Article(id=1241756514969506479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1681833600000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773987423889, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1725120000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773987423889, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773987423889, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773987423889, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241699613942543237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='260', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973857626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992982583, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=139, endPage=148, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241756515997110988, articleId=1241756514969506479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Dynamic View of Multibody-discrete Body and Notch Matching for Demolishing Building Structures, columnId=1240702072073548400, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=EXPLOSIVE DEMOLITION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The multi-body and discrete-body dynamic analysis of demolished reinforced concrete structures in China is based on the multi-body dynamic equation (symbol, function) and the variable mass collapse dynamic equation, and the comprehensive solution of the equation, including an analytical solution, is obtained. Using close-range photogrammetry and dynamic equation inversion, the plastic dynamic and structural dismantling parameters of damaged reinforced concrete materials are obtained. Based on the similarity criterion of dynamic equations solution, similarity criterion formulas of notch for different collapse modes of Various structures are established. Namely, the similarity criterion curve fitting formula (5), it's another formula (6), empirical formula (7) of single-notch for building toppling, the example modification curve C4 of similarity criterion of inter-span falling, and the forward. Toppling similarity criterion formula (8) of backward-seated buildings with the single notch, the similarity criterion formula (9) of continuous impact collapse between floors of high-rise buildings, the empirical formula (10) of multi-notch in-situ impact collapse of high-rise buildings, the overturning similarity criterion curve of double-notch buildings in the same direction, and other notch-similarity criterion curve families of building structure collapse, etc. Furthermore, the building collapse rules of the demolition matching table of building structure-collapse mode-notch characteristics are put forward by analogy with 46 demolition examples from its notch similarity criterion curve and example diagram in China. The judgment rules of building collapse are determined when the coordinate points [λ (λ1, λp), ηh (ηr)] of the building structure and the incision are near the top of the similarity criterion curve. The cut size of various demolition methods of different building structures can be easily determined, and dimensionless charts can determine the demolition effects. Therefore, a simple and accurate demolition control of blasting demolition can be realized using the multi-body dynamic incision control demolition technology (MBDC).

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中国拆除钢筋混凝土结构的多体—离散体动力分析是建立在多体动力方程(符号、函数)和变质量塌落动力方程基础之上,并求得方程包括解析解的全面解。应用近景摄影测量和实例的动力方程反演,获得了破损钢筋混凝土材料的塑性动力参数和结构拆除参数。利用动力方程解及其导出量的相似准则,组建了各类结构不同倒塌方式的切口相似准则公式,即楼房翻倒的单切口相似准则曲线拟合式(5)和它的另一式(6)及切口经验式(7),跨间下塌框架切口相似准则实例修正线C4,单切口有后坐楼房翻倒的相似准则曲线拟合式(8),高楼原地层间连续冲击塌落相似准则式(9),高楼多切口原地冲击塌落切口经验式(10),和楼房双切口同向翻倒相似准则曲线,及其它切口-楼房结构倒塌的相似准则曲线族等。类比国内46个拆除实例,从其切口相似准则曲线和实例图中,提出了我国楼房结构-倒塌方式-切口特性的拆除匹配表的楼房倒塌的判断规则,和楼房结构和切口的[λλ1λp),ηhηr)]坐标点在其相似准则曲线上方附近时,确定楼房倒塌的判断规则。可简便地确定各类楼房结构多种拆除方式的切口尺寸,继而以无量纲图表确定其他拆除效果。由此,使用多体动力学切口控拆技术(MBDC),可以实现对楼房爆破拆除的简便、准确地拆除控制。

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魏晓林(1940-),男,四川成都,大学本科,教授级高级工程师,国务院特殊津贴专家,广东省突出贡献专家,博士生副导师,从事爆破拆除和矿山安全技术研究,(E-mail).

WEI Xiao-lin (1940-), Male, Chengdu, Sichuan, bachelor degree, professor-level senior engineer, special allowance expert of the State Council, outstanding contribution expert of Guangdong Province, doctoral assistant tutor, engaged in blasting demolition and mine safety technology research, (E-mail) .

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魏晓林(1940-),男,四川成都,大学本科,教授级高级工程师,国务院特殊津贴专家,广东省突出贡献专家,博士生副导师,从事爆破拆除和矿山安全技术研究,(E-mail).

WEI Xiao-lin (1940-), Male, Chengdu, Sichuan, bachelor degree, professor-level senior engineer, special allowance expert of the State Council, outstanding contribution expert of Guangdong Province, doctoral assistant tutor, engaged in blasting demolition and mine safety technology research, (E-mail) .

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魏晓林(1940-),男,四川成都,大学本科,教授级高级工程师,国务院特殊津贴专家,广东省突出贡献专家,博士生副导师,从事爆破拆除和矿山安全技术研究,(E-mail).

WEI Xiao-lin (1940-), Male, Chengdu, Sichuan, bachelor degree, professor-level senior engineer, special allowance expert of the State Council, outstanding contribution expert of Guangdong Province, doctoral assistant tutor, engaged in blasting demolition and mine safety technology research, (E-mail) .

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690., articleTitle=多体—离散体动力学分析及其在建筑爆破拆除中的应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241822011803107381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756514969506479, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=690, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=WEI Xiao-lin, FU Jian-qu, LI Zhan-jun, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WEI Xiao-lin, FU Jian-qu, LI Zhan-jun. 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(Chinese), articleTitle=Cutting parameter of building demolished by blasting with two cutting, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241822007331980212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756514969506479, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241822007340368820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756514969506479, companyId=1241822007331980212, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Hongda Blasting Engineering Group LLC, Guangzhou 510623, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241822007348757429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756514969506479, companyId=1241822007331980212, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=宏大爆破工程集团有限责任公司,广州 510623)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241822009252970508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756514969506479, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Toppling posture of frame-shear building, figureFileSmall=Jh9PTgeOoDWvINjbFALoUw==, figureFileBig=/ky6pCeq2q+ZrKOTrinawA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241822009341050894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756514969506479, language=CN, label=图1, caption=框剪楼房倒塌姿态, figureFileSmall=Jh9PTgeOoDWvINjbFALoUw==, figureFileBig=/ky6pCeq2q+ZrKOTrinawA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241822009454297106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756514969506479, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Front column of the frame hitting the ground, figureFileSmall=0Bl2gL4+Dv2GUOqO0P0DkA==, figureFileBig=KIXuZfU5qigqi4pqxBjXlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241822009550766103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756514969506479, language=CN, label=图2, caption=框架前柱撞地姿态, figureFileSmall=0Bl2gL4+Dv2GUOqO0P0DkA==, figureFileBig=KIXuZfU5qigqi4pqxBjXlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241822009659818011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756514969506479, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Examples [λ (λ1, λp), ηh (ηr)] of coordinate points and corresponding criterion curves, figureFileSmall=5mmPTrIyU2E8RdQZQsGYVQ==, figureFileBig=u279R4/3y2xBcNifFoOGAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241822009726926880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756514969506479, language=CN, label=图3, caption=实例[λλ1λp),ηhηr)]的坐标点和相应相似准则曲线

*注:

, figureFileSmall=5mmPTrIyU2E8RdQZQsGYVQ==, figureFileBig=u279R4/3y2xBcNifFoOGAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241822009789841443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756514969506479, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Building collapse with mass dispersion, figureFileSmall=SCWKMiZWFyvAY26/VNe89Q==, figureFileBig=Yd0NyrYAelTBxYnSbTSVqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241822009861144613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756514969506479, language=CN, label=图4, caption=楼房塌落质量散失倾倒, figureFileSmall=SCWKMiZWFyvAY26/VNe89Q==, figureFileBig=Yd0NyrYAelTBxYnSbTSVqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241822009966002214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756514969506479, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Matching relationship between structure and collapse mode of demolished rectangular building and height/width ratio ηh, height/height ratio ηr, and cut height/width ratio λ(λ1) and height/height ratio λp

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号结构拆除倾倒方式切口形状 ηhr λλ1)/λp Cto(≤Kto图3线名备注
1横向承载全浇整截面剪力墙、全浇小开口剪力墙、全浇框剪结构[2]横向整体翻倒[2]单小梯或单三角3.50>ηh>2.10
5.50>ηh≥3.50
*3
λ>0.20
1.50~1.90 a框剪后柱炸高0.6 m以下割纵筋,有1例v型楼
2横向承载全浇大开口剪力墙(壁式框架)和框架且2跨以内完整砖墙无走廊能稳定梁柱横向整体翻倒[3]单小梯(2跨以内)或单三角3.50>ηh>2.10
5.50>ηh≥3.50
*3
λ>0.20
1.50~1.90 a有1例为3跨框架完整砖墙,有1例v型楼
3横向承载剪力墙、框剪和3跨以内框架(完整砖墙)横向双切口同向倾倒的上体翻倒或上下体组合翻倒[3]小梯或三角>2.10/>0.50/1.50~1.90 b1b2b3 ab满足上体和组合翻倒要求,切口下行起爆[32]
44跨纵向(非承载向)并不完整砖墙框架跨间下塌单三角~单大梯<2.80
>1.45/
>0.50/1.70~1.90 c4前或后或有电梯间
53~4跨有垂直倒向走廊或纵向倾倒不完整砖墙框架跨间下塌[3]单三角~单大梯<2.80
>1.45/
>0.50/1.70~1.90 c4难倾框架切弱前跨柱后侧下的钢筋
6无墙工业框架(不含排架联体)层间侧移或跨间下塌[3]单三角或单小梯<2.80,>1.45或>1.86(实例)/>0.50
>0.53(实例)/
1.70~1.90 c42个相似的实例p3
7非全浇(装配为主)剪力墙层间侧移或跨间下塌单三角或单小梯<2.80
>1.45/
>0.50/1.70 c4 
82跨以内砖混(全砖柱)楼层间侧移单三角>1.45/>0.45/1.70 c4 
93跨以内的框架次后柱切口高至2~3层并2~3层内护后柱墙以外墙预拆除或框架上仓体[3]单后支后坐并上体翻倒(3跨少墙,多为跨间下塌)单三角~单大梯>2.10(或线d右上方)(ηhB垂直倒向前走廊净宽计)/>0.50,(或线d右方),(M2b≈0),少墙,或切口层上完整砖墙(λ可增至0.85)/1.60 d仓体裸框架为等效λ;条件见文中相应部分
105~6跨纵向且框剪为承载非倒向或有中跨走廊或框架完整砖墙前肢下塌中第3~4跨断且后肢前倾覆盖单大梯2.05~1.20,/前肢Fdc≤3.600.80~0.40/  实例,双后柱支撑
113~4跨框剪、框架、全浇剪力墙[32]原地双向折叠[3,6]双三角或双小梯切口>3.00(η2>1.60)/>0.50(λ2>0.60)/   
123~6跨框剪、框架、全浇剪力墙原地塌落[4]、逐跨塌落且小倾单三角或小梯/0.68~0.73(ηr/0.12~0.13(ηp,式(9)) Fsp=1.32~1.44(小倾1.44)hp=8.26~9.55 m e1~e4实例,倾倒需双后柱支撑,λ满足序1,切口高差宽比大于0.55
133~7跨框剪、框架、全浇剪力墙原地塌落、层内逐跨塌落且小倾多切口或多平切口/上切口顶ho不超7层  Fdc≤3.6
0~3.90(1.05~4.03,实例),式(10)
  
), ArticleFig(id=1241822011505311787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756514969506479, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

拆除长方楼房结构及倒塌方式与楼高宽比ηh/高高比ηr及切口高宽比λλ1)/高高比λp匹配关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号结构拆除倾倒方式切口形状 ηhr λλ1)/λp Cto(≤Kto图3线名备注
1横向承载全浇整截面剪力墙、全浇小开口剪力墙、全浇框剪结构[2]横向整体翻倒[2]单小梯或单三角3.50>ηh>2.10
5.50>ηh≥3.50
*3
λ>0.20
1.50~1.90 a框剪后柱炸高0.6 m以下割纵筋,有1例v型楼
2横向承载全浇大开口剪力墙(壁式框架)和框架且2跨以内完整砖墙无走廊能稳定梁柱横向整体翻倒[3]单小梯(2跨以内)或单三角3.50>ηh>2.10
5.50>ηh≥3.50
*3
λ>0.20
1.50~1.90 a有1例为3跨框架完整砖墙,有1例v型楼
3横向承载剪力墙、框剪和3跨以内框架(完整砖墙)横向双切口同向倾倒的上体翻倒或上下体组合翻倒[3]小梯或三角>2.10/>0.50/1.50~1.90 b1b2b3 ab满足上体和组合翻倒要求,切口下行起爆[32]
44跨纵向(非承载向)并不完整砖墙框架跨间下塌单三角~单大梯<2.80
>1.45/
>0.50/1.70~1.90 c4前或后或有电梯间
53~4跨有垂直倒向走廊或纵向倾倒不完整砖墙框架跨间下塌[3]单三角~单大梯<2.80
>1.45/
>0.50/1.70~1.90 c4难倾框架切弱前跨柱后侧下的钢筋
6无墙工业框架(不含排架联体)层间侧移或跨间下塌[3]单三角或单小梯<2.80,>1.45或>1.86(实例)/>0.50
>0.53(实例)/
1.70~1.90 c42个相似的实例p3
7非全浇(装配为主)剪力墙层间侧移或跨间下塌单三角或单小梯<2.80
>1.45/
>0.50/1.70 c4 
82跨以内砖混(全砖柱)楼层间侧移单三角>1.45/>0.45/1.70 c4 
93跨以内的框架次后柱切口高至2~3层并2~3层内护后柱墙以外墙预拆除或框架上仓体[3]单后支后坐并上体翻倒(3跨少墙,多为跨间下塌)单三角~单大梯>2.10(或线d右上方)(ηhB垂直倒向前走廊净宽计)/>0.50,(或线d右方),(M2b≈0),少墙,或切口层上完整砖墙(λ可增至0.85)/1.60 d仓体裸框架为等效λ;条件见文中相应部分
105~6跨纵向且框剪为承载非倒向或有中跨走廊或框架完整砖墙前肢下塌中第3~4跨断且后肢前倾覆盖单大梯2.05~1.20,/前肢Fdc≤3.600.80~0.40/  实例,双后柱支撑
113~4跨框剪、框架、全浇剪力墙[32]原地双向折叠[3,6]双三角或双小梯切口>3.00(η2>1.60)/>0.50(λ2>0.60)/   
123~6跨框剪、框架、全浇剪力墙原地塌落[4]、逐跨塌落且小倾单三角或小梯/0.68~0.73(ηr/0.12~0.13(ηp,式(9)) Fsp=1.32~1.44(小倾1.44)hp=8.26~9.55 m e1~e4实例,倾倒需双后柱支撑,λ满足序1,切口高差宽比大于0.55
133~7跨框剪、框架、全浇剪力墙原地塌落、层内逐跨塌落且小倾多切口或多平切口/上切口顶ho不超7层  Fdc≤3.6
0~3.90(1.05~4.03,实例),式(10)
  
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多体-离散体动力观及拆除楼房结构的切口匹配
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魏晓林 , 李萍丰 , 刘翼
爆破 | 拆除爆破 2024,41(3): 139-148
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爆破 | 拆除爆破 2024, 41(3): 139-148
多体-离散体动力观及拆除楼房结构的切口匹配
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魏晓林 , 李萍丰, 刘翼
作者信息
  • 宏大爆破工程集团有限责任公司,广州 510623
  • 魏晓林(1940-),男,四川成都,大学本科,教授级高级工程师,国务院特殊津贴专家,广东省突出贡献专家,博士生副导师,从事爆破拆除和矿山安全技术研究,(E-mail).

    WEI Xiao-lin (1940-), Male, Chengdu, Sichuan, bachelor degree, professor-level senior engineer, special allowance expert of the State Council, outstanding contribution expert of Guangdong Province, doctoral assistant tutor, engaged in blasting demolition and mine safety technology research, (E-mail) .

Dynamic View of Multibody-discrete Body and Notch Matching for Demolishing Building Structures
Xiao-lin WEI , Ping-feng LI, Yi LIU
Affiliations
  • Hongda Blasting Engineering Group LLC, Guangzhou 510623, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.017
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中国拆除钢筋混凝土结构的多体—离散体动力分析是建立在多体动力方程(符号、函数)和变质量塌落动力方程基础之上,并求得方程包括解析解的全面解。应用近景摄影测量和实例的动力方程反演,获得了破损钢筋混凝土材料的塑性动力参数和结构拆除参数。利用动力方程解及其导出量的相似准则,组建了各类结构不同倒塌方式的切口相似准则公式,即楼房翻倒的单切口相似准则曲线拟合式(5)和它的另一式(6)及切口经验式(7),跨间下塌框架切口相似准则实例修正线C4,单切口有后坐楼房翻倒的相似准则曲线拟合式(8),高楼原地层间连续冲击塌落相似准则式(9),高楼多切口原地冲击塌落切口经验式(10),和楼房双切口同向翻倒相似准则曲线,及其它切口-楼房结构倒塌的相似准则曲线族等。类比国内46个拆除实例,从其切口相似准则曲线和实例图中,提出了我国楼房结构-倒塌方式-切口特性的拆除匹配表的楼房倒塌的判断规则,和楼房结构和切口的[λλ1λp),ηhηr)]坐标点在其相似准则曲线上方附近时,确定楼房倒塌的判断规则。可简便地确定各类楼房结构多种拆除方式的切口尺寸,继而以无量纲图表确定其他拆除效果。由此,使用多体动力学切口控拆技术(MBDC),可以实现对楼房爆破拆除的简便、准确地拆除控制。

爆破拆除  /  楼房  /  多体-离散体动力分析  /  楼房结构-倒塌方式-切口特性的匹配

The multi-body and discrete-body dynamic analysis of demolished reinforced concrete structures in China is based on the multi-body dynamic equation (symbol, function) and the variable mass collapse dynamic equation, and the comprehensive solution of the equation, including an analytical solution, is obtained. Using close-range photogrammetry and dynamic equation inversion, the plastic dynamic and structural dismantling parameters of damaged reinforced concrete materials are obtained. Based on the similarity criterion of dynamic equations solution, similarity criterion formulas of notch for different collapse modes of Various structures are established. Namely, the similarity criterion curve fitting formula (5), it's another formula (6), empirical formula (7) of single-notch for building toppling, the example modification curve C4 of similarity criterion of inter-span falling, and the forward. Toppling similarity criterion formula (8) of backward-seated buildings with the single notch, the similarity criterion formula (9) of continuous impact collapse between floors of high-rise buildings, the empirical formula (10) of multi-notch in-situ impact collapse of high-rise buildings, the overturning similarity criterion curve of double-notch buildings in the same direction, and other notch-similarity criterion curve families of building structure collapse, etc. Furthermore, the building collapse rules of the demolition matching table of building structure-collapse mode-notch characteristics are put forward by analogy with 46 demolition examples from its notch similarity criterion curve and example diagram in China. The judgment rules of building collapse are determined when the coordinate points [λ (λ1, λp), ηh (ηr)] of the building structure and the incision are near the top of the similarity criterion curve. The cut size of various demolition methods of different building structures can be easily determined, and dimensionless charts can determine the demolition effects. Therefore, a simple and accurate demolition control of blasting demolition can be realized using the multi-body dynamic incision control demolition technology (MBDC).

demolition by blasting  /  building  /  multi-body-discrete-body dynamic analysis  /  matching of building structure-collapse pattern-notch characteristics
魏晓林, 李萍丰, 刘翼. 多体-离散体动力观及拆除楼房结构的切口匹配. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (3) : 139 -148 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.017
Xiao-lin WEI, Ping-feng LI, Yi LIU. Dynamic View of Multibody-discrete Body and Notch Matching for Demolishing Building Structures[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (3) : 139 -148 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.017
爆破拆除建筑物的倒塌是个动力过程,目前需要构建适合中国拆除钢筋混凝土结构的基础力学。从大量拆除建筑物翻塌实例中,特别是本公司2002年折叠拆除并获发明专利,2005年首创3折烟囱多体拆除,标志了单体静力学已不能概括并适应现今拆除的发展。2004年和2007年本公司及作者首创折叠动力方程数值解和率先提出爆破拆除建筑物的多体-离散体动力观[1],相继构建了楼房、烟囱、冷却塔及统一的建筑物倒塌动力方程,于国内外领先获得了动力方程解析解、近似解和其相似准则[2-4],完成了参数实测动力方程反演,组成了研究手段集合。并面向拆除设计需求,在2011年~2015年完成了多体动力学切口控拆技术(MBDC)[3,5]。同时,在1992年卢文波提出了小钢架失稳切口后,2003年金骥良和2013年陈寿如提出了楼房重心前移出支面静力倾倒切口,和杨人光以及2013年周凤仪提出了框架、砖混结构楼房冲击速度切口高,等。但是,还需继续探索结构与切口的关系,因此,本文应用多体-离散体动力观,研究了楼房结构(含其高宽比、支重比等)-倒塌方式(倾倒、塌落冲击等)-切口特性的拆除动力匹配,现述如下。
拆除建筑物倒塌的多体-离散体动力观认为,拆除钢筋混凝土结构的破坏,必然经历混凝土已经断裂但钢筋还牵拔脱粘形成塑性铰的过程,对倒塌运动的建筑机构[3],是铰运动副连接的多体系统。因此,结构初始失稳后,必然经历多体系统运动[1],而后可能多体离散为仅存钢筋牽拉的非完全离散体[3],最终或初至离散为完全离散体[1],并塌落撞地堆积为爆堆。
建筑物倒塌的多体机构的树系统中[3],可简化为平面单开链系统[3],其有根体的动力方程为自由度f的体n单开链系统[3],其方程若代入不同的nf值和含体速度、体角速度的具体矩阵系数[B]、[C],计算机将以符号运算,自动建模[3],衍生出十余个不同拓扑的具体动力方程[3]
剪力墙、框剪结构和部分框架(2跨内有完整砖墙)楼房等高耸建筑物,在单切口爆破少量下坐后,单向倾倒初期随切口闭合,质量重力减少约占其总量的10%以下,如图1所示,可从多体动力方程简化,得到n=1,f=1且底端塑性铰轴的有根定质量体,其倾倒动力方程和爆破拆除时的初始条件为[2]
式中:P为单体的重力,kN;P=mgm为单体的质量,103 kg;rc为质心到底支铰轴的距离,m;Jb为单体对底铰的惯性矩,103 kg·m2Mb为底部塑性铰的抵抗弯矩,后柱爆破Mb≈0,kN·m;q为质心到底铰连线与竖直线的夹角,R°;q0q的初始值,R°。
则可得数值解和式(1)的角速度、时间t(s)的解析解[1,2]
3跨以内框架及仓体等结构,切口所在层的墙体预拆除后,当切口爆破,后支撑柱将作为下体向后倾倒后坐,切口层上作为上体沿其后柱铰b向前倾倒,从而形成体n=2,自由度f=2的折叠机构运动[3],如图2
上述2类建筑物的切口闭合撞地,见与图1同理的模型图2,忽略撞地前柱f′的破坏,前柱撞地点f距后柱根0水平距为xf,建筑物质量m2,质心Crff转动,其转动惯量Jfqf为质心C至前趾f直线与竖直线的夹角。当质心水平距xc小于前趾f距离xf,即xc<xf时,上体转动将提高质心及其势能。上体撞地翻倒动能wf为向前转动提高的质心势能,即翻倒阻势能wf=rfm2g(1-cos qf)。
翻倒能阻势比[3]
经实例观测,动力方程反演并考虑楼房克服切口触地悬梁阻力、切口闭合碰撞阻力、滚动阻力、或后支撑钢筋拉断力,翻倒应留有的保证富余和工程计算误差等,取KtoCto=1.5~1.9,建筑机构将能翻倒[3],楼高且重要程度大者可取大值。从式(3)可见,Kto与楼房高宽比和切口高宽比有关,而保证系数Cto与其基本无关,见图3
高层建筑原地塌落可归结为有根变质量体连续下坐质量散失的动力方程[4],如图4所示。质心C,径向动力方程及其初始条件为
式中:ρ为楼房沿高度的线质量,103 kg/m;Fcs为变质量下坐楼的楼底径向平均抵抗力,kN;yr为以d为原点的径向坐标的楼房顶径向值,m;q为楼房纵中轴与竖直y轴的夹角,R°;q0q的初始值,R°;v为楼房下坐径向速度,m/s;h0为切口闭合时切口上楼房初始高,m;vy0为切口高hp闭合时,楼房撞地时的速度。
上述动力方程可得到解析解[2],如式(2),数值解或从其中归纳出近似解,从而已能求解和模拟拆除各类建筑构体在关键时刻的运动姿态[3]。将各拓扑按时间顺序编程,前拓扑的运动结果为相邻后拓扑的初始条件,即可解算和模拟建筑物倒塌的全过程[3],已实现了倒塌过程的全局仿真。倒塌建筑物多有破坏残余应变,只能借助近景摄影数字技术和动力方程反演钢筋混凝土破损材料的塑性参数,也可逆向求解获得结构的拆除参数[5]
此外,还可依据动力方程获得拆除倾倒运动的相似准则,即,无量纲规整化后,建立相似准则公式或算图[5],以便在实用中推广。设BH分别为拆除建筑的倒向宽和下坐后高,见图1,体端[Mb]≈0,代入方程(1),积分得的隐式表示,当主惯量比kj=Jc/Jcs在各系统间常值或kj=1时,可见与楼房质量m数学无关,B无关,式中Jc为主构体(楼房)的主惯量,Jcs为主构体质量均布的实心图形计算的主惯量,Jcs=(H2+B2m/12。由此,式(3)的翻倒能阻势比Kto也与mm2和可能与B计算无关,而仅主要与ηh=H/Bηc=hc/Bλ=hcu/B相似准数有关,hchcu分别为楼房主构体的下坐后质心高和切口高。推论到多体情况[5]Kto在多数拆除楼房翻倒类型与m数学无关,与kj关系较少。由此可去除无关变量,突出主要变量,以保证系数Cto(含容许误差)简化有关变量,减少方程自变量数,应用动力方程的解及其导出量,可以建立坐标λ-ηcλ-ηh的相似准则曲线和其公式,从而比拟判断楼房的翻倒姿态,见2.1节和图4。8层以上同类结构差异楼房的kj多在0.75~1.28间,整体翻倒楼房可应用kj=1的同一相似准则曲线,切口高度误差仅在2%以内(当λ在0.3~0.4内时),从而拆除工程的误差及其切口闭合时质量力变化的误差均可以容许[6]。同理,楼房其他倒塌方式,爆堆、后坐、下坐等的无量纲参数,均可按相应的相似准则曲线及算图确定[5,6]。由此,应用动力方程,可以建立坐标λ-ηh的相似准则曲线及其公式,经少数实例验证、修正和补充后,可推广到同类结构拆除,并从结构和倒塌分类以及切口特征中,获得各类结构-切口类比的匹配,见后述。
在建筑物结构、强度和周围环境的许可下,可确定爆破拆除方法和切口参数。当切口爆破后,必以多体-离散体动力方程,如倾倒方程(1)或变质量塌落方程(4)倒塌。其与中国建筑《混凝土结构设计规范(TJ10—74,~,GB50010—2010)》(以下简称《中国规范》)的结构,共同支配了倒塌规律。利用动力方程解建立的相似准则、总结实例和结构类比,可获得我国长方楼房常见结构-可倾倒方式和拆除方法-切口特征三者的匹配关系,见实例大数据图3,匹配关系见表1
倾倒中稳定的结构,即全浇整截面剪力墙、全浇小开口剪力墙和倒向剖面的框剪结构,横向承载2跨以内框架且其剖面由完整砖墙(表1注*2)加固等结构,在倾倒时能抗弯剪结构稳定的楼房,模型如图1。这类楼房当初始失稳并切口闭合后,实例和多体动力方程显示[3],即按表1序1和序2等单切口匹配可实现楼房整体翻倒。若需精准时,也可按多体动力方程解的图3λ-ηh相似准则曲线a族(粗实线a左右支,不是线d)判定[5,6]。其中爆破下坐后切口高宽比λ=hcu/B,简称切口高宽比,B为倒向楼宽,见图1(后壁至后支距离a=0,另见a/b在表序3)。ηh=H/B,简称楼房高宽比,H为爆破下坐后楼高(不计超过楼顶的结构,如电梯房和楼梯间顶),HHo-h1Ho为原楼高,h1为后柱爆高和下坐高,H≈2hcKto=Cto=1.5时,线a为能翻倒线,即,动力方程计算的相似准则曲线a的拟合式[5]
表1中:
(1)ηhηrλλ1)、λp对应关系的实例见图4,关系见表1,表内容见文中。ljλ2η2Fdchp等见文。
(2)本表框架是指除楼梯和电梯间外没有混凝土剪力墙的框架结构;完整砖墙指套房(含走廊)间隔墙在倒向剖面无窗无门并接顶靠柱的砖墙。
(3)当3.5>ηh>2.1,λ<0.5时,ηh≥式(7);当1.1>λ≥0.5时,ηh≥式(6)。
当0.2≤λ≤0.4时
当1.1>λ≥0.5时
以上计算过程及公式见文献[6]中论文。实例的翻倒经验线为
当3.5>ηh>2.1,λ<0.5时
线a较倾倒重心前移出支面静力倾倒切口低矮。式(7)的λ<0.5曲线的Ktoηh增大而渐大,即翻倒能阻势比也增加;多数15层以上楼房kj≈1,其翻倒特性只与ηhλ有关而与质量关系较小,见1.2节。由此,上述结构坐标(ληh)的点在相似准则曲线a的上方,可判定楼房整体翻倒。而实例也证实了判定的正确,图3p1和p2类的整体翻倒拆除18(11p1+7p2)个实例,是国内近15年,仅ηh<4的该类拆除楼房的总数(3例疑p4),无一例外地证明,图1模型和主惯量比kj=0.75~1.25的结构[6],都整体翻倒;而表序1与表序2内的ηh<5.5的拆除楼房的大量实例,也都翻倒。与此相反,图3中表序1和表序2类结构,不满足上述条件,即楼房坐标(ληh)的点在线a下方,也被其楼房不倒实例证明,切口闭合后将可判定楼房停止翻倒。由此可见,其结构、拆除方法和切口的表序1和表序2匹配正确,且动力方程和判断楼房整体翻倒的相似准则曲线方法也是正确和可靠的。
同理,上述结构楼房要实现双切口双体同向翻倒,以切口匹配的表序3实现;准确判断时,按多体动力方程解的图4中相似准则细实曲线b族判定。当下行起爆时,其上切口先闭合,形成组合单体翻倒[33],它的下切口相似准则曲线b族的λ1=hcud1/B,为层内有限下坐后下切口高宽比[33];当Kto=Cto=1.5,线族b的线b1、线b2和线b3分别为下体高宽比lj=l1/B=0.92~1.36(上切口高宽比λ2=hcud2/B=0.22)。因此,表序3结构楼房(λ1ηh)的坐标点,在图3对应的相似准则曲线b族右上方时,该楼房上切口闭合的组合单体将可以翻倒[3],而在线b左下方时,拆除楼房可失稳倾斜切口闭合,但组合单体最终停止翻倒。事实上,多体动力方程、相似准则曲线和表序3匹配判定翻倒,已为图3中3个实例p7所证明正确[33]。从以上可见,线b族可近似由线a或式(5)稍微下移变来,因此可按线b和式(5)、式(7)的右上方坐标点(λ1ηh)判定翻倒。
同样,点线c族为4跨以内,ηh<2.80的框架,且倒向剖面砖墙不靠柱、或不接顶、不完整,有走廊跨或纵向倾倒楼房的相似准则曲线。当楼房初始失稳切口闭合后,梁和柱端及砖墙弯矩,不满足表序2条件,而无法保持梁柱间直角稳定,并分别自间相互平行机构移动,形成同跨前后柱间相对下塌,简称跨间下塌[3]。以此类框架、倾倒方式和切口的表序4和表序5匹配,可实现跨间下塌。而图3p3p5跨间下塌实例(ληh)的点分布在λ-ηh相似准则曲线c(线c1、线c2、线c3)族上方[7],与多体动力方程基本一致。图中线c实例模型为较少砖墙的6层楼房[7],倒向跨数nc=4(含后悬臂跨)相应3跨[7],非倒向跨楼宽11.5 m,楼盖内有梁3~4条,其线c1,线c2,线c3λ正向)分别为平均跨长3.8~3.2 m的无量纲倾倒阻矩重矩比Kdm=M/(mglo),式中MMdh)分别为各跨梁前端和后端机构残余弯矩和墙抗剪残余弯矩MfMrMq之和[6,7]lo为结构平均跨长;Kdm是结构反映跨间下塌姿态乃至翻倒的参数,上例lo分别对应Kdm在1.25~1.48,引起ηh变化在0.11内,与图3中4个实例基本一致,是可用提高保证系数Cto和容许误差调整的。上例计算过程及公式见文献[6]中论文。当逐跨延迟0.5 s起爆,和增大切口λ,切口闭合前初倾时钢筋已塑性残余拉长,Mdh减小,引起线c沿λ>0.5以后,维持ηh最小值,应将曲线c修正,如图3线c4所示。此外,因各楼房楼板结构及其Mdh均相近,其4个实例维持ηh最小值,分布在1.45~1.3之间,与Kdm对应计算ηh变化基本一致。因此,类似上述线c模型,kj=0.75~1.25的表1这类少砖墙3~4跨框架[6],倾倒保证系数Cto=1.7,实例倾倒能阻功比KtoCto时,式中Kto文献[7]中为倾倒保证率,即上述ηh>1.45及线c4上方楼房是可以跨间下塌而匹配倾倒的。综上所述,多体动力方程、相似准则曲线c族和表序4和表序5匹配判定倾倒塌地,已为图4中6个实例证明正确[33]。但是当Mdh难算准,不便判断跨间下塌姿态,应用时参考实例,并可采取下述保证措施,即增高切口加大λ,随之线c4右延,许可爆堆增高。当λ>0.85,ηh<1.6时,切口闭合后,已形成许可高爆堆;当ηh≤1.6后,可如后述线d楼房后坐而倒塌。
此外,3跨以内的无墙、无楼梯间墙或倒向剖面砖墙不靠柱或砖墙不完整的框架和砖混结构等楼房,切口爆破后,更易层间侧移倾倒[3]图3中无墙1例,其切口λ可按略低于跨间下塌的相似准则曲线c族右上方(ληh)点确定楼房倒塌,其匹配见表序6~表序8,含有局部层间侧移2个实例。
3跨以内ηh<2.80的框架完整砖墙楼房,当跨间下塌等上述倒塌缺少保证时,还可采取后坐实现楼房翻倒。即提高次后柱至切口次(下)顶层(2~3层),保留仅护后柱墙体,预拆除切口层砖墙,当切口爆破后,使切口的次顶层后柱顶形成塑性铰b,当铰b弯矩M2b≈0,后支撑会后坐并形成上体楼房向前倾倒的2体双向运动[1,3],如图2所示。即按其结构、倾倒及切口匹配的表序9,可实现后坐并向前翻倒。将多体动力方程解的角速度,计算入式(3),得图4中主惯量比kj=1,楼房翻倒的λ-ηh相似准则细实曲线d(线dηh沿伸至2以下),切口顶比铰b高宽比hbb=bb/B=0.17,式中hb为切口顶比铰b高差,是受层高内限的小变量,取其经验在0.10~0.25,可提高Cto=1.6,简化其次要影响。其计算过程及公式见文献[6]中论文。线d的拟合式
当0.62≤λ≤0.88时
图3中以粗实曲线d表示。因此,在上述条件下,多体动力方程、结构倒塌的切口匹配,和相似准则曲线d基本一致,楼房的(ληh)坐标点在线d右上方。当翻倒能阻势比Kto>Cto而实现后坐翻倒,均为6个实例证明正确。而在线d和线a下方,同时又在线c族上方,可B减去前走廊净宽,当此算ηh>2.1时,可判定楼房翻倒;无前走廊的,可增大切口λ>0.85,若后柱不断,当ηh≥1.6时,可按线d判断楼房倒塌,而当ηh<1.6时,切口闭合则已成为了许可高爆堆。
拆除楼房要缩小爆堆,前后方及两侧又有适当场地,可双切口双向多折叠倾倒拆除,以多体动力方程解算[32],结果见表序11。按其要求,楼房可以倒塌[32],并应校验符合爆堆许可下体高宽比lj和上体高宽比η2,见表序11。
2层内楼房下坐,可用切口上结构定质量冲击功计算[6];15~25层高楼超过2层原地下坐,用层间连续塌落质量散失模型计算[3],见图4[4],如表序12和表序13。图3中点划线e族为变质量塌落方程(4)的解[5],图中相似准数λp=hp/hoηr=yr/ho,式中hp为除梁高外切口平均高(3跨以上大梯形切口或平切口),yr为层间下坐坍塌后爆堆上的楼房高,ho为平均切口上方(从上楼盖面的底板面算起)楼层高。从方程(4)和,由方程解可导出相似准则公式[5,6]
式中:Fp=KtoFspFsp=Slσcg/(ghoρ);Sl为楼房切口上的下层支撑体平均截面积;σcg为支撑体的等效动强度[3]Fsp为无量纲支重比,并只能现场实测。图3中点划线e1~e8分别为Fsp的1.2~2.6的等差0.2的式(9)的相似准则曲线e族(图示Kto=Cto为1.1的Fp,式中Cto为保证率)。当KtoCto时,楼房可按yr而层间连续塌落。
当楼房前有倾倒场地时,经济拆除20层以上高楼,可用表序12单切口塌落兼倾倒的方法实现,爆后塌落前的切口高差宽比大于0.55,双后柱支撑,如图3p8的2个实例。倾倒后爆堆前宽近似yr,当用Fsp计算时,参考从图3p8的2个实例选取参数。单切口逐跨延迟0.5 s起爆,符合“中国规范”的20~27层楼房的Fsp,经方程反演为1.32~1.44,当算λp可取其偏大值1.44和Cto取1.1;当算yr前倒时,要多留安全场地距离。
当楼房前倒场地受限,可采用多切口同时(或短延时上行)起爆,层内逐跨延迟0.5 s起爆的塌落拆除方法(多为纵向),见表序13。切口的塌(塌陷层高)与切(切口除梁高)比为Fdc也只能现场实测,方程反演为3.9~1.0(对应图3λp轴从左至右),见图3p9的5个实例。25层以下高楼多切口层间连续塌落,Fdc可取3.6以下,其中底层可小,中高层取大值,上切口顶ho不超7层。由于楼房塌落爆堆上的yr≈0,可从下式λpFdc定义逆算出ηr
由于同时起爆(或短延时上行),可逐切口上行累加各切口增塌闭合高度,从而提高冲击速度[2],降低应力峰值衰减,见图3中实例p9,其中实例Fdc可高达3.9。
纵向倾倒的5~6跨楼房框架,倒向楼宽近20 m以上,若单大梯形切口,层内逐跨延迟0.5 s起爆,双后柱支撑,在倾倒切口闭合前,中跨连接梁(或走廊跨)因不能承受前体重力导致的弯矩和剪力而断开,前体下塌,后体跟随翻倒覆盖,见表序10的实例,本文定义为倾倒断跨拆除[3,6]。从图3中3个p6实例,可见前体塌坍Fdc可从小逐大接近3.6,后体覆盖翻倒,实例全楼ηh可低至1.2。若Fdc<1可采取表序13多切口原地塌落拆除楼房。
综上所述,若拆除楼房[λλ1λp),ηhηr)]的坐标点在图3相应相似准则曲线上方附近(含跨间下塌λ≥0.5,多切口塌落Fdc≤3.6),楼房切口闭合后可以倒塌;当按照经多体动力方程解算并为大多数实例验证的表1,选择拆除参数时,楼房将可靠倒塌。
以上图3中的部分相似准则曲线分别发表于2012~2015年[5],已表明正确。本文在图3中标注46个表1实例,证明多体动力方程及其切口控拆技术理论正确;而表1中我国长方楼房常见结构-切口的匹配关系也是正确的,因此可以简便地确定我国楼房结构的多种拆除方式和切口尺寸,为各类楼房结构选择合理倒塌方式和切口参数提供了新理论和新方法。
同理,其他拆除效果,包括爆堆前沿宽和高[3,5,6]、楼房的后坐[5,6]、楼房的下坐[3,5,6]、起爆次序和时差等[5,6],都已通过无量纲图表而确定[5,6]。
拆除建筑物倒塌的多体-离散体动力观,描述建筑物的爆破拆除,机理清晰、正确,符合实际。建立的变拓扑多体动力方程组和变质量塌落动力方程,可由计算机符号运算自动建模[3],衍生出十余个拆除方程,如其中的方程(1)和方程(4)等,并获得了解析解,如式(2)等,以及近似解和数值解等,由此既可单独模拟拆除倒塌的关键过程,又可组合后变拓扑全局仿真。
应用近景摄影测量数值和实例的动力方程反演[3],可求得破损钢筋混凝土材料的塑性动力参数和结构拆除参数,如参数CtoFspFpFdcηrλpη2λ2等。
应用这些参数、动力方程解及其导出的相似准则,组建了各类结构不同倒塌方式的楼房倒塌切口公式,即楼房整体翻倒的单切口相似准则曲线拟合式(5)和它的另域式(6)及切口经验式(7),跨间下塌(含层间侧移)框架楼房切口相似准则实例修正线c4,单切口有后坐楼房翻倒的相似准则曲线拟合式(8),高楼原地层间连续冲击塌落相似准则式(9)和高楼多切口原地冲击塌落切口经验式(10)等,以及动力方程模拟的楼房双切口同向翻倒相似准则曲线b族,以及图3中楼房其他倒塌相似准则曲线a族、线c4、线d和线e族等,且为实例验证正确。
并且,从实例数据图3中,类比主要结构与其匹配切口的相似准则曲线,获得了判断这些结构切口楼房倒塌的规则,即:拆除楼房[λλ1λp),ηhηr)]的坐标点在图3相应结构相似准则曲线上方附近(含跨间下塌λ≥0.5,多切口塌落Fdc≤3.6),楼房切口闭合后可以倒塌;并为拆除楼房46个实例验证正确。
由此,提出了我国楼房常见结构-倒塌方式-切口特性的匹配关系表,涵盖了从容许爆堆高以上的ηh>1.45~1.6至ηh超5.5的楼房倾倒的切口。并按此表,在类似条件下选择拆除参数时,楼房将可靠倒塌。继而用无量纲图表确定其他拆除效果等[5,6]
由此,为楼房拆除选择合理的倒塌方式、拆除措施和切口参数提供了新理论和分类简便的新算法。虽然有些计算参数还需继续实测,但是多体动力学切口控拆技术(MBDC),经现场观测和工程实例证明,基本上是正确的、简便而准确的。
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2024年第41卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.017
  • 接收时间:2023-04-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-19
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    宏大爆破工程集团有限责任公司,广州 510623
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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