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Article(id=1241756508678050363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673020800000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773987422388, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1725120000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773987422388, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773987422388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773987422388, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241699613942543237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='260', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973857626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992982583, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=212, endPage=221, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241756509013594690, articleId=1241756508678050363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Dynamic Response Law of Gas Pipeline under Tunnel Blasting Seismic Waves, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The blasting dynamic response of the gas pipeline and surrounding soil during the excavation of the cross passage at the entrance and exit C of Jinding Street Station of Beijing Metro Line 11 was analyzed using the finite software LS-DYNA. The numerical model's accuracy was confirmed by comparing it with blast-induced vibration data from on-site surveys. The study focused on the dynamic response of the buried gas pipeline to tunnel blasting, considering factors such as different cutting hole delay times, single hole charge, and soil properties. The results indicated that the peak particle velocity (PPV) from the numerical model was within 20% of the field test data. The PPV and peak effective stress (PES) of the pipeline were highest at the side back of the explosion source. A linear relationship between PPV values of the surface soil and the pipeline was observed when the horizontal distance from the tunnel center exceeded 3m in the axial direction of the gas pipeline. The PPVs and PESs on the cross-section of the gas pipeline did not change significantly with increasing delay times between cutting holes. Furthermore, increasing the charge of the cutting hole from 0.2 kg to 0.6 kg led to an increase of 0.5~2.5 times in PPVs and 0.5~1.5 times in PESs. The soil type around the gas pipeline also influenced the peak combined vibration velocity and effective stress, with silty clay having the greatest impact, followed by clayey silt, and then miscellaneous soil.

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LING Tian-long (1985-), male, Ph. D, Lecturer, mainly engaged in rock fragmentation mechanisms and blasting simulation, (E-mail) .
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以北京地铁11号线金顶街站C出入口横通道爆破工程为背景，采用有限元软件LS-DYNA对邻近燃气管道及地表土体的爆破动力响应进行计算分析，结合管道及上方地表振动速度监测结果，验证了数值模型的有效性。在此基础上，建立隧道下穿燃气管道数值模型，分析不同掏槽孔延期时间、单孔药量、土体性质对管道振动特征和动应力分布的影响。研究结果表明：数值模型与现场实测结果相比，峰值振速的相对误差未超过20%；在爆破地震波影响下，燃气管道横截面的峰值合振速（peak particle velocity，PPV）和有效应力峰值均出现在背爆侧；在燃气管道轴线方向上，当距离隧道中心的水平距离超过3 m时，地表土体与管道顶部振动速度存在明显的线性关系；掏槽孔孔间延期时间增加时，燃气管道横截面各点的峰值合振速和有效应力变化不大；单孔药量由0.2 kg增大至0.6 kg，峰值合振速增大0.5~2.5倍，有效应力增大0.5~1.5倍。燃气管线周围土体为粉质黏土时对峰值合振速和有效应力的影响最大，黏质粉土其次，杂填土最小。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
凌天龙（1985-），男，博士、讲师，主要从事工程岩体破碎理论、爆破数值分析等研究工作，（E-mail）。
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王梓宇（1989年-），男，本科、工程师，主要从事城市地铁浅埋暗挖法研究，（E-mail）。

WANG Zi-yu (1989-), Male, Master, Engineer, mainly engaged in the excavation method of shallow urban subways, (E-mail) .

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王梓宇（1989年-），男，本科、工程师，主要从事城市地铁浅埋暗挖法研究，（E-mail）。

WANG Zi-yu (1989-), Male, Master, Engineer, mainly engaged in the excavation method of shallow urban subways, (E-mail) .

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王梓宇（1989年-），男，本科、工程师，主要从事城市地铁浅埋暗挖法研究，（E-mail）。

WANG Zi-yu (1989-), Male, Master, Engineer, mainly engaged in the excavation method of shallow urban subways, (E-mail) .

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journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756508678050363, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Model parameters of pipe and rock

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度/（g·cm-3）弹性模量/GPa泊松比屈服强度/MPa
燃气管道7.90210.00.28420.0
中风化玄武岩2.8010.00.2044.6
强风化玄武岩2.053.00.2015.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241822014328078479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756508678050363, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

管道及围岩模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度/（g·cm-3）弹性模量/GPa泊松比屈服强度/MPa
燃气管道7.90210.00.28420.0
中风化玄武岩2.8010.00.2044.6
强风化玄武岩2.053.00.2015.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241822014424547476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756508678050363, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of HJC model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/（kg·m-3）剪切模量/GPa a b c n抗压强度fc/MPa抗拉强度/MPa
19507500.791.60.0070.61202
Pc/MPa μc Pl/MPa μl K1/GPa K2/GPa K3/GPa SFmax
160.0018000.185-1712085.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241822014500044952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756508678050363, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

HJC模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/（kg·m-3）剪切模量/GPa a b c n抗压强度fc/MPa抗拉强度/MPa
19507500.791.60.0070.61202
Pc/MPa μc Pl/MPa μl K1/GPa K2/GPa K3/GPa SFmax
160.0018000.185-1712085.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241822015980634266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756508678050363, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameters of soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土体类别密度/（kg·m3）剪切模量/MPa c/kPa φ/°含水率/%
杂填土175019908.02.3
黏质粉土2000320017.323.221.2
粉质黏土1990160024.316.322.6
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土体材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土体类别密度/（kg·m3）剪切模量/MPa c/kPa φ/°含水率/%
杂填土175019908.02.3
黏质粉土2000320017.323.221.2
粉质黏土1990160024.316.322.6
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Parameters of null

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ρ0/（kg·m-3） C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 E0/MPa
1.2900000.40.400.25
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空气参数

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ρ0/（kg·m-3） C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 E0/MPa
1.2900000.40.400.25
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Parameters of explosive

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密度/（kg·m-3）爆速/（m·s-1）爆压/GPaJWL状态方程参数
A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 ω E0/GPa
130040005.2214.40.1824.20.90.154.129
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炸药参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/（kg·m-3）爆速/（m·s-1）爆压/GPaJWL状态方程参数
A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 ω E0/GPa
130040005.2214.40.1824.20.90.154.129
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Analysis condition

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工况孔间延时/ms装药系数/（kg·m-1）管道埋深/m土层介质
100.21.5杂填土
270.21.5杂填土
3140.21.5杂填土
4200.21.5杂填土
5140.41.5杂填土
6140.61.5杂填土
7140.21.5黏质粉土
8140.21.5粉质黏土
), ArticleFig(id=1241822016643334319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756508678050363, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

分析工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况孔间延时/ms装药系数/（kg·m-1）管道埋深/m土层介质
100.21.5杂填土
270.21.5杂填土
3140.21.5杂填土
4200.21.5杂填土
5140.41.5杂填土
6140.61.5杂填土
7140.21.5黏质粉土
8140.21.5粉质黏土
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隧道爆破地震作用下燃气管道动力响应规律研究
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王梓宇 1 , 李胜林 2 , 李黎 3 , 凌天龙 4 , 梁书锋 2 , 孙旭 2
爆破 | 安全与管理 2024,41(3): 212-221
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2024, 41(3): 212-221
隧道爆破地震作用下燃气管道动力响应规律研究
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王梓宇1 , 李胜林2, 李黎3, 凌天龙4 , 梁书锋2, 孙旭2
作者信息
  • 1.北京城市快轨建设管理有限公司，北京　100027
  • 2.中国矿业大学（北京）　力学与建筑工程学院，北京　100083
  • 3.北京住总集团有限责任公司，北京　100029
  • 4.泰山学院　机械与建筑工程学院，泰安　271000

    • 王梓宇（1989年-），男，本科、工程师，主要从事城市地铁浅埋暗挖法研究，（E-mail）。

    WANG Zi-yu (1989-), Male, Master, Engineer, mainly engaged in the excavation method of shallow urban subways, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

凌天龙（1985-），男，博士、讲师，主要从事工程岩体破碎理论、爆破数值分析等研究工作，（E-mail）。
Study on Dynamic Response Law of Gas Pipeline under Tunnel Blasting Seismic Waves
Zi-yu WANG1 , Sheng-lin LI2, Li LI3, Tian-long LING4 , Shu-feng LIANG2, Xu SUN2
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Urban Express Rail Construction Management Co., Ltd., Beijing 100027, China
  • 2.School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
  • 3.Beijing Uni-Construction Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100029, China
  • 4.College of Mechanical and Architectural Engineering, Taishan University, Tai'an 271000, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.025
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摘要
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以北京地铁11号线金顶街站C出入口横通道爆破工程为背景，采用有限元软件LS-DYNA对邻近燃气管道及地表土体的爆破动力响应进行计算分析，结合管道及上方地表振动速度监测结果，验证了数值模型的有效性。在此基础上，建立隧道下穿燃气管道数值模型，分析不同掏槽孔延期时间、单孔药量、土体性质对管道振动特征和动应力分布的影响。研究结果表明：数值模型与现场实测结果相比，峰值振速的相对误差未超过20%；在爆破地震波影响下，燃气管道横截面的峰值合振速（peak particle velocity，PPV）和有效应力峰值均出现在背爆侧；在燃气管道轴线方向上，当距离隧道中心的水平距离超过3 m时，地表土体与管道顶部振动速度存在明显的线性关系；掏槽孔孔间延期时间增加时，燃气管道横截面各点的峰值合振速和有效应力变化不大；单孔药量由0.2 kg增大至0.6 kg，峰值合振速增大0.5~2.5倍，有效应力增大0.5~1.5倍。燃气管线周围土体为粉质黏土时对峰值合振速和有效应力的影响最大，黏质粉土其次，杂填土最小。

隧道工程  /  爆破振动  /  燃气管道  /  振动响应  /  数值模拟

The blasting dynamic response of the gas pipeline and surrounding soil during the excavation of the cross passage at the entrance and exit C of Jinding Street Station of Beijing Metro Line 11 was analyzed using the finite software LS-DYNA. The numerical model's accuracy was confirmed by comparing it with blast-induced vibration data from on-site surveys. The study focused on the dynamic response of the buried gas pipeline to tunnel blasting, considering factors such as different cutting hole delay times, single hole charge, and soil properties. The results indicated that the peak particle velocity (PPV) from the numerical model was within 20% of the field test data. The PPV and peak effective stress (PES) of the pipeline were highest at the side back of the explosion source. A linear relationship between PPV values of the surface soil and the pipeline was observed when the horizontal distance from the tunnel center exceeded 3m in the axial direction of the gas pipeline. The PPVs and PESs on the cross-section of the gas pipeline did not change significantly with increasing delay times between cutting holes. Furthermore, increasing the charge of the cutting hole from 0.2 kg to 0.6 kg led to an increase of 0.5~2.5 times in PPVs and 0.5~1.5 times in PESs. The soil type around the gas pipeline also influenced the peak combined vibration velocity and effective stress, with silty clay having the greatest impact, followed by clayey silt, and then miscellaneous soil.

tunnel engineering  /  blasting vibration  /  gas pipeline  /  vibration response  /  numerical simulation
王梓宇, 李胜林, 李黎, 凌天龙, 梁书锋, 孙旭. 隧道爆破地震作用下燃气管道动力响应规律研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (3) : 212 -221 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.025
Zi-yu WANG, Sheng-lin LI, Li LI, Tian-long LING, Shu-feng LIANG, Xu SUN. Study on Dynamic Response Law of Gas Pipeline under Tunnel Blasting Seismic Waves[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (3) : 212 -221 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.025
正文
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爆破因其高效、便捷而被广泛应用于硬岩隧道、基坑等岩土工程的开挖建设中。由于地下管网系统的布置普遍先于交通系统，在城市地铁建设过程中，隧道和基坑工程难免毗邻或穿越复杂的地下管线区域。地铁隧道爆破开挖作业导致的振动效应经常引起邻近埋地管线的破坏或损伤[1]，这对地下管线的安全运行构成严重威胁，甚至造成重大生产事故。隧道爆破开挖影响下地下管线的振动响应特征、损伤机理是城市地铁隧道建设面临的重大理论与技术难题[2]。
围绕埋地管线在爆破作用下的动态响应及爆破振动危害控制这一热点问题，国内外学者利用现场振动测试和数值计算等手段开展了大量研究工作，并取得了一些研究成果。夏宇磬等采用振动测试和数值模拟研究了混凝土管道在爆破振动作用下的动力响应特征[3-5]，并基于混凝土拉伸破坏准则讨论了管道爆破振动速度安全判据。管晓明等研究了下穿隧道爆破影响下供水管线的振动速度和应力响应特征[2]，讨论了爆源距离、装药量和岩土性质对管线振动的影响。郑爽英和杨立中应用数值方法分析了爆破地震波作用下输气管道的振动响应规律[6,7]，研究了管道直径、壁厚对地表土体振动速度的影响。赵珂等[8]，李正鹏等[9]，张玉琦等分别讨论了地下管道的接口或焊缝在爆破振动作用下的动力失效机制[10]。郑爽英和张继春应用数值模拟方法研究了爆破地震波作用下底部脱空输气管道的动力相应特征[11]。孙宝财等认为应用萨道夫斯基公式预测有管道存在的非均质土体的振动速度存在偏差[12]，并在不同壁厚条件下质点振动衰减规律的基础上修正了萨式公式。
目前，关于埋地管道爆破振动危害控制的研究主要通过实测地表振动速度数据，并依据相关控制标准确定爆破参数。现行《爆破安全规程》及其他相关法规对邻近埋地管道的爆破振动安全控制标准未有明确规定，对实际邻近埋地管线爆破工程的指导作用存在明显不足。为此，有必要进行爆破地震波作用下埋地燃气管道的动力响应规律研究，建立起爆破参数、土层条件与管道动力响应间的联系，这既是燃气管道安全防护的基础，也是合理确定邻近埋地燃气管道隧道爆破振动安全允许标准的前提。
以北京地铁11号线金顶街站C出入口邻近埋地燃气管道隧道工程为背景，开展地表与管道振动速度监测，并应用LS-DYNA建立数值模型对现场实验进行验证。在此基础上，建立隧道下穿埋地燃气管线数值计算模型，分析不同爆破参数和土层条件下燃气管道的爆破振动响应，为城市邻近燃气管道爆破工程的设计与施工提供理论指导。
1　邻近管道爆破振动测试与数值模拟
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1.1　工程概况
北京轨道交通11号线西段（冬奥支线）工程01标段地处北京市西五环与西六环之间，全长1896.841 m。其中，金顶街站沿石景山区石门路下方敷设。该车站C出入口通道下穿石门路，其平直段底板埋深约为12.0~19.9 m。出入口明挖段南侧附近存在改移后中压500燃气输送管线，管线埋地深度1 m，如图1所示。燃气输送管线对近距离隧道爆破振动控制的要求极高，必须确保隧道爆破开挖过程中邻近燃气管道的安全。
金顶街站C出入口横通道开挖高度8.17 m，宽7.9 m。分上下两部分共4个导洞开挖。1#和2#导洞高4.2 m，采用人工或机械开挖方式。1#和2#导洞施工一定距离后，设置横撑，并交替施工3#和4#导洞。3#和4#导洞采用钻爆法施工，循环进尺取为1 m。掏槽孔间距1.0 m，排距0.4 m。崩落孔间排距取0.5 m，周边孔间距0.35 m。采用2#岩石乳化炸药，掏槽孔单孔装药量不超过0.4 kg。为降低爆破振动的影响，3#和4#导洞的开挖采用电子雷管实现逐孔爆破，孔间爆破延期时间取14 ms。金顶街站C出入口横通道3#和4#导洞炮孔布置如图2所示。
1.2　现场测试结果分析
为了更好揭示爆破作用下燃气管道动力响应特征及其与地表振动之间的联系，在距立井水平距离31.6 m处燃气管道上方开挖了一个1 m（长）×0.5 m（宽）×1 m（深）的沟槽，并在裸露的燃气管道及上方地表各布置1个TC-4850爆破振动测试仪，以监测管道和相同位置地表土体的振动速度。现场监测点如图3所示。
在3#和4#导洞交替施工期间，对燃气管道和地表土体进行振动监测（见图3）。为了研究燃气管线与其对应地表处的峰值振速之间的关系，绘制两个测振点的峰值振速散点图，如图4所示。采用线性拟合得到两者之间的关系为
式中：Vs为地表土体峰值振速；Vp为燃气管道峰值振速。由拟合结果可知，两者的相关系数R2=0.66，说明采用地表土体峰值振速研判燃气管道的振动特性具有一定的可靠性。在此基础上，若能引入置信区间的概念，分析预测公式的可靠性[13,14]，并依此进行爆破参数设计，即可保证燃气管道的安全。
1.3　数值模拟验证
1.3.1　数值模型的建立
数值模拟以横通道3#导洞第一次爆破开挖为背景，采用LS-DYNA建立掏槽孔爆破计算模型。模型尺寸为35 m×25 m×25 m，如图5所示。输气管道外径508 mm，壁厚9 mm。模型采用8节点SOLID164实体单元，其中输气钢管、岩石和土体模型采用Lagrange网格划分，炸药采用ALE网格划分。土层与管线之间采用面面自动约束AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE，管道与土体之间的静摩擦因数fs设为0.12[8]。根据工程特点，将模型的顶面设置为自由边界，其余各面采用无反射边界条件。
金顶街站C出入口横通道下台阶爆破的炮孔数量约为50个，若考虑所有炮孔起爆对燃气管道动态响应的影响，则需在模型中建立炮孔结构，这给有限元模型的网格划分带来巨大挑战，同时也存在计算时间长、效率低等问题。一般情况下，掏槽孔只有一个临空面，受到的夹制作用较大，其产生的振动效应最为显著[2,6]。因此，本模拟仅以掏槽孔爆破作为研究对象。由于掏槽孔的间距远小于隧道距管线的距离，为便于网格划分，利用式（2）将多个掏槽孔等效为1个炮孔[2,7]。
式中：D为掏槽孔等效直径；d为实际炮孔直径；n为掏槽孔数量；c为影响系数。
数值模拟中简化后炮孔直径取为80 mm；采用与工程实际相一致的不耦合系数和装药长度，即装药直径和装药长度分别取为70 mm和40 mm。炮孔内炸药通过INITIAL_VOLUME_FRACTION_GEOMETRY关键字建模[15]，数值模型如图5所示。
1.3.2　材料模型
模型中共包括燃气管道、炸药、空气、围岩及土体9种材料。其中，燃气管道、玄武岩、爆破远区的含粉质黏土碎石采用MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC随动硬化材料模型，该模型广泛用于模拟钢质和岩土材料在爆破荷载作用下的动态力学行为[2]，各类材料的模型参数如表1所示。
为了更好地描述爆破近区岩土体对炸药能量的耗散作用，爆破近区含粉质黏土碎石采用HJC模型，该模型能够较好地描述材料在大变形、高静水压力和高应变率下的动态力学行为[16]，模型主要参数如表2所示。
地表杂填土、黏质粉土、粉质黏土采用MAT_FHWA_SOIL材料模型，该模型可以模拟应变率效应、应变软（硬）化、孔隙水压力效应等诸多材料特性，是较为适合计算爆破作用下土体动态响应的本构模型[17]。各类土体的材料参数如表3所示。
ALE空间采用MAT_NULL空气材料模型和EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL线性多项式状态方程进行描述，其压力的表达式为
式中：P为空气压力；μ为比体积，μ=ρ1/ρ0-1，ρ1为当前密度，ρ0为初始密度；E0为初始比内能；C0、C1、C2、C3、C4、C5和C6为状态方程常数。空气材料模型和状态方程参数如表4所示[2]。
炸药采用MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN模型，并用JWL状态方程模拟炸药爆轰过程中压力和比容的关系，即
式中：P为压力；A、B、R1、R2、ω为材料常数；E0为初始比内能；V为相对体积。炸药材料模型和状态方程如表5所示。
1.3.3　数值模型的可靠性验证
本文选取北京地铁11号线金顶街站C出口横通道下台阶3#导洞第一次爆破实验数据，将1#和2#测点（见图3）振动速度时程与数值模拟结果对比，验证数值模拟的有效性。图6（a）、（b）分别为燃气管道和地表土体实测爆破振动时程曲线。由图中可以看出，燃气管道和地表土体的振动波形在衰减特性和持续时间上均表现出显著差异。由于数值模拟只考虑掏槽孔爆破，故提取实测数据的前0.1 s振速曲线用于对比分析，如图6（c）和（d）所示。对比图6（c）和（d）的振动波形可知，掏槽孔爆破的实测波形与模拟波形的衰减趋势和持续时间基本相同。燃气管道以及相同位置地表土体振动速度的现场实测值分别为0.052和0.16 cm/s，模拟的振动速度分别为0.062和0.15 cm/s，相对误差分别为19.2%和6.25%。一般情况下，受现场传感器固定方式和地表土体差异的影响，爆破振速的实测误差一般都在10%~20%以内[7]，因此，可以认为金顶街站C出入口横通道的模拟结果符合工程实际的要求，运用本文的数值计算模型分析隧道爆破引起邻近埋地燃气管道的动力响应规律是可行的。
2　燃气管道与地表土体的动力响应
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第1节以北京地铁11号线金顶街站C出入口横通道工程为背景，根据实测的地表土体和燃气管道的振动数据，验证了数值模型和材料模型参数的可靠性。本节通过假定一种隧道下穿燃气管道为背景的开挖工况，进一步研究隧道爆破振动影响下燃气管道动力响应规律。
2.1　隧道下穿燃气管道计算模型
数值模型中假定燃气管道位于掘进隧道正上方，根据对称性以Oyz平面对对称面建立1/2模型，如图7所示。圆形燃气管道直径取508 mm，壁厚9 mm，埋深（管道中心至地面）设为1.5 m。模型除顶部的自由边界和隧道中心的对称边界外，其他均为无反射边界。模型中只考虑两层岩土结构，上部为杂填土，土层厚度取为3 m，下部为含粉质黏土碎石，所有岩土材料模型参数与第2部分相同。隧道深度（隧道中心至地面）取15 m。本模拟只考虑上台阶掏槽爆破对管道动态响应的影响，建立3个掏槽孔模型，掏槽孔间距为0.4 m，炮孔深度1 m，炮孔直径42 mm。单孔装药量取0.2 kg，采用不耦合装药，药卷直径取35 mm，3个掏槽孔同时起爆。
2.2　燃气管线动力响应
按照最不利情况考虑，选取上述模型中隧道中心处管道截面为研究对象，沿截面按逆时针方向每22.5°选取截面单元。图8为燃气管道横截面上各点峰值振动速度（Peak Particle Velocity，PPV）的分布情况。由图8可见，此工况下迎爆侧（A-I点）燃气管道的Z方向峰值振速较大，最大值为5.32 cm/s（I点），背爆侧燃气管道（C-H点）较小，最小值为2.55 cm/s（C点）；而Y方向峰值振速则与之相反，背爆侧管道中部（E点）峰值振速最大，数值达6.31 cm/s；合速度的分布曲线恰好是Y和Z方向峰值振速曲线的包络线，最大值位于背爆侧E点，数值也为6.31 cm/s。
为了研究燃气管道横截面上各单元的力学响应，分析管道危险截面上有效应力分布规律，如图9所示。管道有效应力峰值出现背爆侧（D点），数值为1.17 MPa；有效应力极小值则出现在迎爆侧（L点），数值为0.67 MPa。综上所述，可以确定此工况下燃气管道的最危险部位位于背爆侧。
在燃气管道横截面的迎爆侧按顺时针每隔45°提取截面单元。图10为燃气管线横截面各部位峰值振速沿其轴线方向的分布情况。由图中可以看出，在0~3 m范围内，燃气管道Y和Z方向的峰值振速均呈先减小再增大的变化趋势；各截面沿轴线出现两个峰值点，分别位于隧道正上方和距隧道中心3 m处。与隧道中心的水平距离超过3 m后，各截面峰值振速随爆心距的增加呈衰减趋势。
2.3　地表土体振动响应
图11为隧道正上方土体的振动速度峰值沿隧道掘进方向的分布情况。图中距离为“0”的点位于燃气管道正上方。由图11可以看出，已掘隧道存在明显的“空洞效应”，Y和Z方向的峰值振速均先增大后减小。受燃气管道空腔的影响，爆破区段正上方Y和Z方向的峰值振速均处于较低水平。因此，当隧道邻近燃气管道掘进时，若以地表土体峰值振速为参考研判燃气管道振速，应严格控制地表速度监测点的位置，否则可能出现重大误判。
沿燃气管道轴线方向，每隔0.6 m提取相同位置地表土体和燃气管道的Z方向峰值振速，如图12所示。图中红色虚线内散点为距隧道拱顶0~3 m范围内的峰值振速，蓝色虚线内散点为距隧道拱顶3.6~10.8 m范围内的峰值振速。由图中可以看出，0~3 m范围内地表土体和燃气管道的峰值振速较为离散，两者之间无正相关性；而距隧道拱顶3.6~10.8 m时，地表土体和燃气管道的峰值振速均随爆心距的增加呈下降趋势，且两者之间具有明显的线性关系，利用线性拟合得到两者之间的关系为
式中：Vs为地表土体峰值振速；Vp为燃气管道峰值振速。相关系数R2=0.85，可靠度较高，能比较好地反映两者之间的关系。
3　不同工况下燃气管线动力响应
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考虑爆破参数、土质条件的不同，分析隧道爆破振动下燃气管道的动态响应，设置不同工况如表6所示。
3.1　孔间延期时间对管线振动响应的影响
考虑4种不同孔间延期时间，即0 ms、7 ms、14 ms和20 ms，建立4种不同延期时间的数值计算模型。在不同孔间延期时间条件下，燃气管道的峰值合速度分布如图13所示，燃气管道横截面的有效应力分布如图14所示。由图13和图14可以看出：不同孔间延期时间条件下，圆形燃气管道的峰值振速和有效应力的分布规律均较为相近；随着延期时间的增加，管道的峰值合振速的发生位置出现明显改变，有效应力有均匀化分布的趋势。对比计算结果可以看出，增加掏槽孔延期时间并不能明显降低管道的振动速度和有效应力，甚至峰值振速和有效应力的最大值出现在14 ms延期时间的计算模型中。然而，由于模型只考虑了3个掏槽孔，与实际多孔爆破存在一定差异，上述现象并不能说明采用逐孔起爆策略是失效的。关于全断面多炮孔逐孔爆破对管线振动的影响有待进一步探讨。从降低振速和破坏岩体的角度来考虑，仍可认为采用7 ms延期时间是较为合理的。
3.2　掏槽孔单孔药量对管线振动响应的影响
在孔网参数和模型几何尺寸不变的条件下，针对14 ms孔间延期时间，分别建立单孔装药量为0.2 kg、0.4 kg和0.6 kg三种不同工况的计算模型。不同掏槽孔装药系数条件下，圆形燃气管线的峰值合振速和有效应力分布如图15和图16所示。由图15和图16可以看出，燃气管道横截面上各点的峰值合振速随单孔装药量增加而显著增大，当单孔药量由0.2 kg增大至0.6 kg时，F点的峰值振速由3.78 cm/s增加至13.3 cm/s，增幅高达250%；等效应力同样出现随单孔装药量的增加而增大的变化特征，其中A点增幅最大，超过150%。说明随着单孔装药量的增加，传播至管道埋置处的地震波能量显著增大，动力扰动增强。
3.3　土体材料对管线振动响应的影响
为分析不同土体材料下燃气管道振动响应的变化特征，将地表土层分别设置为杂填土、粉质黏土和黏质粉土，建立3种不同表层土体的数值模型。模型中土层厚度均取为3.0 m，土体材料相关参数与2.3节保持一致。不同表层土体条件下，圆形燃气管线的峰值振速和有效应力分布如图17和图18所示。由图17和图18可见：与杂填土相比，燃气管线周边为粉质黏土时，横截面上各点的峰值振速均有不同程度的增加，而黏质粉土则对峰值振速的影响不大；对于燃气管道的有效应力，粉质黏土和黏质粉土对管道底部的影响较小，而对管道的中、上部则有较大影响。
4　结论
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通过隧道爆破邻近燃气管道的现场实测数据，对数值模型进行验证，并建立8种不同工况邻近燃气管道的数值模型，分析了爆破振动作用下邻近燃气管道的动力响应，得出以下主要结论：
（1）在燃气管道及其上方地表进行爆破振动测试，测试结果与数值计算结果之间的相对误差不超过20%，验证了数值模型和材料模型参数的有效性。
（2）隧道下穿燃气管道时，管道横截面的峰值合振速和峰值有效应力均出现在背爆侧。在燃气管道轴线方向，管道和地表土体的峰值振速在一定范围内（与隧道中心的水平距离>3 m）呈明显的线性关系。
（3）在既定地质条件下，燃气管道的峰值合振速和有效应力随掏槽孔孔间延期时间的变化趋势并没有显著性差异；当掏槽孔单孔装药量由0.2 kg增加至0.6 kg时，峰值合振速和有效应力最大增幅分别达到250%和150%。此外，燃气管线周围土体性质对其峰值合振速和有效应力的影响极大。因此，控制邻近燃气管道爆破振动危害，应将单孔装药量作为首要因素，并充分考虑岩土介质与燃气管道间的相互作用。
基金
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  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2020QE266)
文献
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2024年第41卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.025
  • 接收时间：2023-01-07
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-01-07
基金
Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2020QE266)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2020QE266)
作者信息
    1.北京城市快轨建设管理有限公司，北京　100027
    2.中国矿业大学（北京）　力学与建筑工程学院，北京　100083
    3.北京住总集团有限责任公司，北京　100029
    4.泰山学院　机械与建筑工程学院，泰安　271000

通讯作者:

凌天龙（1985-），男，博士、讲师，主要从事工程岩体破碎理论、爆破数值分析等研究工作，（E-mail）。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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