炸药爆速影响的差异[10],选用的纳米铝粉粒度介于100~200 nm之间,有效铝含量为86%,三种对比铝粉的平均粒度分别为2、12和21 μm,未指明有效铝含量。大部分配方中铝粉含量均为10 wt%。研究发现,对于浇注固化型PBX炸药,纳米铝粉与微米铝粉对炸药的爆速影响不大;对于B炸药配方,含纳米铝的配方略低于含微米铝的配方;而对于TNT/Al配方,含纳米铝的配方的爆速显著高于含微米铝的配方。
不同研究者得到的结果并不相同,其差异的根本原因主要有两点:1. 究竟什么尺度的纳米铝粉可以参与爆轰波阵面的反应;2. 铝粉的有效铝含量影响程度如何。因此,尚需更充分的数据,才能确切得到纳米铝粉对含铝炸药爆速的影响。
Liu等人研究了纳米铝粉对炸药爆压的影响[11]。采用的铝粉平均粒度为170 nm,主体炸药为RDX,5 wt%的蜡为粘结剂和钝感剂。研究结果显示,当纳米铝粉的含量为5 wt%和10 wt%时,爆压比不含铝粉的配方高。但是,铝粉含量继续增加,爆压则呈降低趋势。他们认为,纳米铝粉基本上是惰性的,对爆轰波的传播没有贡献。含铝炸药爆压高于非含铝炸药,主要原因是制备的炸药密度增加所致。Zhou等人选用了粒径分别为50 nm、100 nm、1.50 μm和9.79 μm的四种铝粉[2],制备了TNT/Al炸药,铝粉的含量为10 wt%。研究表明,含纳米铝粉炸药的CJ压力高于含微米铝粉炸药的CJ压力。此外,TNT/Al中铝颗粒尺寸越小,爆轰压力衰减越慢。
分析认为,曹少亭等人研究结果已经表明[8],铝粉粒度降低到一定程度时,部分铝粉会参与波阵面的反应,增加炸药的爆速,根据炸药爆炸理论[12],炸药的爆压与爆速的平方呈正比关系,因此,提高炸药的爆速同时也提高炸药的爆压。
王淑萍等研究了纳米铝粉对RDX基混合炸药爆热的影响[13]。试验采用了两种铝粉,其中一种平均粒度为5 μm,另外一种平均粒度为150 nm。未说明两种铝粉的有效铝含量。设计了铝含量分别为20%、25%、30%、35%的RDX基含铝混合炸药配方,并采用直接混合造粒工艺制备炸药样品,并压制成ϕ 25 mm×25 g的药柱。爆热测试结果表明:1. 不论对于含微米铝还是纳米铝的混合炸药,样品的爆热均随着铝含量的增加而增加;2. 对于RDX基炸药,铝粉质量分数相同时,含微米铝粉的混合炸药爆热均略高于含纳米铝粉的炸药。姚李娜等制备了含纳米铝粉的DNTF基混合炸药[14],并与不含纳米铝粉的配方进行了对比。对比配方组成为DNTF/微米Al/粘结剂=65/30/5,纳米铝粉的配方组成为DNTF/微米Al/纳米Al/粘结剂=65/25/5/5。选用的微米铝的粒度为4.5~5.5 μm,活性为98.9%,选用的纳米铝没有提供粒度,活性为85.12%。爆热测试结果为,对比配方爆热为7475 J/g,含纳米铝的配方为7380 J/g。作者均未分析造成爆热结果差异的原因。
分析认为,如果微米铝粉和纳米铝粉有效铝含量相同,理论上含纳米铝的炸药铝粉反应会更完全,爆热更高;但是不同作者测试结果均表明,含纳米铝的炸药爆热反而低于同样比例的含微米铝的炸药。从有效铝的含量推测,很可能是纳米铝粉的有效铝含量降低是造成爆热差异的主要原因。
金属加速能力常见的试验方法包括飞片驱动能力和圆筒试验。飞片驱动能力考察的是炸药爆炸后对飞片(一般采用金属材质)的正向驱动;而圆筒试验考察的是炸药爆炸后对筒壁(一般采用金属材质)的侧向驱动。
白帆等研究了含不同粒度的铝粉的混合炸药的爆炸驱动飞片实验[15]。选用了50 nm、5 μm和50 μm三种粒度的铝粉,未说明三种铝粉的有效铝含量。采用的主体炸药RDX质量含量均为76%,粘结剂为4%。研究结果显示:炸药驱动铜板运动时,含50 nm铝的炸药飞片自由面速度高于含5 μm和50 μm铝粉的含铝炸药。他们分析,铝粉尺寸越小,铝粉的反应速率越大。实验中飞片速度的大小代表了含铝炸药对铜板的做功能力,实验结果表明,含铝炸药中铝粉的尺寸对炸药做功能力有显著的影响,当铝粉含量相同时,铝粉粒度越小,作功能力越大。黄辉等研究了含微米铝粉和纳米铝粉复合炸药加速金属平板的能力[16,17]。选用了平均粒度为50 nm、5 μm和50 μm三种粒度的铝粉,未说明三种铝粉的活性铝含量,铝粉在混合炸药中的含量为20 wt%。研究结果表明,纳米铝粉在爆轰反应之初就参与反应,当驱动0.54 mm厚的铜板时,使其加速铜板的时间比含5和50 μm铝粉的复合炸药分别缩短16.3%和20.0%;当驱动1 mm厚的铜板时,使其加速铜板的时间比含5和50 μm铝粉的复合炸药分别缩短26.0%和35.1%。陈朗等研究了含微米铝粉和纳米铝粉复合炸药加速金属平板的能力[18]。选用了平均粒度为50 nm、5 μm和50 μm三种粒度的铝粉,未说明三种铝粉的活性铝含量,铝粉在混合炸药中的含量为20 wt%。研究结果表明:当驱动1 mm厚的铜板时,含纳米铝粉的配方使其加速铜板的时间比含5和50 μm铝粉的复合炸药分别缩短28.0%和36.8%,研究结果与黄辉等得到的结果基本一致。此外,加速铜板的最大速度也略有提高。Liu等人采用飞片推体试验研究了微米铝粉和纳米铝粉在混合炸药中的反应性差异[19]。采用了200 nm,2~3 μm,16~18 μm和40~50 μm的四种铝粉,主体炸药为CL-20。研究结果显示:大部分铝颗粒(包括直径为200 nm的颗粒)在Chapman-Jouguet点后与爆轰产物发生反应。反应释放的能量可以进一步加速金属板并增加加速时间,尽管初始板速度降低。小颗粒的起始反应时间早于大颗粒的反应时间。例如,50 μm铝颗粒在爆轰产物体积膨胀到初始体积的1.24倍时开始反应,而200 nm颗粒在1.07倍初始体积时开始反应,反应速率明显更高。此外,反应速率随着铝质量分数的增加和压力的降低而降低。
以上研究表明,部分纳米铝粉参与爆轰反应,大部分纳米铝粉并不参与爆轰反应,但反应速率仍显著高于微米铝粉,用于炸药中,可提高炸药的飞片驱动能力。
王辉等通过圆筒试验方法研究了RDX为基的混合炸药加入纳米铝后对金属驱动能力的影响[4]。配方中铝粉的总量为20 wt%。采用的铝粉粒度为100~200 nm,用以替代配方中的微米铝粉。作者对筒壁作用的冲击波驱动力和爆轰产物的膨胀力进行了分解(见图1),分析结果表明,在配方中的微米铝粉被纳米铝粉替代5 wt%、10 wt%后,冲击波的驱动能力分别降低了7.3%、5.2%,而爆轰产物的膨胀力分别提高了10.2%、5.5%,虽然对圆筒壁的驱动效果在整体上变化较小,但其能量释放结构却发生了非常大变化。作者认为,纳米铝粉的加入可能有利于调整战斗部壳体的破裂时间,提高装药的能量利用效率。由于纳米铝粉具有反应活性高而点火温度低的特点,在炸药爆轰产物膨胀过程中快速参与反应,加速了爆轰产物化学反应进程,进一步提高了爆轰产物膨胀作用力;同时,由于纳米铝粉的比表面积较大,易于氧化,因此纳米铝粉比例的增大造成铝粉的有效含铝量减少,使得炸药的爆热及气体爆轰产物驱动能力降低。关于纳米铝粉表面氧化的问题,Makhov经过试验并指出[3],随着铝粉粒度减小,由于难以避免表面的氧化,因此,纳米铝粉并没有体现出更优的金属加速能力,他们的多次试验证明了这一点。
显而易见,王辉等的研究揭示了圆筒试验中纳米铝粉反应过程的本质,冲击波和爆轰产物均可以驱动圆筒膨胀并破裂,纳米铝粉由于表面氧化层所占质量比更高,降低了含铝炸药的爆速,从而降低了对金属的驱动能力;但是,纳米铝粉由于粒度小,活性高,反应更完全,使得反应产物的膨胀力更大。最终的结果是二者共同起作用。显然,如果通过技术手段使得纳米铝粉保持与微米铝粉同样的有效铝含量,无疑可以大大提高混合炸药对金属的驱动能力。
段晓瑜等研究了含不同粒度铝粉的混合炸药的内爆炸特性[20,21]。选用了50 nm、5 μm和50 μm三种粒度的铝粉,未说明三种铝粉的活性铝含量。样品药量为100 g。研究结果表明:当混合炸药的铝氧比(“铝氧比”是指混合炸药中铝原子与氧原子之比。水下炸药中,铝氧比是一个非常重要的概念,与铝的反应完全性密切相关。由于铝粉的反应活性高于碳原子,水下爆炸环境中,铝粉既可以与炸药中的氧原子发生反应,也可以与水中的氧原子发生反应,因此,铝氧比与水下炸药的毁伤效能也密切相关。)为0.45时,含50 μm铝粉的准静态压力(pQS)比含5 μm和含50 nm的混合炸药分别高0.3%和0.7%;同时,含50 μm铝粉的压力上升时间(tQS)比含5 μm和含50 nm的混合炸药分别延长8.6 ms和10.0 ms。当铝氧比为0.99,含50 μm铝粉的pQS比含5 μm和含50 nm铝粉的混合炸药分别高31.2%和31.9%,相应的tQS分别延长9.3 ms和9.4 ms。说明内爆条件下,50 μm铝粉毁伤效果更好。对于任一铝氧比的混合炸药,压力衰减系数(ω)随铝粉粒度的增加而减少。作者认为,就pQS而言,含有50 μm铝粉的样品的值大于含有50 nm和5 μm铝粉的样品的值,一方面可能是由于纳米铝粉和小尺寸微米铝粉的活性铝含量少所导致,另一方面可能是铝粉尺寸的减小导致反应过程提前导致。准静态压力反应的是长时间量级变量,过早的反应导致pQS数值较低。王明烨等研究了纳米铝粉和微米铝粉对混合炸药爆轰性能的影响[22],选用了粒径为40 nm、3 μm和35 μm的3种铝粉,未说明其有效铝含量。主体炸药为HMX,铝粉含量为35 wt%。应该指出的是,原研究者未测试三种铝粉的有效铝含量,可以推测,他们采用的纳米铝粉有效铝含量较低,如果三种铝粉有效铝含量相同,含纳米铝粉的配方pQS应该最高。内爆炸试验研究结果表明,无论测试点在何处,含粒径3 μm的样品在各距离处的峰值超压均最高,比含40 nm铝粉的样品提高了6.0%以上,比含35 μm铝粉的样品提高了10%以上。陈坤研究了HMX/Al/粘结剂=59/33/8体系的温压炸药[23]。选用了四种铝粉:50 nm,活性铝含量为68.3%,表层氧化铝厚度为2.7 nm;5.4 μm,活性铝含量为88.1%,表层氧化铝厚度为99.8 nm;23.8 μm,活性铝含量为97.1%,表层氧化铝厚度为103.1 nm;46.7 μm,活性铝含量为98.5%,表层氧化铝厚度为104.0 nm。内爆试验结果表明,含5.4 μm的铝粉的配方体系超压峰值、比冲量、正压作用时间以及准静态压力均最高。作者认为,铝粉粒径为50 nm时,铝粉中活性铝含量较低,反应提供的能量有限;铝粉粒径太大时,比表面积相对较小,在短时间内,铝粉与爆轰产物反应的量很少,为冲击波传播提供的能量较低。因此,冲击波超压峰值、冲量和正压作用时间会随着铝粉粒径的变化而变化。因此,只有铝粉粒度合适时,配方的冲击波超压峰值、冲量和正压作用时间才会最优。
分析认为:内爆炸环境是少量炸药在一个大的密闭空间中的爆炸,由于含铝炸药爆炸过程中会产生大量热,实际上,不论是空爆条件还是内爆条件,铝粉都会与外界氧发生反应。相对于开放的空爆环境,内爆环境中产生的热量与外界物质交换更慢;此外,冲击波在内爆环境中可以发生多次反射,因此,爆轰反应后,爆炸点附近环境温度下降较慢,同一种爆炸组合物样品,内爆炸环境铝粉反应程度更大。由于铝粉继续与爆炸室内的氧气发生反应,因此,粒度稍大的铝粉由于有效铝含量较高,反而准静压较高。如果两种铝粉有效铝含量均非常高,但其中一种铝粉粒度非常大,这种铝粉反应完全程度仍会较低。因此,铝粉的有效铝含量差异和粒度差异是造成内爆炸参数差异的主要原因。
黄开书等研究了纳米铝对混合炸药空爆试验冲击波超压的影响[24]。采用的纳米铝平均粒度为91.7 nm,易燃细铝粉作为对比,但未说明粒度,也未说明炸药配方组成。试验结果表明,对于所有距离处的测试数据,含纳米铝的试样冲击波超压峰值均远高于含有微米铝的试样。说明纳米铝具有显著优势。作者认为,造成这种结果,主要有两个原因:①纳米铝粉具有大的比表面积,反应活性高,因此更容易参与爆轰后的二次反应,并借助空气中的氧气,使得铝粉反应的程度也更完全;②由于试验设计的爆轰反应体系为负氧平衡(氧平衡为-0.76),细铝粉相比于纳米铝粉反应活性较低,致使其反应不充分,使得一部分铝为无效铝,从而使得整个爆轰反应体系释能效果不如含纳米铝粉的试样。在宏观上,含纳米铝粉试样冲击波超压值在较远的距离上始终高于相同条件下的含细铝粉试样的现象。封雪松等研究了纳米铝粉对HMX基混合炸药的影响[25],采用的微米铝粉粒度为4~5 μm,有效铝含量为98%~99%,采用的纳米铝粉粒度为140~170 nm,有效铝含量为82%~85%;混合铝粉配方以5%的纳米铝粉取代微米铝粉。空爆试验结果表明,纳米铝粉的加入明显降低了配方的冲击波超压、冲量、正压作用时间。Simic等人研究了纳米铝粉对空爆冲击波超压和冲量的影响[26]。炸药配方为HMX/AP/Al/HTPB=45/15/20/20。选用了平均粒度分别为5 μm和70 nm的两种铝粉,一种配方为全微米铝粉,另一种配方微米铝粉被纳米铝粉替换50%。空爆试验发现,对于近场冲击波超压峰值,微米铝粉的配方高于混合铝粉的配方;对于远场冲击波超压峰值,微米铝粉的配方低于混合铝粉的配方。对于冲量,所有距离的测点,混合铝粉的配方均高于微米铝粉的配方。试验说明纳米铝粉对冲击波有更好地支持作用。
分析认为:以上不同研究者的试验结果仍与纳米铝粉的高反应活性和低有效铝含量有关。首先,纳米铝可参与爆轰反应和其后的二次反应,支持冲击波传播;其次,纳米铝由于有效铝含量通常明显低于微米铝,使得二次反应的铝含量小于微米铝。由于部分研究者并没有考虑有效铝含量这一因素,研究结果便存在巨大差异。
方伟等研究了微米铝粉、纳米铝粉对燃料空气炸药爆炸威力的影响[27]。采用的微米铝粉为片状铝粉,直径约18 μm,厚度小于1 μm,有效铝含量为85%;采用的纳米铝粉d50为100 nm,有效铝含量为88%。试验在20 L的爆炸罐中进行,爆炸罐两侧各连接一套压缩空气脉冲喷入装置,分别用于液体燃料和粉体的喷洒,在爆炸罐内形成燃料-空气混合云雾;点火系统采用电极点火方式,点火能量能够精确调节和控制。液体混合燃料由液体碳氢烷烃和液体硝酸酯混合,质量比40/60。原文未列出具体配方。按照500 g·m-3的宏观浓度(即放入储料盒内的燃料质量与罐体体积的比值)进行实验,由于储料盒内存在燃料残余,罐体内实际燃料浓度经测试约为340 g·m-3,略高于化学当量浓度。在点火能为10.24 J试验条件下,测量了纳米铝粉含量分别为0、5%、10%、15%的混合铝粉爆炸压力参数。研究结果显示,当采用纯微米铝粉进行试验时,爆炸压力峰值为0.82 MPa,当加入5%和10%的纳米铝粉后,爆炸压力峰值分别增加到1.02 MPa和1.30 MPa,增幅分别为24.4%和58.5%;若采用纯微米铝粉,最大上升速率为1.75 MPa·s-1,当加入5%和10%的纳米铝粉后,最大压力上升速率则分别增加到3.16 MPa·s-1和3.56 MPa·s-1,增幅达到80.6%和103.4%,因此,纳米铝粉的加入显著提高了混合铝粉的爆炸强度和剧烈程度。当纳米铝粉含量提高到15%时,其爆炸最大压力和压力上升速率均有所降低,说明纳米铝粉最佳含量约为10%。
由于作者材料的两种铝粉活性率含量类似,这种试验获得的结果更具有合理性。纳米铝粉替代部分微米铝粉,可以增加炸药的爆炸压力峰值和爆炸压力上升速率,也就是说,提高燃料空气炸药的威力。
封雪松等研究了纳米铝粉对RDX基混合炸药水下爆炸能量的影响[28]。选用的微米铝粉粒度为4~5 μm,纳米铝粉粒度为60~80 nm,未说明两种铝粉的有效铝含量。研究结果显示:当铝粉的含量为20%~40%时,含纳米铝粉的混合炸药水下爆炸的冲击波能和气泡能方面始终低于相同铝粉含量的含微米铝粉的炸药,且差值随铝粉含量的增加而增大;但是,当铝粉总含量为30%和35%时,纳米铝粉与微米铝粉混合使用可使炸药具有较大的水下爆炸总能量,高于单纯含微米铝粉的炸药。当混合铝粉总质量分数为35%,且m(微米铝粉)∶m(纳米铝粉)=25∶10时,炸药具有最大的水下爆炸能量。作者认为,适量的纳米铝粉替代微米铝粉时,利用纳米铝粉化学特性更活泼、能够更快速地参与反应的性质,促进微米铝粉的反应,因此,适量的纳米铝粉可以提高混合炸药水下爆炸的总能量。牛国涛等研究了纳米铝对RDX基炸药水下爆炸能量的影响[29,30]。选用的微米铝粉平均粒度约5 μm,纳米铝粉平均粒度约150 nm。研究发现,无论铝粉的含量为20、25、30、35还是40 wt%,采用纳米铝粉时,其水下爆炸能量都低于采用微米铝粉的配方。但是,当铝粉的总的质量分数为30%时,如果微米铝与纳米铝的质量比为50∶50,水下爆炸总能量反而高于单独含有微米铝的配方。因此,纳米铝粉改变了混合炸药水下爆炸的能量输出结构。Hu等人通过实验[31],研究并分析了纳米和微米级铝粉粒度分布对水下爆炸的影响。采用的纳米铝粉平均粒度为150 nm,活性铝含量为86%,采用的微米铝粉平均粒度分别为3.0 μm,活性铝含量≥98%。主体炸药为CL-20。研究结果显示,当铝粉含量为13.5 wt%时,含3.0 μm铝粉的配方比气泡能均显著高于含纳米铝粉的配方,比冲击波能也略高。
由于炸药爆炸的水下试验介质为水,可压缩性非常小,与空爆试验或内爆炸试验的空气介质完全不同,因此反应过程及能量输出结构差异也非常大。但研究者采用的铝粉有效铝含量不一致,是造成研究结果不一致的重要原因。
黄开书等制备了含纳米铝的炸药配方[32],未说明纳米铝粉的粒度和有效铝含量,配方组成为HMX/微米铝/纳米铝/粘结剂=57/28/5/10,并与不含纳米铝的配方(HMX/微米铝/粘结剂=57/33/10)进行了比较。对比配方只引燃了距爆心3 m处的棉纱,含纳米铝的配方则引燃了5~7 m处的棉纱,含纳米铝粉的配方纵火效应显著提高。
Elbasuney等人研究了含纳米铝粉混合炸药的作功能力[33],采用的纳米铝粉平均粒度为100 nm,对比铝粉平均粒度为10 μm。配方为TNT/Al体系,未指出配方具体组成。弹道臼炮研究结果表明,含微米铝的配方作功能力比TNT提高了17%,而含纳米铝的配方提高了48%。采用Kast试验进行的猛度试验表明,含微米铝的配方比TNT降低了6.5%,而含纳米铝的配方比TNT增加了21%。铅柱压缩试验表明,采用TNT炸药,铅柱压缩值为0.3 cm,采用含微米铝的配方,铅柱压缩值为0.1 cm,低于纯TNT;采用含纳米铝的配方,铅柱压缩值为1.4 cm,远高于纯TNT。他们认为,含纳米铝粉配方优异的表现,归功于纳米铝粉在爆轰波前沿参与了反应。以上测试结果均表明,含纳米铝的配方毁伤能力更强。美国海军表面武器中心的Warren等人将某炸药配方(保密原因未公布具体配方)中的微米铝粉替换为纳米铝粉[34],板痕试验表明,见证板上炸坑体积约为原配方的2倍,同样说明纳米铝增加了原炸药的毁伤能力。
Liu等人研究了纳米铝粉和微米铝粉参与C-J面反应的程度[35-37],配方体系为CL-20/Al。采用了200 nm、2~3 μm和16~18 μm的三种铝粉。测试1 μs时的反应产物粒子速率与C-J面粒子速率之比。根据ZND模型,爆轰反应区和产物的膨胀区由C-J点分离,爆轰稳定之后,采用合适的技术手段,可以测试反应产物粒子速率与C-J点粒子速率之比,该研究采用的是全光纤位移干涉测速系统(displacement interferometer system for any Reflector,DISAR),采用直接实验和阻抗匹配的方法来确定C-J点。作者认为,当铝颗粒表现出惰性行为时,CL-20/Al炸药的反应产物粒子速率与C-J点粒子速率之比接近于0.65。但是,当铝粉开始反应时,二者之比会显著增加。研究结果表明,当铝粉含量为15 wt%时,含200 nm铝粉的体系比值为0.77,含2~3 μm铝粉的体系比值为0.649,含16~18 μm铝粉的体系比值为0.651。可见,含2~3 μm铝粉的体系与含16~18 μm铝粉的体系,铝粉均未参与爆轰反应区的反应,但参与了后续的与爆轰反应产物的反应,而含200 nm铝粉的体系,部分铝粉则参与爆轰反应区的反应。此外,试验结果表明,铝含量和粒径对CL-20基含铝炸药的起爆反应区长度有重要影响。爆轰反应区的长度随着铝含量和粒径的增加而增加。微米级球状铝颗粒在CL-20起爆反应区几乎不发生反应,而主要在C-J点后与CL-20起爆产物发生反应,从而降低了爆轰压力。小粒径的铝反应开始时间早于大粒径的铝。2~3 μm球形铝颗粒在C-J点后1 μs开始反应,200 nm球形铝颗粒在反应区开始反应。该试验从一个新的角度证明了纳米级铝粉优于微米级铝粉之处。
封雪松等研究了不同工艺对含纳米铝粉的RDX基混合炸药机械感度的影响[38]。选用的纳米铝粉粒度为100~200 nm,微米铝粉粒度为4.5~5.5 μm。采用了机械干混法、直接混合造粒法和熔融混合造粒法三种工艺制备样品。测试结果表明,采用的三种工艺制备的样品,含纳米铝粉的混合炸药机械感度均明显高于含微米铝粉的混合炸药。陈坤研究了HMX/Al/粘结剂=59/33/8体系的温压炸药[23]。选用了四种规格的铝粉,摩擦感度参照《GB/T21566—2008危险品、爆炸品摩擦感度试验方法》的标准进行试验,试验仪器为MGD-036摩擦感度仪。测试结果显示,含有50 nm铝粉的配方,最低荷重为252 N,而采用5.4 μm和23.8 μm铝粉的配方,最低荷重为288 N,采用46.7 μm铝粉的配方,最低荷重为324 N,测试表明,含纳米铝粉的配方摩擦感度最高。Dong等人研究了纳米铝粉对RDX基混合炸药机械感度的影响[39]。采用的铝粉平均粒度为100 nm,纯度为99.8%。作为对比的微米铝粉平均粒度为123.6 μm。混合炸药的配方为RDX/Al/石蜡=67/30/3。机械感度测试结果显示,含纳米铝粉的配方撞击感度为27.5 cm,摩擦感度为8%,而含微米铝粉的配方撞击感度为97.7 cm,摩擦感度为0%,因此,纳米铝粉显著增加了配方的机械感度。作者分析认为,试验结果应该归因于RDX基炸药与纳米Al的界面和微观结构特征。由于纳米Al的比表面积远大于RDX颗粒,因此纳米Al表面包覆的石蜡较多,造成RDX颗粒的石蜡包覆量降低,增加了混合炸药的感度。
姚李娜等制备了两种配方[14],真空安定性测试结果为,在100℃、48 h下,对比配方放气量为1.80 mL/g,含纳米铝的配方为0.86 mL/g,明显低于对比配方,说明纳米铝的加入可以提高配方的热稳定性。
黄开书等制备的配方进行了冲击波感度测试[24],测试条件为:采用大隔板试验,隔板材料为铝板2A12,传爆药柱为ϕ 25.2 mm×16 mm的钝化RDX药柱,装药密度为(1.60±0.02)g/cm3,主发药柱为ϕ 50 mm×50 mm的TNT药柱,装药密度为(1.58±0.02)g/cm3,测试采用的被发药柱规格为ϕ 50 mm×63 mm。试验结果显示,含有纳米铝粉的试样爆炸临界隔板厚度为35~37 mm,含有微米铝粉是试样爆炸临界隔板厚度为30~32 mm,说明纳米铝粉使得混合炸药的冲击波感度有一定提高。
胡樱馨制备了Al/HMX混合炸药[40],采用的铝粉平均粒度为50 nm,HMX平均粒度为70 μm,调整二者的质量比。研究发现,纯HMX的最小点火能为102 mJ,当铝粉的质量为20%、30%、35%、40%时,最小点火能分别为99.4、91、79和73 mJ,即随铝粉含量增加,最小点火能降低,纳米铝粉对HMX炸药有敏化作用;继续增加铝粉含量,当铝粉的质量为55%、60%、65%、70%时,最小点火能分别为103、111、127和134 mJ,即随铝粉含量增加,最小点火能增加,即纳米铝粉对HMX炸药有钝化作用。作者认为,铝粉的含量逐渐增加时,参与反应的铝粉就越多,产生的热量也相应增加,因此,奥克托今点火所需要的外界能量就降低。因此,在铝粉与奥克托今粉尘的质量比从20/80上升到40/60时,其最小点火能逐渐减小。当铝粉含量继续增加时,则是因为铝粉的增加导致了HMX含量相对减小,因此,虽然反应体系中有更多的铝粉有潜力产生大量热量,但是却没有相对应量的HMX参与到反应中;另外,纳米级的铝粉在潮湿环境中非常容易吸湿结块,粘附于HMX之上,阻碍HMX的燃烧反应,因此铝粉含量继续增加时,混合体系的点火能反而逐渐增大。此外,胡樱馨又试验了200 nm和800 nm的铝粉与同一种HMX的混合体系,质量组成均为Al/HMX=40/60,发现铝粉粒度越大,最小点火能越高。因此,纳米铝粉对HMX的安全性能有不利影响,粒度越小,影响越大。Ji等人也研究发现[41],原始的CL-20激光起始能量大于1000 mJ,添加0.2%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%和5.0%的纳米铝粉后,激光起始能量分别降低到80、40、30、30和20 mJ。对于RDX也有同样的规律[42]
梁磊等人将纳米铝粉和硝胺炸药RDX和HMX混合[43],通过DSC研究了纳米铝粉对RDX和HMX热分解特性的影响。研究结果显示,加入纳米铝粉后,HMX和RDX在2、5、10、20 K/min等各种升温速率下,都发生了放热峰峰温降低,此外,计算的表观活化能分别降低了15 kJ/mol和16 kJ/mol,因此,纳米铝粉对HMX和RDX炸药的热安定性有不利影响。章君制备了HMX/Al体系的混合炸药[44],选用了d50为80 nm和2.6 μm的两种铝粉,纯度分别为99.9%和98.8%。铝粉的质量分数分别为30%、40%、50%。DSC方法研究结果显示,无论含量如何,2.6 μm铝粉对HMX的DSC曲线形状基本没有影响,而随着80 nm铝粉含量的增加,HMX的熔融吸热峰均变小,HMX的放热峰峰温均提前,说明纳米铝粉促进了HMX的分解,因此,混合炸药体系的安全性能有一定变差。李鑫等制备了纳米铝粉和ADN质量比为50/50的混合物[45],采用的铝粉为自制,纳米铝粉的粒径主要分布在45~65 nm之间。研究结果显示,引入纳米铝粉改变了ADN分解放热的机制,使ADN分解由多重峰变为单一的尖峰。钟凯、Hao等则研究了纳米铝粉对硝化甘油(NG)、黑索今(RDX)和三氨基三硝基苯(TATB)热分解特性的影响[46-49]。采用分子模拟技术,发现纳米铝可以将原本是单分子反应的RDX分解转变为双分子反应,并且降低了RDX分解所需的诱导时间和反应能量;此外,对于TATB,还将相邻颗粒融合成为空心球体,提高了热分解过程中TATB的能量释放效率,从分子动力学角度解析了纳米铝粉对RDX和TATB热解催化作用的机理。此外,Al原子的主要配位数在NG环境中为7,而在TATB环境中为6。就化学反应过程而言,NG环境中,纳米铝主要与炸药分解的含氧产物发生反应,导致铝粉氧化程度更加完全。而在RDX和TATB环境中,铝粉与N2、CN等不含氧的产物也可以发生反应,使得纳米铝粉的氧化程度不够完全。Zhu等采用非等温动力学方法研究了不同粒度的铝粉(40 nm、2.6 μm、10.7 μm)对RDX热分解行为的影响[50],发现纳米铝粉可以诱导RDX分子内C-N键的断裂,从分子角度解释了纳米铝粉对RDX热分解催化的机理。李晓霞等选用高氯酸铵基分子钙钛矿含能材料(DAP-4)和纳米铝粉[51],制备了Al/DAP-4复合炸药,差热扫描量热(DSC)分析表明,随着Al粉粒径减小以及添加量增加,DAP-4热分解的峰值温度均逐渐降低,当粒径100 nm的铝粉质量分数40%时,DAP-4的热分解峰温降低了19.5℃,说明纳米Al对DAP-4的热分解具有显著的促进作用。Zhou等人的研究也显示[52],在燃料空气炸药中,纳米铝粉对硝酸异丙酯的分解也有促进作用。Mao等人选用纳米铝粉则制备了CL-20/Al体系的炸药[53],CL-20和CL-20/n-Al的热爆炸活化能(Eb)分别为159.98 kJ mol-1和100.7 kJ mol-1,含纳米铝的体系活化能降低了约三分之一,同样说明纳米铝降低了CL-20的热感度。Mei等人的数值模拟也认为纳米铝可以降低TNT、RDX、HMX和CL-20的分解反应势垒[54]
牛国涛等比较了微米铝粉和纳米铝粉的工艺性能[55]。选用的微米铝粉平均粒度约5 μm,纳米铝粉平均粒度约150 nm。研究表明,对于TNT基熔铸炸药,不论铝粉的含量为10 wt%、20 wt%还是30 wt%,采用微米铝粉和纳米铝粉制备的炸药装药密度都基本一致。对于RDX基压装炸药,当采用纳米铝粉时,无论铝粉的含量为20 wt%、25 wt%、30 wt%、35wt%还是40 wt%,压制药柱的成型密度均显著低于采用微米铝粉的配方。
胡秀丽等研究了不同粒度的铝粉对混合炸药流变特性的影响[56,57]。测试仪器为Rheomex CTW5型Minilab微型双螺杆流变仪,铝粉粒径尺寸分别为4~6 μm、16~20 μm、40 nm和100 nm,测试的炸药体系为铝粉/HTPB混合体系。研究结果表明,纳米铝粉的加入使得HTPB体系为胀流体;等温度从20℃升至30℃时,体系黏度降低,屈服值由70.9 Pa减至0;随着铝粉颗粒尺寸的减小,体系的粘度增大。因此,相对于微米铝粉,纳米铝粉增加了混合炸药体系的粘度。
孙璐等研究了纳米铝粉对ε-CL-20转晶的影响[58],研究结果显示,加入纳米铝后,ε-CL-20的转晶反应峰值温度升高,活化能从253 kJ/mol增大到1259 kJ/mol,纳米铝粉可以对ε-CL-20的转晶反应起到抑制作用。
沈飞等研究了微米铝粉和纳米铝粉级配对混合炸药爆轰波阵面的影响[59]。采用的纳米铝粉粒径介于170~200 nm,为球状;采用的微米铝粉粒径5 μm,球状。研究结果表明,采用微米铝粉、纳米铝粉与RDX粒度级配时,波阵面弯曲程度明显变小,法向爆速受曲率效应的影响减弱,说明波阵面能量因侧向流动而发生的损耗较小。
Zeng等人制备了铝含量为5 wt%至15 wt%的核壳型HMX@(Al@GAP)炸药(该核壳结构中[60],@前面的材料在核壳结构内部,@后面的材料在外层),并对其形貌、力学性能、热分解、燃烧和爆轰性能进行了系统研究。采用的铝粉为球形,平均粒度为100 nm。研究结果发现,与物理混合物相比,核壳微结构含铝炸药具有更好的抗蠕变性和机械强度,HMX@15 wt%(Al@GAP)镀铝炸药的爆速和比动能分别为8567 m/s和1.412 kJ/g,分别比相应的物理混合物高1.3%和5.1%。
通过对国内外大量文献的系统研究和综合分析,可以得出以下结论。
(1)从爆轰性能的角度,纳米铝粉的引入,可以从爆速、爆压、金属加速能力、燃料空气炸药能量、水下爆炸能量、纵火效应、毁伤效能等角度全方位提高混合炸药的各种爆轰性能参数[1,2,4,8,10,15-19,24,25,27-30,32-34],提高混合炸药的毁伤效果。因此,如何将纳米铝粉更科学地应用于混合炸药,非常值得更深入、更全面的研究,以提高弹药的毁伤效能。
(2)由于纳米铝粉的比表面积、反应活性和反应完全性都比微米铝粉高得多,因此,含有纳米铝粉的混合炸药机械感度和热感度也显著提高,点火能量降低。因此,如何使降低含纳米铝粉的混合炸药的各种感度,满足实用要求,也是一个需要研究的重大方向。
(3)由于纳米铝粉较高的比表面积和表面能,与微米铝粉相比,就压装炸药而言,含纳米铝粉的混合炸药装药密度有一定降低;就浇注固化炸药和熔铸炸药而言,增加了体系的粘度。因此,如果采用合适的工艺提高装药质量,也非常值得进一步研究。
此外,由于纳米铝粉的比表面积、反应活性都非常高,因此制备和存储过程中容易氧化,造成纳米铝粉的有效铝含量急剧降低。这也是部分研究者得到错误结论的一个重要原因。因此,深入研究纳米铝粉的制备方法和存储条件,使纳米铝粉在炸药中充分发挥效能,是大量研究者重中之重需要考虑的问题。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22175139)
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2024年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.022
  • 接收时间:2023-03-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-15
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(22175139)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(22175139)
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    西安近代化学研究所,陕西 710065

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赵东奎(1971-),男,研究员,从事军用混合炸药配方及工艺研究,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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