Article(id=1241769330514399442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691596800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773990479352, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1709222400000, pubDateStr=2024-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773990479352, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773990479352, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773990479352, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241769329201578292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773990479040, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992264087, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241776816298459159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241776816298459160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241769329201578292, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=143, endPage=147, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241769331244208349, articleId=1241769330514399442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Method and Practice of Using Controlled Blasting to Handle Blockage of Fine Ore Bin, columnId=1241046467696193882, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=SPECIAL BLASTING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The blockage of a fine ore bin is a common problem during the process of the beneficiation and smelting of non-ferrous metal mine due to its inherent structure, the properties of fine ore and environmental factors. The treatment methods such as air gun and manual knocking are inefficient and labor-intensive, which cannot meet the production requirements. It is a feasible way to dredge the blockage of the fine ore bin by controlled blasting. The key to handling the blockage by blasting is to determine the explosive charge amount under the condition of ensuring safety. According to the blockage position and degree, two kinds of charge calculation formulas were used by analyzing the reason for the fine ore bin blockage, the characteristics of the blockage body and the principle of blasting dredging. One method is refer to the empirical formula of condensate disassembly blasting. The charge amount for viscous plugging is designed and calculated according to the slagging thickness. The calculations indicate that the charge for the upper part with a larger diameter is 0.59 kg, while the charge for the lower conical feeding port with a smaller diameter is 0.07 kg. The other method is according to the calculation principle of volume charge and the characteristics of the clogging body of the fine ore bin. The calculations indicate that the charge for the upper part with a larger diameter is 0.49~0.98 kg, while the charge for the lower part with a smaller diameter is 0.15~0.30 kg. The safety charge amount is determined through calculating the safety pressure by the Faupel correction formula and shock wave calculation. As a result, the charge amount for the upper part and the lower part are determined as 0.6 kg and 0.15 kg, respectively. During the implementation process, 15 blocked fine ore bins were treated by charge amounts not exceeding 0.6 kg and 0.15 kg, all of which were safely dredged as expected. The practice shows that the calculated charge amount is reasonable, and the safety measures are effective.

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由于粉矿仓固有结构因素、粉矿性质、环境因素等影响,粉矿仓堵塞是有色金属矿山选冶生产过程中经常出现的问题。采用空气炮、人工敲击等处理方式效率低下、劳动强度大,不能满足生产需求,采用控制爆破疏通粉矿仓堵塞是一种可行的方式。采用爆破方式处理堵塞的关键是在确保安全的条件下药量的确定,对粉矿仓堵塞原因、堵塞体特征及爆破疏通的原理进行分析,根据堵塞位置和堵塞程度采用两种药量计算公式进行计算:1、参考凝结物解体爆破经验公式,粘壁性堵塞按结碴厚度设计计算药量,上部直径较大处取值0.59 kg,锥形下料口直径较小处取值0.07 kg;2、根据体积药量计算原理及粉矿仓堵塞体特征推导出矿仓堵塞疏通的爆破药量计算公式,上部直径较大处取值0.49~0.98 kg,下部直径较小处0.15~0.30 kg。对粉矿仓内爆破安全条件进行分析,采用Faupel修正公式和冲击波计算核算安全压力确定粉矿仓内爆破安全用药量,在上部直径较大处取值0.6 kg,下部直径较小处0.15 kg药量处于筒仓安全允许范围内。实施过程中控制上部用药量不超过0.6 kg,下部不超过0.15 kg药量,15个堵塞的粉矿仓采用爆破方式处理,全部安全疏通,达到预期效果。实践表明设计计算药量合理,安全措施有效,采用爆破方式处理有色金属矿粉矿仓堵塞安全、可靠、高效,可为类似工程提供参考借鉴。

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张玉健(1976-),男,本科、高级工程师,主要从事工程爆破技术方面的研究,(E-mail)

ZHANG Yu-jian (1976-), male, bachelor′s degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in research on engineering blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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张玉健(1976-),男,本科、高级工程师,主要从事工程爆破技术方面的研究,(E-mail)

ZHANG Yu-jian (1976-), male, bachelor′s degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in research on engineering blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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张玉健(1976-),男,本科、高级工程师,主要从事工程爆破技术方面的研究,(E-mail)

ZHANG Yu-jian (1976-), male, bachelor′s degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in research on engineering blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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pageStart=135, pageEnd=136, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=SU Xiao-jia, LIU Hui, LYU Xiao-ci, journalName=Value Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SU Xiao-jia, LIU Hui, LYU Xiao-ci. Key technology of bin plugging and blasting[J]. Value Engineering, 2017, 36(17): 135-136. 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采用控制爆破处理粉矿仓堵塞的方法与实践
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张玉健 1 , 黄金华 2
爆破 | 特种爆破 2024,41(1): 143-147
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爆破 | 特种爆破 2024, 41(1): 143-147
采用控制爆破处理粉矿仓堵塞的方法与实践
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张玉健1 , 黄金华2
作者信息
  • 1.金诚信矿业管理股份有限公司,北京 100071
  • 2.江西铜业集团 银山矿业有限责任公司,德兴 334200
  • 张玉健(1976-),男,本科、高级工程师,主要从事工程爆破技术方面的研究,(E-mail)

    ZHANG Yu-jian (1976-), male, bachelor′s degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in research on engineering blasting technology, (E-mail) .

Method and Practice of Using Controlled Blasting to Handle Blockage of Fine Ore Bin
Yu-jian ZHANG1 , Jin-hua HUANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.JCHX Mining Management Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100071, China
  • 2.Jiangxi Copper Group Yinshan Mining Co., Ltd., Dexing, 334200, China
出版时间: 2024-03-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.020
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由于粉矿仓固有结构因素、粉矿性质、环境因素等影响,粉矿仓堵塞是有色金属矿山选冶生产过程中经常出现的问题。采用空气炮、人工敲击等处理方式效率低下、劳动强度大,不能满足生产需求,采用控制爆破疏通粉矿仓堵塞是一种可行的方式。采用爆破方式处理堵塞的关键是在确保安全的条件下药量的确定,对粉矿仓堵塞原因、堵塞体特征及爆破疏通的原理进行分析,根据堵塞位置和堵塞程度采用两种药量计算公式进行计算:1、参考凝结物解体爆破经验公式,粘壁性堵塞按结碴厚度设计计算药量,上部直径较大处取值0.59 kg,锥形下料口直径较小处取值0.07 kg;2、根据体积药量计算原理及粉矿仓堵塞体特征推导出矿仓堵塞疏通的爆破药量计算公式,上部直径较大处取值0.49~0.98 kg,下部直径较小处0.15~0.30 kg。对粉矿仓内爆破安全条件进行分析,采用Faupel修正公式和冲击波计算核算安全压力确定粉矿仓内爆破安全用药量,在上部直径较大处取值0.6 kg,下部直径较小处0.15 kg药量处于筒仓安全允许范围内。实施过程中控制上部用药量不超过0.6 kg,下部不超过0.15 kg药量,15个堵塞的粉矿仓采用爆破方式处理,全部安全疏通,达到预期效果。实践表明设计计算药量合理,安全措施有效,采用爆破方式处理有色金属矿粉矿仓堵塞安全、可靠、高效,可为类似工程提供参考借鉴。

爆破  /  粉矿仓  /  堵塞  /  爆破压力

The blockage of a fine ore bin is a common problem during the process of the beneficiation and smelting of non-ferrous metal mine due to its inherent structure, the properties of fine ore and environmental factors. The treatment methods such as air gun and manual knocking are inefficient and labor-intensive, which cannot meet the production requirements. It is a feasible way to dredge the blockage of the fine ore bin by controlled blasting. The key to handling the blockage by blasting is to determine the explosive charge amount under the condition of ensuring safety. According to the blockage position and degree, two kinds of charge calculation formulas were used by analyzing the reason for the fine ore bin blockage, the characteristics of the blockage body and the principle of blasting dredging. One method is refer to the empirical formula of condensate disassembly blasting. The charge amount for viscous plugging is designed and calculated according to the slagging thickness. The calculations indicate that the charge for the upper part with a larger diameter is 0.59 kg, while the charge for the lower conical feeding port with a smaller diameter is 0.07 kg. The other method is according to the calculation principle of volume charge and the characteristics of the clogging body of the fine ore bin. The calculations indicate that the charge for the upper part with a larger diameter is 0.49~0.98 kg, while the charge for the lower part with a smaller diameter is 0.15~0.30 kg. The safety charge amount is determined through calculating the safety pressure by the Faupel correction formula and shock wave calculation. As a result, the charge amount for the upper part and the lower part are determined as 0.6 kg and 0.15 kg, respectively. During the implementation process, 15 blocked fine ore bins were treated by charge amounts not exceeding 0.6 kg and 0.15 kg, all of which were safely dredged as expected. The practice shows that the calculated charge amount is reasonable, and the safety measures are effective.

blasting  /  fine ore bin  /  blockage  /  blasting pressure
张玉健, 黄金华. 采用控制爆破处理粉矿仓堵塞的方法与实践. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (1) : 143 -147 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.020
Yu-jian ZHANG, Jin-hua HUANG. Method and Practice of Using Controlled Blasting to Handle Blockage of Fine Ore Bin[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (1) : 143 -147 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.020
选冶生产中普遍采用粉矿仓调节生产流程、分配矿石入选路径、调节入选矿量,以保证选冶工艺的连续、稳定运行。为解决采场间断供矿,破碎工段不连续作业与磨浮工段连续作业的矛盾,有色金属矿山选矿厂一般都在破碎工段后端设有粉矿仓,用于储存经过破碎的矿石粉。进入粉矿仓的矿石粉经粉矿仓底部卸料,再经胶带廊输送至磨浮工段进行加工处理。由于储矿仓结构、矿石粒度、矿石成分、含水量、表面物理性状、气候环境等诸多因素影响,矿石粉在粉矿内堆压后粘结固化,经常出现仓内堵料现象。某矿选矿厂有9座混凝土矿仓单元,每个混凝土矿仓单元内分布有6个圆柱形钢筒粉矿仓,最多共计54个钢筒粉矿仓中有15个堵塞,严重影响了正常生产。因此,及时、快速、高效、安全地处理粉矿仓堵料问题,保证磨浮工段正常供矿是亟待解决的问题。
为了解决粉矿仓堵塞的问题,企业尝试了多种方式,采用空气炮处理或振动电机的方式收效甚微,应用一段时间后已拆除;高压水冲刷则直接影响后续选矿流程。选厂只有采用人工使用长钢钎通过观察孔捅堵塞部位或使用端头带锤头的长钎敲击钢筒外壁,以此产生振动,让物料下落。人工处理的方式劳动强度巨大、效率低下,对于较严重堵塞人工处理甚至无法疏通,9-2号矿仓就因人工始终无法疏通已堵塞两年之久。采用爆破方式处理堵塞是一种高效的方式[1-3],本文针对粉矿仓结构和矿石堵塞原因,通过对堵料环境进行分析,采用控制爆破技术处理粉矿仓堵塞。工程实践表明,达到了安全、快速、高效的效果。
矿仓厂房内共有9座圆柱形混凝土结构储矿仓单元,垂直高度14 m。每个混凝土储矿仓单元内部分布有6个直径2.5 m、高度6 m、壁厚10 mm的圆柱形钢筒,连接底部高1.5 m、锥角60°的倒锥形出料口,出料口下端圆盘下料机将粉矿下到输送皮带。倒锥形筒部位开有两个对称分布ϕ 80 mm观察孔,如图1所示。
由于矿仓结构因素造成仓内存在矿石粉料堆积死角,在矿石下降流动过程中,每下降一个微小的高度,矿石颗粒就需要重新排列,矿石颗粒的原有层面下降速度不一致,以适应截面收缩的变化。由于截面收缩率的增大,矿石愈接近钢筒上部进口及下部倒锥形出料口,因截面急剧收缩,矿石之间的挤压力越大,当仓内各种阻力增大,大于矿石颗粒自重作用的垂直净压力时,矿石流动完全停滞,形成堵塞。
矿石含有大量的高岭土、蒙脱石、绿泥石等泥质矿物,颗粒较细,粒度小于25 mm,而且含有较高水分,粘性大,进入矿仓后,在渗析和沟流作用下充填了粒矿空隙,具有较强胶结作用,导致在粉矿仓内粘结严重。此后在仓顶放矿冲击力和矿石自重作用下不断压缩固结,矿料密度增大,强度和稳定性提高,颗粒接触点之间的接触面增大,摩擦阻力和抗剪强度增加,各种矿粉流动的阻力之和大于自身重力时,矿粉流动停止形成堵塞。
正是因为具备以上属性,当粉矿仓长时间停止使用或空气高温潮湿特别是夏季时极易造成粉矿仓堵塞,一般在钢筒上口位置及倒锥形出口位置形成粘壁型堵塞或结拱型堵塞的位置。
炸药爆炸时,在极短时间内通过化学变化转化为气体状态的爆炸产物,体积增加数百至数千倍,压力高达1000~10 000 MPa,温度达2000~5000℃,冲击波以动压力的形式作用于药包周围。这种极其巨大的爆能差不多在爆炸的同时,自药包中心球面扩展传递给周围介质,使介质产生各种不同程度的破坏以及振动现象[4]。周围介质受到多种载荷的综合作用,包括:超高压冲击载荷对周围介质的作用;爆破冲击波在介质中形成的径向和环向裂隙、和传播引起的动载荷;爆炸气体形成的准静载荷加剧裂隙的扩展、卸载引起的岩石内部环状裂隙作用和岩石移动及瞬间应力场张弛导致的载荷释放。在上述作用下使得矿仓内料石颗粒之间、料石与仓壁之间的粘结结构受到破坏,进而颗粒间相互脱离,同时物料与钢筒矿仓内表面之间形成瞬时的间隙,从而消除或减小物料同仓壁之间的外摩擦力,这就可使物料沿着仓壁下滑,消除物料粘壁效应,在重力作用下往下掉落,达到爆破清理疏通堵塞的工程目的。
堵塞部位一般位于钢筒矿仓内部及钢筒矿仓上部与钢筋混凝土筒仓结合部,因此药包一般位于钢筒内部,可看作钢筒容器内爆炸。钢筒为直径2.5 m,高度6 m圆柱形,壁厚10 mm,钢筒矿仓下部1467 mm呈倒锥形与直径658 mm,长度650 mm圆柱筒下料口相连,倒锥形筒部位开有两个对称分布ϕ 80 mm观察孔,如图1所示。矿仓厂房内共有钢筒仓54个,每个筒仓下都有圆盘下料机、皮带输送机等,厂房内设备设施较多,爆破处理时不允许停电、停水,各种机器设备需正常运转,皮带运输机继续输送矿粉,不得对正在运行的控制室控制系统及其它设备设施造成损害。
用钢钎从观察孔在堵塞体上凿出凹形位置用于放置药包,将适量2号岩石乳化炸药ϕ 32药包用竹片绑扎后置于凿出的凹形位置处贴紧堵塞体,炸药爆炸后使堵塞物松动自下而上依次塌落,如图2所示。这种方法关键是控制药量及爆破位置,药量过小或位置不当,达不到崩落堵塞体的效果,需要进行多次爆破;药量太大则容易产生崩坏矿仓及厂房内其它设备设施的状况。
(1)参考凝结物解体爆破[4],爆破震落设计一般是按结碴的厚度来设计选取起爆药量,公式如下
式中:Q为用药量,kg;q为爆破系数,一般取2.0~3.0 kg/m3B为结碴厚度,即结碴处钢筒内半径m,B取值范围可按0.7~1.25 m,经验系数q取小值2.0。
经计算Q=q(2B/3-0.1)3=0.07~0.59 kg,即堵塞位于钢筒上部直径较大处时可取较大值0.59 kg,堵塞位于锥形下料口直径较小处时可取小值0.07 kg。
根据体积药量计算原理,工程爆破常用体积药量计算公式[4]
式中:Q为用药量,kg/m3q为单位用药量,kg/m3V为结渣体积,m3
根据钢筒矿仓堵塞体特征,由式2可推出
式中:Q为用药量,kg/m3qb为单位用药量,kg/m3S为结渣处筒仓截面积,m2B为结渣垂直厚度,m;D为结渣处筒仓直径,m。
单位用药量的选取是药量准确与否的关键,对于堵塞疏通爆破的单位用药量可参考的数据或类似工程经验值不多,从结渣堵塞体特征分析,结渣堵塞体可看作泥夹石成分,胶结强度较弱[5],采用爆破方式破碎可参考破碎大块的单位耗药量取值0.05~0.1 kg/m3
以堵塞厚度2 m,上部直径较大处堵塞钢筒直径2.5 m,单耗0.05~0.1 kg/m3代入(3)式,计算可得用药量Q=0.49~0.98 kg;以堵塞厚度2 m,下部直径较小处堵塞钢筒直径1.4 m计算可得用药量Q=0.15~0.30 kg。
装药在紧贴堵塞体即矿粉处可看作容器内爆炸,爆炸一部分能量被堵塞体吸收,部分能量产生冲击波等有害效应,爆炸时产生强烈冲击波可能会对钢筒仓产生危害。低碳钢破坏属于超强度破坏,即容器因超压或壁厚大面积减薄而发生显著塑性变形后破坏。因此必须确保冲击波压力低于钢筒仓设计安全压力。低碳钢高压容器的爆破压力估算一般采用经验性的Faupel公式、中径公式等[6-9]。根据文献[10]在Faupel公式基础上的修正公式
式中:Pb为爆破压力,MPa;σs为筒体材料的屈服极限,MPa;σb为筒体材料综合抗拉强度,MPa;K为筒体直径比D0/DiD0Di分别为筒体外径、内径。
钢筒仓材料采用Q235,其力学性能为:σs=235 MPa;σb=375 MPa,外径2500 mm,厚度10 mm,代入上式计算可得Pb=4.45 MPa。
参考爆炸冲击波计算经验公式开展冲击波超压理论计算[11-13]。当炸药在钢筒中发生爆炸时,可看作在钢筒中心爆炸,在筒壁处即其距离爆炸中心R处的冲击波超压峰值可以表示为
式中:ΔP为爆炸时冲击波的峰值超压,MPa;W为炸药(等效TNT)装药质量[14],kg,岩石型乳化炸药TNT当量为0.708;R为筒壁距爆炸中心的距离,即钢筒内半径,m。
根据(1)式和(2)式计算所需药量,取0.6 kg,TNT等效药量0.42 kg,钢筒仓上部堵塞取R=1.240 m代入(5)式计算可得ΔP=1.282 MPa。计算所得爆炸冲击波超压峰值远小于钢筒爆破压力计算值,所以药量不超过上述计算药量时钢筒仓是安全的;在筒仓下部锥形出料口堵塞爆破处理时取药量0.15 kg(TNT等效药量0.11 kg),R=0.3 m,代入式(5)计算可得ΔP=3.683 MPa,小于钢筒爆破压力计算值,实际处理筒仓下部锥形出料口堵塞时取药量0.15 kg是安全的。
受结渣特性和结渣结构的影响,爆破疏通往往需要多次震落,所以,在实际爆破震落时,为防止药量过大造成设备的损坏,药量的选取一般从计算的最小值开始选取,根据爆破效果及安全条件可以逐渐增大。
在进行疏通爆破作业时,工房内所有操作人员应撤出;出料口下部圆盘出料机上预留部分矿渣,缓冲下料冲击作用,还可防止料石飞溅对周边设施造成损伤。为了防止爆破空气冲击波对料仓设备造成损坏,在爆破时所有观察孔门、下料器口等均应处于的打开状态。
2023年5月30日对堵塞的15个钢筒粉矿仓进行爆破疏通处理,首次爆破试爆药量取值0.15 kg,堵塞点位于钢筒仓上部约5 m位置,第一次爆破后掉落部分矿渣,未完全疏通,加大药量至0.3 kg经过3次处理后完全疏通。在后续的处理中对于钢筒仓中上部直径较大处的堵塞使用0.6 kg药量,大部分堵塞经过1~2次爆破就达到了疏通的效果;对于下部锥形出料口直径较小处堵塞使用0.15 kg药量经过1~2次爆破就能达到疏通的效果。一次爆破同时处理2~3个堵塞矿仓,采用电子雷管起爆,不同矿仓之间间隔100 ms延时。全部15个堵塞钢筒仓一个工作日全部处理完毕。爆破疏通作业过程中附近设备设施正常运行未受影响,周围建筑、设备设施未受损伤,人员安全。达到了安全、可靠、高效疏通粉矿仓的目的,获得业主积极评价。
(1)对粉矿仓堵塞成因及爆破疏通的原理进行了分析,采用控制爆破技术处理方式达到了安全、可靠、高效的预期目标,解决了粉矿仓堵塞大量堵塞影响生产的实际问题,消除了企业人工清堵的安全隐患,减轻了劳动强度,具有明显的社会经济效益。
(2)粉矿仓堵塞应用控制爆破技术处理是一种特殊的工程爆破技术,成功的关键是药量的设计,既要能将堵塞体成功解体又不能对仓体造成任何损伤。以两种药量计算公式为参考初步确定爆破用药量,采用Faupel修正公式和冲击波计算进行安全核算控制药量不超过矿仓的安全条件,实践证明能达到良好效果及保证安全,可作为类似工程参考。
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2024年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.020
  • 接收时间:2023-08-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-10
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    1.金诚信矿业管理股份有限公司,北京 100071
    2.江西铜业集团 银山矿业有限责任公司,德兴 334200
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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