Article(id=1241756507763700075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1687190400000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773987422171, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1725120000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773987422171, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773987422171, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773987422171, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241699613942543237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='260', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973857626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992982583, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=240, endPage=247, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241756508162158965, articleId=1241756507763700075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Intelligent Classification of Blastability for Open-pit Uranium Mine based on Deep Learning, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Husab Uranium Mine is a super-large-scale open-pit uranium mine. Currently, the mine adopts a “one-time design, long-term use” approach to blasting production, leading to issues such as a lack of dynamic adjustment of blasting parameters, high explosive consumption, and unsatisfactory blasting results. To address these issues, a solution can be achieved through dynamic blastability classification management of blasting blocks and feedbackcontrolled blast design. This study utilizes the production history big data of the mine's blasting blocks. It proposes a method to calculate the blasting index K using drilling rate (α), explosive consumption per unit volume (β), and fragmentation index (γ). Here, α represents the drill hole cross-sectional area per unit area, where a higher value indicates more drilling required and higher drilling costs. β represents the amount of explosives required per unit volume of crushed rock, where a higher value implies a more significant amount of explosives required and higher blasting costs. γ represents the distribution of fragment size after ore blasting, where a higher value indicates worse blasting effects, higher transportation costs, and greater difficulty in blasting. Based on the value of the blasting index K, the blastability of historical blasting blocks is classified into different levels. Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of the blasting blocks, rock quality designation (RQD) of the ore, and geological strength index (GSI) of the ore deposit are used as blastability indicators, establishing a dataset correlating blastability indicators with blastability levels. The dataset consists of 69 sets of historical data, with 20 sets classified as level one (easily blastable), 24 sets as level two (relatively difficult to blast), and 25 sets as level three (difficult to blast). Subsequently, a deep learning neural network model is constructed, comprising an input layer, five hidden layers, a dropout layer, and an output layer. The model is trained using blastability indicators as inputs and blastability levels as outputs. The traditional SVM model is used for comparison, revealing that the trained deep learning neural network model achieves higher prediction accuracy on the test set than the traditional SVM model. Finally, the reliability and accuracy of the trained deep learning neural network model in predicting the blastability level of blasting blocks are verified through on-site experiments, optimizing the blast design and blasting effects. The research findings indicate that the trained deep learning neural network model, based on a large amount of historical production data from Husab Uranium Mine, can be used for blastability classification of blasting blocks and optimization of blasting effects.

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DING De-xin (1958-), male, from Changde city Huhan province, Doctor, Professor, Doctoral supervisor, Mainly engaged in uranium resource mining related theory and technology research, (E-mail) .
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湖山铀矿属于特大型露天铀矿山,目前矿山爆破生产为“一次设计,长期使用”,故存在爆破参数缺乏动态调整、炸药单耗高、爆破效果不理想的问题,对此,可通过对爆破区块进行动态可爆性分级管理并反馈调控爆破设计来解决。本研究利用该矿爆破区块的生产历史大数据,提出了采用钻孔率(α)、炸药单耗(β)和块度指标(γ)计算区块爆破性指数K的方法,并根据爆破性指数K的值对历史爆破区块的可爆性进行分级;再以爆破区块的单轴抗压强度(UCS)、矿石的质量指标(RQD)和矿体的地质强度指标(GSI)作为可爆性指标,建立了可爆性指标与可爆性等级相对应的数据集;然后构建了深度学习神经网络模型,并以可爆性指标作为输入,以可爆性等级作为输出对构建的深度学习神经网络模型进行了训练;最后通过现场试验验证了训练后的模型对可爆性等级预测的可靠性和准确性,同时优化了爆破设计和爆破效果。研究结果表明:建立的深度学习神经网络模型可用于爆破区块的可爆性分级与爆破效果优化。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
丁德馨(1958-),男,湖南常德人,博士、教授、博士生导师,主要从事铀矿开采相关理论和技术研究,(E-mail)
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刘玉龙(1983-),男,陕西延安人,博士、正高级工程师,主要从事工程爆破与铀矿开采相关技术研究,(E-mail)

LIU Yu-long (1983-), male, from Yanan city Shaanxi province, Doctor, Professor of engineering, Mainly engaged in engineering blasting and uranium resource mining related technology research, (E-mail) .

, authorsList=刘玉龙, 扶海鹰, 黄磊, 凌阳, 连檬, 李峰, 谢烽, 丁德馨)}, authors=[Author(id=1241756513358901797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507763700075, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhongguoliuyulong@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241756513522479661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507763700075, authorId=1241756513358901797, language=EN, stringName=Yu-long LIU, firstName=Yu-long, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN) Uranium Resources Co., Ltd., Beijing 100029, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241756513635725880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507763700075, authorId=1241756513358901797, language=CN, stringName=刘玉龙, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.中广核铀业发展有限公司,北京 100029, bio={"content":"

刘玉龙(1983-),男,陕西延安人,博士、正高级工程师,主要从事工程爆破与铀矿开采相关技术研究,(E-mail)

LIU Yu-long (1983-), male, from Yanan city Shaanxi province, Doctor, Professor of engineering, Mainly engaged in engineering blasting and uranium resource mining related technology research, (E-mail) .

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刘玉龙(1983-),男,陕西延安人,博士、正高级工程师,主要从事工程爆破与铀矿开采相关技术研究,(E-mail)

LIU Yu-long (1983-), male, from Yanan city Shaanxi province, Doctor, Professor of engineering, Mainly engaged in engineering blasting and uranium resource mining related technology research, (E-mail) .

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figureFileSmall=snLPBC6FP3XF/EROBRyG0A==, figureFileBig=+lB4uw7NcjZvdM+71KKCaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756521974001682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507763700075, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2B29D029区块位置、爆破网络及块度分析图, figureFileSmall=snLPBC6FP3XF/EROBRyG0A==, figureFileBig=+lB4uw7NcjZvdM+71KKCaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756522108219416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507763700075, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Blast resistance indicators and corresponding blastability levels of block rock masses

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号UCSRQDGSI等级
1~275.0070.0070.001
3~475.0080.0066.001
5~875.0094.0073.501
975.0096.0067.671
1075.00100.0077.001
1186.0082.6775.331
1286.0090.6777.331
13~1586.0095.6783.671
16~1986.0096.2584.751
20175.0052.0053.001
2197.0061.75100.002
2297.0075.5070.342
2397.0079.0073.252
2497.0096.0079.672
25~2799.00100.0085.502
28~29108.3375.6764.002
30~31125.0073.5070.502
32~33131.0087.0477.142
34~35150.0056.5060.502
36~38175.0073.3369.672
39~40175.0075.5077.002
41~42175.0083.0076.502
43~44175.0085.0076.502
45~48131.0096.4082.603
49131.0097.7585.503
50163.6793.6776.333
51~54175.0092.3379.003
55~56175.0093.0075.003
57~61175.0095.3377.003
62191.0056.6761.333
63~65191.0089.8874.883
66191.0092.5079.003
67191.0097.0082.003
68~69191.0099.5085.003
), ArticleFig(id=1241756522204688417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507763700075, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

区块矿体抗爆破特征指标及所对应的可爆性等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号UCSRQDGSI等级
1~275.0070.0070.001
3~475.0080.0066.001
5~875.0094.0073.501
975.0096.0067.671
1075.00100.0077.001
1186.0082.6775.331
1286.0090.6777.331
13~1586.0095.6783.671
16~1986.0096.2584.751
20175.0052.0053.001
2197.0061.75100.002
2297.0075.5070.342
2397.0079.0073.252
2497.0096.0079.672
25~2799.00100.0085.502
28~29108.3375.6764.002
30~31125.0073.5070.502
32~33131.0087.0477.142
34~35150.0056.5060.502
36~38175.0073.3369.672
39~40175.0075.5077.002
41~42175.0083.0076.502
43~44175.0085.0076.502
45~48131.0096.4082.603
49131.0097.7585.503
50163.6793.6776.333
51~54175.0092.3379.003
55~56175.0093.0075.003
57~61175.0095.3377.003
62191.0056.6761.333
63~65191.0089.8874.883
66191.0092.5079.003
67191.0097.0082.003
68~69191.0099.5085.003
), ArticleFig(id=1241756522338906154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507763700075, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The performance of SVM models with different kernel functions on training set and test set

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核函数训练准确度/%测试准确度/%
Linear0.85450.6428
Poly0.90900.7142
RBF1.00000.9285
Sigmoid0.69090.4285
), ArticleFig(id=1241756522422792242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507763700075, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同核函数的SVM模型在训练集和测试集上的表现

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核函数训练准确度/%测试准确度/%
Linear0.85450.6428
Poly0.90900.7142
RBF1.00000.9285
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基于深度学习的露天铀矿可爆性智能分级模型研究
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刘玉龙 1 , 扶海鹰 2 , 黄磊 1 , 凌阳 2 , 连檬 2 , 李峰 2 , 谢烽 3 , 丁德馨 2
爆破 | 安全与管理 2024,41(3): 240-247
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2024, 41(3): 240-247
基于深度学习的露天铀矿可爆性智能分级模型研究
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刘玉龙1 , 扶海鹰2, 黄磊1, 凌阳2, 连檬2, 李峰2, 谢烽3, 丁德馨2
作者信息
  • 1.中广核铀业发展有限公司,北京 100029
  • 2.南华大学 铀矿冶生物技术国防重点学科实验室,衡阳 421001
  • 3.北方爆破科技有限公司,北京 100097
  • 刘玉龙(1983-),男,陕西延安人,博士、正高级工程师,主要从事工程爆破与铀矿开采相关技术研究,(E-mail)

    LIU Yu-long (1983-), male, from Yanan city Shaanxi province, Doctor, Professor of engineering, Mainly engaged in engineering blasting and uranium resource mining related technology research, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

丁德馨(1958-),男,湖南常德人,博士、教授、博士生导师,主要从事铀矿开采相关理论和技术研究,(E-mail)
Intelligent Classification of Blastability for Open-pit Uranium Mine based on Deep Learning
Yu-long LIU1 , Hai-ying FU2, Lei HUANG1, Yang LING2, Meng LIAN2, Feng LI2, Feng XIE3, De-xin DING2
Affiliations
  • 1.China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN) Uranium Resources Co., Ltd., Beijing 100029, China
  • 2.Key Discipline Laboratory for National Defense for Biotechnology in Uranium Mining and Hydrometallurgy, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
  • 3.North Blasting Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100097, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.028
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湖山铀矿属于特大型露天铀矿山,目前矿山爆破生产为“一次设计,长期使用”,故存在爆破参数缺乏动态调整、炸药单耗高、爆破效果不理想的问题,对此,可通过对爆破区块进行动态可爆性分级管理并反馈调控爆破设计来解决。本研究利用该矿爆破区块的生产历史大数据,提出了采用钻孔率(α)、炸药单耗(β)和块度指标(γ)计算区块爆破性指数K的方法,并根据爆破性指数K的值对历史爆破区块的可爆性进行分级;再以爆破区块的单轴抗压强度(UCS)、矿石的质量指标(RQD)和矿体的地质强度指标(GSI)作为可爆性指标,建立了可爆性指标与可爆性等级相对应的数据集;然后构建了深度学习神经网络模型,并以可爆性指标作为输入,以可爆性等级作为输出对构建的深度学习神经网络模型进行了训练;最后通过现场试验验证了训练后的模型对可爆性等级预测的可靠性和准确性,同时优化了爆破设计和爆破效果。研究结果表明:建立的深度学习神经网络模型可用于爆破区块的可爆性分级与爆破效果优化。

湖山铀矿  /  可爆性智能分级  /  深度学习  /  神经网络  /  区块爆破

Husab Uranium Mine is a super-large-scale open-pit uranium mine. Currently, the mine adopts a “one-time design, long-term use” approach to blasting production, leading to issues such as a lack of dynamic adjustment of blasting parameters, high explosive consumption, and unsatisfactory blasting results. To address these issues, a solution can be achieved through dynamic blastability classification management of blasting blocks and feedbackcontrolled blast design. This study utilizes the production history big data of the mine's blasting blocks. It proposes a method to calculate the blasting index K using drilling rate (α), explosive consumption per unit volume (β), and fragmentation index (γ). Here, α represents the drill hole cross-sectional area per unit area, where a higher value indicates more drilling required and higher drilling costs. β represents the amount of explosives required per unit volume of crushed rock, where a higher value implies a more significant amount of explosives required and higher blasting costs. γ represents the distribution of fragment size after ore blasting, where a higher value indicates worse blasting effects, higher transportation costs, and greater difficulty in blasting. Based on the value of the blasting index K, the blastability of historical blasting blocks is classified into different levels. Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of the blasting blocks, rock quality designation (RQD) of the ore, and geological strength index (GSI) of the ore deposit are used as blastability indicators, establishing a dataset correlating blastability indicators with blastability levels. The dataset consists of 69 sets of historical data, with 20 sets classified as level one (easily blastable), 24 sets as level two (relatively difficult to blast), and 25 sets as level three (difficult to blast). Subsequently, a deep learning neural network model is constructed, comprising an input layer, five hidden layers, a dropout layer, and an output layer. The model is trained using blastability indicators as inputs and blastability levels as outputs. The traditional SVM model is used for comparison, revealing that the trained deep learning neural network model achieves higher prediction accuracy on the test set than the traditional SVM model. Finally, the reliability and accuracy of the trained deep learning neural network model in predicting the blastability level of blasting blocks are verified through on-site experiments, optimizing the blast design and blasting effects. The research findings indicate that the trained deep learning neural network model, based on a large amount of historical production data from Husab Uranium Mine, can be used for blastability classification of blasting blocks and optimization of blasting effects.

Husab uranium mine  /  intelligent classification of blastability  /  deep learning  /  neural network  /  block blasting
刘玉龙, 扶海鹰, 黄磊, 凌阳, 连檬, 李峰, 谢烽, 丁德馨. 基于深度学习的露天铀矿可爆性智能分级模型研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (3) : 240 -247 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.028
Yu-long LIU, Hai-ying FU, Lei HUANG, Yang LING, Meng LIAN, Feng LI, Feng XIE, De-xin DING. Intelligent Classification of Blastability for Open-pit Uranium Mine based on Deep Learning[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (3) : 240 -247 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.028
湖山铀矿位于纳米比亚的纳米布沙漠地区,是中广核集团运营的海外特大型露天铀矿山。该矿年设计剥采量达1.2亿t,年产量为全球第二大铀矿[1]。湖山铀矿生产爆破主要采用清渣爆破,爆破排数为20~40排,单次爆破方量40~80万t,属于大区块爆破[2]。由于该矿矿体复杂[3]、爆破区块大、矿岩强度高、部分岩组存在大量平行裂隙,其炸药单耗比国内露天矿山高[2]。此外,目前矿山的钻爆方案设计为“一次设计,长期使用”,仅在邻近区块爆破效果不理想时才适当调整设计方案,当遇到新的地质情况时,不能及时地对钻爆参数进行调整。因此,需要改进矿山的钻爆设计流程,达到降低炸药单耗、改善爆破效果的目的。而针对每一爆破区块的岩体质量,进行可爆性分级管理,是合理设计钻爆参数、降低炸药单耗、提高爆破效果的有效途径[4-7]
目前,国内外尚未就岩体可爆性评估方法达成共识[5]。整体上,岩体可爆性分级有单指标法和多指标法[4,6,7],大部分学者倾向于多指标综合评判法[4-15]。如戴兵等选用岩石容重、岩石抗拉强度、岩石完整性系数作为可爆性分级指标[4],建立了岩石可爆性分级的未确知均值分级模型;薛剑光等选取岩石密度、抗拉强度、冲击强度以及岩体完整性系数作为属性识别的判别指标[5],建立了岩体可爆性分级判别的熵权属性识别模型;璩世杰等针对14种岩石的容重、静载抗拉强度、整体性系数和冲击强度进行了加权聚类分析[6],提出了某矿山的岩体可爆性分级方法;周楠等则采用抗拉强度、抗压强度、岩石密度及平均节理间距作为指标[11],建立了基于加权聚类分析方法的岩石爆破性分区评价体系;尚俊龙等将岩石容重、抗拉强度和波阻抗作为指标[12],建立了预测岩体可爆性等级的博弈论+物元可拓模型;Wu等选取岩体的比重、静态抗拉强度、完整性系数和冲击动力强度作为评价指标[13],基于概念格和粗糙集理论对岩体可爆性进行分级;Salmi等综述了20多种影响因素[14],认为影响岩体可爆性的关键因素是岩体的强度、密度和结构。
在确定了评价指标后重要的就是评价方法,如前所述的未确知均值分级法、熵权属性识别法、加权聚类分析法等。这些方法成功与否的关键就是权重参数的确定,如何消除主观因素的影响是一个难题。机器学习以数据为驱动,通过学习数据中潜在的规律而获得权重,可消除主观因素的影响,如深度学习和支持向量机(SVM)等[15-19],但机器学习方法对数据量要求较大。湖山铀矿已生产了近10年,积累了大量的历史爆破数据,这些数据中蕴含着宝贵的经验,对于指导当前的爆破设计具有重要的价值。
本文旨在利用深度学习算法发掘爆破区块单轴抗压强度(UCS)、矿石的质量指标(RQD)、矿体的地质强度指标(GSI)与可爆性等级之间的映射规律。首先,总结岩体可爆性指标、爆破设计参数以及爆破效果相关数据,再定义岩体爆破性指数K的计算方法,然后基于K的值对历史区块进行可爆性分级,形成岩体可爆性指标与可爆性等级相对应的数据集,并用该数据集训练深度学习模型,对爆破区块可爆性进行智能分级,最后对智能预测模型进行工程验证。
可爆性指标是反映岩体爆破破碎难易程度的指标,根据前人的研究,这些指标多达十几个,但它们之间往往存在相关性,不宜重复选取[4]。本文结合文献资料并结合湖山铀矿的实践,选择能反映岩体不同尺度下的3个强度指标作为区块岩体可爆性等级的指标,分别是能反映完整岩芯强度的单轴抗压强度(UCS),能反映岩体中裂隙的发育程度的岩石质量指标(RQD),以及能反映岩体岩性、断层、节理、风化程度等多因素的强度指标地质强度指标(GSI)。
湖山铀矿采用露天台阶爆破开采,其中台阶有单台阶和双台阶两类,前者高7.5 m,后者高15 m。依据台阶海拔高程、地质钻孔孔口高程以及倾角等,可将地质钻孔不同深度数据转化为所对应台阶的数据。再将同一台阶内主要岩组可爆性指标的平均值作为其可爆性指标值,并形成可爆性指标数据库。
然后,基于爆破区块号查找CAD图纸可确定爆破区块中部位置坐标,再通过区块位置坐标和地质钻孔位置坐标,确定区块临近地质钻孔编号。以1B11D096区块为例,可找到其临近地质钻孔编号为HUDD547,如图1所示。找到临近钻孔编号后,再结合台阶编号查找可爆性指标数据库可得对应爆破区块的岩性、UCS、RQD和GSI。如1B11D096区块,通过查找可爆性指标数据库,得该区块的岩性为片麻岩,其UCS、RQD、GSI分别为131.0 MPa、87.04%、77.13。
湖山铀矿台阶爆破设计参数中装药结构、爆破网络、起爆方式是相对固定的,变化较大的是钻孔直径、孔距、排距、炸药单耗等参数。本研究收集并整理了大量历史爆破设计文件,主要包括区块编号、钻孔直径、孔距、间距、炸药单耗等,以及与之相对应的爆破矿石的块度分布。块度分布主要通过无人机拍摄图像并经图像分析确定,如爆破区块2B28D044爆破后的块度分布如图2所示。分别选取1 m、0.6 m和0.4 m以下块度的占比作为参考值,可知区块2B28D044爆破后块度小于1 m的占比为98.53%、小于0.6 m的占比为88.87%、小于0.4 m的占比为74.84%。
基于收集的湖山铀矿历史区块的爆破参数和块度分布数据,选择三个指标作为评价爆破难易程度的指标,分别为:钻孔率(α)、炸药单耗(β)、块度指标(γ)。其中αγ的值分别按式(1)和式(2)计算。
式中:d为钻孔直径,mm;a为孔距,m;b为排距,m;k1k2k3分别为块度小于某尺寸的矿岩占比,%。本文中k1k2k3分别取1 m、0.6 m和0.4 m以下矿岩的占比。
α代表单位面积内钻孔截面积,其值越大,表明所需的钻孔量越大,钻孔成本越高;β代表破碎单位体积矿岩所需的炸药量,其值越大,表明所需炸药量越多,爆破成本也越高;γ表示的是矿石爆破破碎后块度的分布情况,其中k1k2k3的值越大表明块度越小,爆破效果越好,而γ的值取k1k2k3的倒数是为了与αβ保持一致,即值越大,爆破效果越差,装运成本越高,也表明越难爆破。将αβγ三个参数分别进行归一化后相加得到K′,再将K′归一化得到历史爆破区块的爆破性指数KK′K的计算公式分别如式(3)和式(4)所示。可知,K值越大,表明区块爆破难度越大、爆破成本越高。
式中,下标i表示数据编号,下标max和min分别表示该组数据中的最大值和最小值编号。
首先综合分析湖山铀矿历史区块的爆破参数和块度分布数据,去掉其中大块率太高的数据(可能由爆破参数不合理而引起),得到69组爆破数据,然后依据公式(1)~(4)分别计算其爆破性指数K。再结合该矿实际的爆破条件,考虑到生产中极少存在极易爆破的区块,也极少存在极难爆破的区块,因此将爆破区块分为易爆破、中等爆破、难爆破三级。最后根据爆破性指数K的取值范围,并考虑每个可爆性等级包含数据量的均衡,将爆破性指数K在[0~0.3]范围内的区块定为一级(易爆破)、在[0.3~0.5]范围内的区块定为二级(中等爆破)、在[0.5~1.0]范围内的区块定为三级(难爆破)。根据上述分级原则,得到可爆性等级为一级的数据20组,为二级的数据24组,为三级的数据25组,如表1所示。
设计深度神经网络模型用于区块矿体可爆性等级预测。设计的神经网络模型包含1个输入层(输入为3个特征值UCS、RQD和GSI)、5个全连接层(第一层1024个神经元、第二层512个神经元、第三层256个神经元、第四层128个神经元、第五层64个神经元)、1个Dropout层(Dropout比率设置为0.2)、1个输出层,模型结构图如图3所示。全连接层采用ReLu激活函数,输出层采用Softmax激活函数,损失函数采用Categorical_crossentropy,优化器采用Adam,Accuracy作为评价指标[16]。模型可训练参数共701 571个。用Python语言编程,采用Tensorflow和Keras框架搭建模型。训练时将80%的数据作为训练数据集,20%的数据作为测试数据集,Batch size设置为5,遍历次数(Epoch)设置为1000。由于数据集中存在部分相同的数据,为了避免过拟合,在机器学习之前需要给数据集的输入数据添加随机噪声。模型的训练误差、测试误差变化曲线如图4所示;模型的训练准确度和测试准确度变化曲线如图5所示。由图可知,模型在训练集和测试集上的准确率均可达100%。
采用传统机器学习模型-支持向量机(SVM)作为对比模型。同样将80%的数据作为训练数据集,20%的数据作为测试数据集,分别采用Linear(线性)、Poly(多项式)、RBF(高斯)、Sigmoid(双曲正切)作为核函数[16],Accuracy作为评价指标,训练结果如表2示。可以看出核函数“RBF”表现最好,其在训练集上可达100%的准确度,在测试集上可达92.85%的准确度。
比较深度神经网络模型和支持向量机模型,总体上看,深度神经网络模型在测试集上的准确度可达100%,高于支持向量机模型。深度神经网络参数量大,表达能力更强,且数据量越大,越具有预测和泛化能力。
选取二号采坑2B29D029区块作为案例对深度神经网络模型的可爆性等级预测准确性进行验证。首先基于该区块的位置坐标找到临近地质钻孔编号为:HUDD551,距离区块中部约为30 m,地质钻孔正位于该区块范围内。然后基于临近地质钻孔编号以及区块台阶编号(该区块在29号台阶)查找相应位置的岩体可爆性指标数据库,得到该区块的岩性为白岗岩和黑云母片岩,且主要为白岗岩。岩体的可爆性指标UCS、RDQ和GSI分别为191 MPa、99.5%和85。然后将这些指标作为输入,采用建立的深度神经网络模型对区块可爆性等级进行预测,预测结果为“三级(难爆破)”。
得到可爆性等级之后,再基于历史区块可爆性等级为三级的区块钻爆参数及相应的爆破效果,推荐两种主要钻爆参数方案:①主排钻孔孔径165 mm、孔距5.0 m、排距5.5 m、炸药单耗0.80 kg/m3;②主排钻孔孔径251 mm、孔距6.5 m、排距6.8 m、炸药单耗0.90 kg/m3。最终根据现场钻机情况确定该区块的钻爆参数设计采用第一种方案。其他相关参数则根据现场经验和惯例确定,如:超深1.5 m;边界钻孔和顶行钻孔加密,孔距5.0 m、排距5.0 m,边界钻孔炸药单耗0.37 kg/m3,顶行钻孔炸药单耗0.92 kg/m3;炸药采用乳化炸药,采用毫秒延期雷管连接爆破网络,排间延迟100 ms,孔间延迟42 ms。
采用以上参数对该区块进行钻爆作业,并于爆破之后采用无人机拍摄爆堆图像,对爆堆矿岩的块度进行分析。结果表明:爆堆中块度小于1 m的矿石块占99.01%、小于0.6 m的占87.6%、小于0.4 m的占80.3%;爆破块度指标满足矿山考核要求(块度小于0.4 m的爆破矿石占比须大于80%,块度小于1 m的须大于99%),表明预测的可爆性等级及推荐的钻爆参数合理。2B29D029区块位置、爆破网络及爆破后块度如图6所示。
针对湖山露天铀矿爆破区块可爆性智能分级研究,通过数据集准备、深度学习模型建立及训练,以及进行现场工程验证,可得以下结论:
1)矿山的单轴抗压强度(UCS)、矿石的质量指标(RQD)和矿体的地质强度指标(GSI)可作为爆破区块矿体的可爆性指标,并将其作为可爆性预测模型的输入指标。
2)建立了采用钻孔率(α)、炸药单耗(β)和块度指标(γ)计算爆破性指数的方法,基于图像粒径识别提出了爆破性指数分级评价准则。
3)以该矿历史爆破区块矿体的可爆性指标作为输入,以其所对应的可爆性等级作为输出,构建了训练数据集和测试数据集,形成了基于深度神经网络的可爆性智能分级模型,并通过工程验证表明该模型对可爆性预测可达到较高的精度。
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.028
  • 接收时间:2023-06-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-20
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    1.中广核铀业发展有限公司,北京 100029
    2.南华大学 铀矿冶生物技术国防重点学科实验室,衡阳 421001
    3.北方爆破科技有限公司,北京 100097

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丁德馨(1958-),男,湖南常德人,博士、教授、博士生导师,主要从事铀矿开采相关理论和技术研究,(E-mail)
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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