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Aiming at the problem of reasonable spacing-burden ratio in wide hole spacing blasting technology, laboratory blasting experiments of PMMA plates with the spacing-burden ratios of 1.7, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 were carried out based on related rock fragmentation mechanism at home and abroad. Meanwhile, a blasting calculation module was developed to study the crack propagation process and the response law of displacement based on the principle of near-field dynamics of conventional modes. The results show that the radial cracks present the character of branching to the corner of the free face and finally form the main cracks of a funnel shape, affected by the reflected tensile stress wave. Under the condition of fixed minimum resistance line, the stress reduction area gradually increases with the increase of the spacing-burden ratio, and the radial cutthrough cracks between the blastholes in the same row disappeared. An excessive spacing-burden ratio will further cause the disappearance of the cutthrough cracks between two rows of holes, and finally lead to the occurrence of individual hole blasting. The displacement results further confirm the above rule, and the rock ridge left by the front row of holes is just broken by the rear row of holes when the spacing-burden ratio is small. This breaking effect gradually decreases with the increase of the spacing-burden ratio. It is suggested that the spacing-burden ratio should be appropriately adjusted according to the mechanical properties of rock mass, geological conditions and blasting purposes to reduce explosive consumption and boulder yield in practical projects.

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针对宽孔距爆破破岩技术中炮孔密集系数合理取值的问题,在总结国内外宽孔距爆破破岩机理的基础上,开展了炮孔密集系数为1.7、2.5、3.5、4.5的有机玻璃板室内爆破试验,并基于常规态型近场动力学原理,开发了爆破计算模块,对宽孔距爆破破岩中裂纹扩展过程、介质位移响应规律进行了研究。结果表明:临空面一侧的径向裂纹受到临空面反射拉伸应力波的作用,表现出向临空面拐角分叉的特征,并逐渐向临空面扩展,最后形成主裂纹组成漏斗形状。在最小抵抗线固定不变条件下,随着炮孔密集系数的增加,应力降低区逐渐增大,同排炮孔间的径向贯通裂隙消失,过大的炮孔密集系数也进一步造成前后排孔间贯通裂纹消失,最后导致单孔爆破的情况发生。位移计算结果进一步证实了上述规律,并且当炮孔密集系数较小时,前排炮孔留下的岩埂刚好被后排炮孔爆破破碎,随着炮孔密集系数的增大,后排孔爆破对前排炮孔所留下的岩埂破碎作用效果逐渐降低。建议实际工程中根据岩体力学性质、地质条件以及爆破目的适当调整密集系数来降低炸药单耗与大块率。

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吴亮(1980-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事工程爆破与岩石动力学研究方面的工作,(E-mail)

WU Liang (1980-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in research and teaching of engineering blasting and rock dynamics, (E-mail) .

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吴亮(1980-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事工程爆破与岩石动力学研究方面的工作,(E-mail)

WU Liang (1980-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in research and teaching of engineering blasting and rock dynamics, (E-mail) .

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吴亮(1980-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事工程爆破与岩石动力学研究方面的工作,(E-mail)

WU Liang (1980-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in research and teaching of engineering blasting and rock dynamics, (E-mail) .

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宽孔距爆破模型试验及近场动力学计算研究
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吴亮 1 , 张澳 1 , 周俊汝 1 , 陈明 2
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024,41(1): 1-7
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024, 41(1): 1-7
宽孔距爆破模型试验及近场动力学计算研究
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吴亮1 , 张澳1, 周俊汝1, 陈明2
作者信息
  • 1.武汉科技大学 理学院 湖北省智能爆破工程技术研究中心,武汉 430065
  • 2.武汉大学 水工岩石力学教育部重点实验室,武汉 430072
  • 吴亮(1980-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事工程爆破与岩石动力学研究方面的工作,(E-mail)

    WU Liang (1980-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in research and teaching of engineering blasting and rock dynamics, (E-mail) .

Model Test and Near-field Dynamic Calculation of Wide Hole Spacing Blasting
Liang WU1 , AO ZHANG1, Jun-ru ZHOU1, Ming CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Engineering Technology Research Center in Intelligent Blasting of Hubei Province, College of Science, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Rock Mechanics in Hydraulic Structural Engineering Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2024-03-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.001
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针对宽孔距爆破破岩技术中炮孔密集系数合理取值的问题,在总结国内外宽孔距爆破破岩机理的基础上,开展了炮孔密集系数为1.7、2.5、3.5、4.5的有机玻璃板室内爆破试验,并基于常规态型近场动力学原理,开发了爆破计算模块,对宽孔距爆破破岩中裂纹扩展过程、介质位移响应规律进行了研究。结果表明:临空面一侧的径向裂纹受到临空面反射拉伸应力波的作用,表现出向临空面拐角分叉的特征,并逐渐向临空面扩展,最后形成主裂纹组成漏斗形状。在最小抵抗线固定不变条件下,随着炮孔密集系数的增加,应力降低区逐渐增大,同排炮孔间的径向贯通裂隙消失,过大的炮孔密集系数也进一步造成前后排孔间贯通裂纹消失,最后导致单孔爆破的情况发生。位移计算结果进一步证实了上述规律,并且当炮孔密集系数较小时,前排炮孔留下的岩埂刚好被后排炮孔爆破破碎,随着炮孔密集系数的增大,后排孔爆破对前排炮孔所留下的岩埂破碎作用效果逐渐降低。建议实际工程中根据岩体力学性质、地质条件以及爆破目的适当调整密集系数来降低炸药单耗与大块率。

近场动力学  /  宽孔距爆破  /  裂纹扩展  /  密集系数

Aiming at the problem of reasonable spacing-burden ratio in wide hole spacing blasting technology, laboratory blasting experiments of PMMA plates with the spacing-burden ratios of 1.7, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 were carried out based on related rock fragmentation mechanism at home and abroad. Meanwhile, a blasting calculation module was developed to study the crack propagation process and the response law of displacement based on the principle of near-field dynamics of conventional modes. The results show that the radial cracks present the character of branching to the corner of the free face and finally form the main cracks of a funnel shape, affected by the reflected tensile stress wave. Under the condition of fixed minimum resistance line, the stress reduction area gradually increases with the increase of the spacing-burden ratio, and the radial cutthrough cracks between the blastholes in the same row disappeared. An excessive spacing-burden ratio will further cause the disappearance of the cutthrough cracks between two rows of holes, and finally lead to the occurrence of individual hole blasting. The displacement results further confirm the above rule, and the rock ridge left by the front row of holes is just broken by the rear row of holes when the spacing-burden ratio is small. This breaking effect gradually decreases with the increase of the spacing-burden ratio. It is suggested that the spacing-burden ratio should be appropriately adjusted according to the mechanical properties of rock mass, geological conditions and blasting purposes to reduce explosive consumption and boulder yield in practical projects.

near-field dynamics  /  wide hole spacing blasting  /  crack propagation  /  spacing-burden ratio
吴亮, 张澳, 周俊汝, 陈明. 宽孔距爆破模型试验及近场动力学计算研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (1) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.001
Liang WU, AO ZHANG, Jun-ru ZHOU, Ming CHEN. Model Test and Near-field Dynamic Calculation of Wide Hole Spacing Blasting[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (1) : 1 -7 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.001
众所周知,宽孔距爆破技术的本质就是通过优化孔网参数来降低炸药单耗或改善爆破效果。早期,人们通过丙烯酸树脂模型上得出炮孔密集系数值可以达到8的结论[1],而澳大利亚学者采用理论分析得出合理的炮孔密集系数为2.59[2],苏联学者则认为3.5最优[3],由于被爆介质具有不同的力学特性,日本学者认为炮孔密集系数在3~6范围内最好[4],而国内学者认为炮孔密集系数在3~4范围内合理,也有学者分析认为合理的密集系数值以大于4(至少应大于3)小于8为好[5]。可见,对于宽孔距爆破破岩机理及其合理的炮孔密集系数目前还有待进一步研究。
近年来,随着矿山、水利与交通等部门对爆破施工提出了更高的要求,赵文等在矿山进行了多次宽孔距试验[6],密集系数为2时,大块率降低了10%以上。陈明等结合现场试验研究了混装车装药条件下的宽孔距空气间隔预裂爆破技术[7],取得了良好的效果。戴林等针对完整性较好且较坚硬的黑山露天煤矿爆破大块率的问题[8],采用了炮孔密集系数为2左右的宽孔距技术,取得了良好的爆破效果。丁汉堃等与RAI等采用斜线起爆网路达到宽孔距爆破的效果[9,10]。张鑫等采用数值方法研究了台阶爆破中常规孔距与宽孔距的应力场分布与破岩机理[11],发现炮孔密集系数在1.7~3.7之间时,孔间应力分布均匀,叠加效果较好。随着计算方法及计算机硬件的快速发展,将数值计算方法应用于爆炸动力学问题的研究已有许多成功实例,并积累了大量的理论成果,但目前对宽孔距爆破法破岩机理的深入研究并不多,其中对于爆生裂纹更精细的刻画模拟研究还有待进一步提高。近场动力学是近年来新生的力学分析方法,其基本原理是基于非邻域作用思想,该方法采用积分形式的控制方程,它避免了对裂纹尖端位移场求空间导数,可有效减小裂尖的奇异性,且不需要预置裂纹起始位置和扩展路径,可以模拟多裂纹在三维空间内的复杂交互作用,能同时分析裂纹扩展和场量扩散的过程,因此,它在裂纹动态扩展计算方面优势明显。
采用有机玻璃(PMMA)板为爆破介质进行室内模型试验,并结合近场动力学计算程序对多种炮孔密集系数条件下爆破介质的裂纹扩展规律进行分析,探讨宽孔距爆破破岩机理,为炮孔密集系数合理取值提供理论依据。
在分析炮孔密集系数时,选择一个合理的参考因子进行分析很有必要,可以根据单孔的爆破漏斗效果或者爆破作用指数为固定的参考因子,即在分析炮孔密集系数时,单孔装药条件相同的前提下,采用固定的抵抗线(一般根据爆破目的选用),只改变炮孔间距来讨论合理的炮孔密集系数范围。当炮孔密集系数增大时,爆破开挖范围将增大,但从能量的角度来讲,炸药单耗是降低的,大块率将随之增加,可以预见过大的炮孔密集系数将造成单孔爆破的情况发生。
另外一种情况以爆破效果为参考依据来分析炮孔密集系数的范围,即爆破块度分布规律(一般取爆破后平均块度大小作对比)。单孔装药条件相同的前提下,从能量的角度来分析炮孔密集系数的范围,需考虑炸药单耗不变,可以同时改变孔距与排距,但两者的乘积需保持不变,考虑到抵抗线对爆破岩石体积和体积屈服的影响大于孔间距,合理减少抵抗线,同时增加孔间距,可以在增大爆破岩石体积的情况下获得良好的爆破质量,文献[12]现场试验也说明了这一点,但可以预见随着爆破作用指数的增大,用于抛掷的能量以及泄露的能量随之增加,从而消耗了有效破碎能。鉴于宽孔距爆破已经达成共识的破岩原理,单孔装药条件相同的前提下,炸药单耗应该是降低的,并且在一定的炮孔密集系数的范围内,爆破效果才能得到基本的保证。因此,本文炮孔密集系数选取为1.7~4.5范围内来探讨宽孔距爆破技术的破岩机理。
为研究爆炸冲击荷载作用下的脆性介质裂纹的起裂和扩展规律,大多研究者采用有机玻璃进行实验,研究结果显示动载作用下有机玻璃与岩石脆性材料的断裂行为极为相似,另外,有机玻璃的透光性也为观察裂纹扩展过程提供了便利,因而常作为首选材料来模拟并分析岩石材料的动态破坏特性及其规律。本文选择的有机玻璃板长为1 m,宽为0.4 m,厚0.015 m,保持抵抗线为0.06 m,炮孔密集系数m选取为1.7、2.5、3.5、4.5,采用三角形布孔,孔径为8 mm,四周无任何约束,试验模型如图1所示。有机玻璃板的弹性模量为3.16 GPa,泊松比为0.32。每个炮孔布置一发普通毫秒导爆管雷管,前排采用毫秒1段雷管,后排采用毫秒3段雷管。
试验结果见图2,从单个炮孔裂纹萌发与扩展上看,有机玻璃面板在冲击载荷作用下,在炮孔近区产生圆形的粉碎区,其形成是由于极高压力引起介质发生剪切破坏,粉碎区外为破裂区,主要为切向拉伸应力产生的径向裂纹,当炮孔一侧存在自由面时,向外传播的应力波将产生反射波,其中纵波(P)及横波(S)分别反射为PP、PS及SP、SS波,这四种反射波中PP波为双向拉伸波,由于其含有的能量较大,当其向爆源传播并与向外传播的P波及S波相遇叠加时,拉伸应力作用更为显著,可以产生与自由面大致平行的片落裂纹,另外它形成的拉伸应力场会促使正在向外扩展的径向裂纹向着自由面进一步扩展延伸[13],试验结果也表明:自由面方向的裂纹发展优势明显,主要是临空面一侧的主径向裂纹受到临空面反射拉伸应力波的作用,表现出向临空面拐角分叉的特征,并逐渐向临空面扩展,最后形成漏斗形状的主裂纹,而其它方向的裂纹发展较短,甚至没有发展。此外,反射应力波还会引起其它径向裂纹向自由面方向偏转。
从相邻炮孔的相互作用来看,爆破产生的动应力场将相互叠加,裂纹发展到一定程度后发生交叉、贯通,切割岩体并形成块体,另外,起爆条件对岩石破坏及爆破漏斗的形成也有很大的影响[14],由于本文试验方案采用同排同时起爆,因此裂纹的萌发与扩展、块体的形成等都具有对称性。同时,受相邻炮孔爆炸应力叠加作用的影响,在炮孔间的部分区域中产生应力降低区和无拉应力区从而造成爆破大块。当炮孔密集系数m为1.7时,炮孔间的应力降低区还能出现径向的贯通裂隙,当炮孔密集系数m为2.5时,同排炮孔间的应力降低区并未出现径向的贯通裂隙,随着炮孔密集系数进一步增加,应力降低区逐渐增大,当炮孔密集系数m为4.5时,后排的炮孔与前排炮孔的径向裂隙很少出现贯通情况,可见过大的炮孔密集系数将造成单孔爆破的情况发生。
图3所示,xx′为物质点kj的初始相对位置矢量,yy′为物质点kj发生变形后的末相对位置矢量,uu′为物质点kj相应的变形位移,tt′为对点力密度。物质点k与族半径为δ内的每个物质点均发生相互作用。当结构发生变形时,物质点kj移动到yy′,对于常规态型近场动力学,yy′之间的力密度为对点力的形式,大小分别为tt′,其大小取决于结构的材料和变形位移。对于族内的其他物质点,也可以通过类似的方法求出相应的对点力大小,最后通过将族内对应的对点力密度进行积分,即可得到关于物质点k的运动方程[15],常用的数值计算方法是将结构离散成均匀分布的物质点的形式,每个物质点代表空间区域内相应的体积,于是离散后物质点k的运动方程为[16]
式中:ρ代表材料密度;u代表位移;代表力密度矢量;Vj代表族内对应物质点体积;vcj则为对应的体修正系数;为体力荷载;n为当前的时间步数;k为当前运算的物质点编号;j为物质点k族内对应的质点编号;N为物质点k族内物质点的数目。
常规态型近场动力学物质点间相互作用的对点力密度可表示为[15-17]
式中:ξk)(j为初始相对位矢;为位移矢量差;adb为线弹性材料近场动力学参数;δ为族半径;Gd)(k)(j为表面修正系数的体积应变项;Gb)(k)(j为表面修正系数的应变能密度项;参数,其中y表示末位矢,x表示初位矢,其中为体积应变,表示为
通过对简单加载情况下的经典连续介质力学应变能密度与近场动力学所表述的应变能密度的对比,可以将式(2-a、b)、(3-a、b)中的近场动力学参数abd由弹性模量μ和剪切模量k表示[17,18]
近场动力学在表述裂纹扩展上是优于有限元方法的,物质点间通过虚拟的键进行连接,当键断裂时则认为此处产生裂纹,且键断裂后不会恢复,于是引入与时间有关的标量函数φxkjt)进行标定
式中,sc为临界伸长率,当物质点之间的伸长率超过临界伸长率,则物质点间的相互作用将永久性破坏。因此得到考虑添加损伤的力密度和体积应变如下
建立了关于临界能量释放率与临界伸长率的关系为[15-17]
实际上,一般材料的临界伸长率往往是需要通过实验进行标定。近场动力学质点的局部损伤为该质点族中消除的相互作用的数量与初始的相互作用总数的加权比例
计算模型几何参数与有机玻璃模型试验一致。为简化计算,本文中爆破荷载的加载形式为三角形荷载,上升段时间为0.01 ms,下降段时间为0.09 ms,荷载峰值为5 GPa。考虑到有机玻璃的纵波波速为2730 m/s,炮孔排距0.06 m,计算得到后排炮孔冲击波传播到前排炮孔需要22 μs,传播至自由面需要44 μs;爆炸冲击荷载作用下,有机玻璃裂纹扩展的速度取0.38的纵波波速,估算得到后排炮孔爆生裂纹传播到前排炮孔需要58 μs,传播至自由面需要116 μs;因此,为提高计算效率,计算中后排起爆时间比前排延时2 ms。
图4显示了孔密集系数为1.7时模型的裂纹扩展过程。当前排炮孔起爆后,首先在炮孔周围产生了粉碎区,随后粉碎区外产生了拉伸型径向裂纹并逐渐形成裂隙区。由于相邻炮孔之间介质受应力波叠加作用的影响,在炮孔连线方向上的径向裂纹开始向两炮孔中心扩展并贯通。爆炸产生的压缩应力波以及临空面反射回来的拉伸应力波促使抵抗线方向的介质向临空面方向移动,在33.4 μs时刻时,已出现平行与垂直临空面的裂纹。另外,临空面一侧的主径向裂纹受到临空面反射拉伸应力波的作用,表现出向临空面拐角分叉的特征,并逐渐向临空面扩展,最后形成漏斗形状的主裂纹,这与有机玻璃板爆破试验的裂纹扩展效果一致。后排炮孔起爆后,中心连线裂纹扩展规律与前排类似,另外,后排炮孔与前排炮孔连线上的径向裂纹也扩展连接并最终贯穿。对比试验结果,近场动力学数值模型计算出的粉碎区与破裂过程能有效反映出实际的破碎效果。
图5展示了炮孔密集系数m为2.5、3.5、4.5时近场动力学模拟结果。当m=2.5时,可以发现前排炮孔爆破漏斗轮廓线恰好在临空面相交,同排相邻孔间并没有出现贯穿裂纹,但前后排炮孔之间的贯穿裂纹还存在。当m=3.5时,前排相邻炮孔爆破漏斗轮廓线在介质内部偏转相交贯通,孔间岩埂轮廓呈弧形结构,前后排炮孔之间的主裂纹发展为两条贯穿裂纹。当m=4.5时,前排炮孔爆破漏斗呈现孤立的状态,说明各个炮孔的裂纹破碎效果已为单个炮孔的爆破破碎形式,后排炮孔因抵抗线过大导致破裂区范围更小。
为更好地分析宽孔距爆破技术的破岩过程,图6展示了不同炮孔密集系数时前排炮孔同时起爆后介质质点在y方向的位移效果。当m=1.7时,结果显示相邻炮孔的位移漏斗相互叠加,炮孔间几乎无岩埂。当m=2.5时,可以发现相邻炮孔间的位移漏斗轮廓线恰好在临空面附近相交,当m=3.5、4.5时,相邻炮孔各自形成单独的位移漏斗,这与实际工程中较大炮孔密集系数时相邻炮孔形成单独的爆破漏斗并留下岩埂的现象相符。
众所周知,宽孔距小抵抗线爆破技术常采用V型布孔[19,20],这样可有效减少大块的产生。图7展示了后排炮孔延时起爆后y方向的位移效果。可以看出当m=1.7时,后排炮孔爆破作用对前排岩体向临空面起促进作用。当m=2.5时,前排炮孔留下的岩埂刚好被后排炮孔爆破破碎,因此可以有效处理后排炮孔爆破后留下的岩埂,这与实际工程中宽孔距爆破常采用孔密集系数为2.5相符合。相比之下,孔密集系数为3.5时其y方向位移的效果弱于孔密集系数为2.5情况。当m=4.5时,后排孔爆破对前排炮孔所留下的岩埂破碎作用有限。位移结果显示,当炮孔密集系数较小时,相邻炮孔的位移漏斗相互叠加,炮孔间几乎无岩埂,前排炮孔留下的岩埂刚好被后排炮孔爆破破碎,随着炮孔密集系数的增大,后排孔爆破对前排炮孔所留下的岩埂破碎作用效果逐渐降低。
采用有机玻璃板研究了不同孔密集系数下宽孔距爆破的破碎效果,结合常规态型近场动力学模拟了宽孔距爆破试验中有机玻璃的破碎过程,得到以下结论:
(1)最小抵抗线固定不变条件下,炮孔间的应力降低区面积与炮孔密集系数成正比,随着应力降低区逐渐增大,同排炮孔间的径向贯通裂隙消失,过大的炮孔密集系数也将进一步造成前后排孔间贯通裂纹消失,最后造成单孔爆破的情况发生。
(2)自由面方向的裂纹发展优势明显,主要是临空面一侧的主径向裂纹受到临空面反射拉伸应力波的作用,表现出向临空面拐角分叉的特征,并逐渐向临空面扩展,最后形成漏斗形状的主裂纹,而其它方向的裂纹发展较短,甚至没有发展。
(3)随着炮孔密集系数的增大,相邻炮孔间的位移漏斗叠加区域逐渐减少,岩埂区域逐渐增加,最后相邻炮孔各自形成单独的位移漏斗。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51979205; 51909196)
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2024年第41卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.01.001
  • 接收时间:2022-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-07
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51979205; 51909196)
国家自然科学基金项目(51979205; 51909196)
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    1.武汉科技大学 理学院 湖北省智能爆破工程技术研究中心,武汉 430065
    2.武汉大学 水工岩石力学教育部重点实验室,武汉 430072
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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