Article(id=1241756507394601314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693497600000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773987422083, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1725120000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773987422083, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773987422083, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773987422083, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241699613942543237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='260', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973857626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992982583, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=95, endPage=103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241756507717562730, articleId=1241756507394601314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research on Layout Method of “Wedge Cut+High Energy Holes” for Large Section Tunnels, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For large cross-section tunnel blasting, the rock mass in the middle of the tunnel face often experiences the phenomenon of “bulging” due to the unreasonable arrangement of the cutting holes. In order to eliminate the “bulge belly” phenomenon in large cross-section tunnel blasting, a new method of “wedge cut+high-energy hole” blast hole layout was proposed. Taking the Gonghe Village Tunnel of the Luqiao Expressway in Yunnan Province as the engineering background, a numerical model of “wedge-shaped cut+high-energy hole” was established using finite element software LS-DYNA. The effective stress at the bottom of the blast hole and dynamic damage of the rock mass were studied and compared with the on-site tunnel cut blasting plan. At the same time, the proposed new method was verified through on-site blasting experiments. The research results indicate that the “wedge cut+high-energy hole” blasting hole layout method can effectively eliminate the “bulge” phenomenon, reduce the number of cut holes and digital electronic detonators, and determine the rationality and applicability of this method. Besides, the stress values generated by measuring points 1, 2, and 3 at the bottom of the main cutting hole are relatively small. As the stress sharply rises to 454.9 MPa, the middle-retained rock mass can be effectively broken after the main cutting hole blasted with the high-energy hole explodes. Using the improved blasting method, the excavation efficiency increased by 16.9%, the average utilization rate of blast holes reached 91.5%, and the explosive consumption reduced by 19.7%. The proposed layout method of “wedge-shaped cutting+high-energy holes” for large cross-section tunnels can not only ensure construction safety, but also achieve the effect of reducing costs and improving construction efficiency.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
TAO Tie-jun (1984-), male, Ph. D, professor, mainly engaged in research on tunnel engineering and blasting engineering, (E-mail) .
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在大断面隧道爆破中,由于掏槽孔的位置布置不合理,导致掌子面中间岩体时常出现“鼓肚”现象。为解决大断面隧道爆破“鼓肚”现象,提出了一种“楔形掏槽+高能孔”的炮孔布设新方法。以云南省鲁巧高速共和村隧道为工程背景,采用有限元软件LS-DYNA建立“楔形掏槽+高能孔”的数值模型,研究了炮孔底部有效应力和岩体动态损伤,并与现场隧道掏槽爆破方案进行对比,同时结合现场爆破试验对所提新方法进行验证。研究结果表明:现场实验验证了“楔形掏槽+高能孔”炮孔布设方法可有效消除“鼓肚”现象,减少掏槽孔和数码电子雷管数量,确定了该方法的合理性以及适用性;主掏槽孔底部测点1、2和3产生的应力值较小,当高能孔爆炸后,应力急剧上升至454.9 MPa,可对主掏槽孔爆破后遗留的中间保留岩体进行有效破除;采用改进后的爆破方法,掘进效率提升16.9%,炮孔平均利用率达到91.5%,炸药单耗降低19.7%。提出的大断面隧道“楔形掏槽+高能孔”布设方法在保障施工安全的同时,达到了降低成本提高施工效率的效果,为大断面隧道爆破方案优化设计提供借鉴。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陶铁军(1984-),男,博士、教授,从事隧道工程、爆破工程方面的研究,(E-mail)
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漆涛(1996-),男,硕士研究生,从事隧道工程、爆破工程方面的研究,(E-mail)

QI Tao (1996-), male, master degree, mainly engaged in research on tunnel engineering and blasting engineering, (E-mail) .

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漆涛(1996-),男,硕士研究生,从事隧道工程、爆破工程方面的研究,(E-mail)

QI Tao (1996-), male, master degree, mainly engaged in research on tunnel engineering and blasting engineering, (E-mail) .

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漆涛(1996-),男,硕士研究生,从事隧道工程、爆破工程方面的研究,(E-mail)

QI Tao (1996-), male, master degree, mainly engaged in research on tunnel engineering and blasting engineering, (E-mail) .

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Numerical simulation and engineering verification of smooth blasting in limestone tunnels based on HJC damage constitutive model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241822018006483161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507394601314, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=38, issue=10, pageStart=1025, pageEnd=1029, 1036, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=26, authorNames=孙宝平, 高文学, 周世生, journalName=北京理工大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙宝平, 高文学, 周世生. 隧道掘进爆破破岩数值模拟及应用研究[J]. 北京理工大学学报, 2018, 38(10): 1025-1029, 1036., articleTitle=隧道掘进爆破破岩数值模拟及应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241822018119729372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507394601314, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=38, issue=10, pageStart=1025, pageEnd=1029, 1036, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=27, authorNames=SUN Bao-ping, GAO Wen-xue, ZHOU Shi-sheng, journalName=Journal of Beijing University of Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN Bao-ping, GAO Wen-xue, ZHOU Shi-sheng. Numerical simulation and application research on rock breaking by tunnel excavation blasting[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Technology, 2018, 38(10): 1025-1029, 1036. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Numerical simulation and application research on rock breaking by tunnel excavation blasting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241822018207809760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507394601314, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=11, issue=22, pageStart=10761, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=28, authorNames=WANG Jian-xiu, CAO An-sheng, LIU Jia-xing, journalName=Applied Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Jian-xiu, CAO An-sheng, LIU Jia-xing, et al. Numerical simulation of rock mass structure effect on tunnel smooth blasting quality: a case study[J]. 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journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507394601314, language=CN, label=图13, caption=优化后隧道爆破效果图, figureFileSmall=Wk8v5I6N8+ttKnMU9pVYhg==, figureFileBig=8d2cEGMLED0tBMYitaC4ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241822012910403681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507394601314, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Original borehole parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型起爆时序间隔时间/ms炮孔数量/个倾斜角度/°炮孔直径/mm孔深/m炮孔药量/kg
内掏槽孔MS-10657423.007.2
主掏槽孔MS-3301065424.5027.0
辅助孔MS-5601368424.0027.3
MS-790871424.0016.8
MS-91201774424.0030.6
MS-111501990424.0028.5
周边孔MS-131804187423.5024.6
底孔MS-15210887424.0024.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241822012998484068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507394601314, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

原始炮孔参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型起爆时序间隔时间/ms炮孔数量/个倾斜角度/°炮孔直径/mm孔深/m炮孔药量/kg
内掏槽孔MS-10657423.007.2
主掏槽孔MS-3301065424.5027.0
辅助孔MS-5601368424.0027.3
MS-790871424.0016.8
MS-91201774424.0030.6
MS-111501990424.0028.5
周边孔MS-131804187423.5024.6
底孔MS-15210887424.0024.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241822013120118884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507394601314, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Improved borehole parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型起爆时序间隔时间/ms炮孔数量/个倾斜角度/°炮孔直径/mm孔深/m炮孔药量/kg
掏槽孔MS-101065424.5027.0
高能孔MS-330290424.202.4
辅助孔MS-3301068424.0021.0
MS-5601171424.0023.1
MS-7901774424.0030.6
MS-91201990424.0028.5
周边孔MS-111504187423.5024.6
底孔MS-13180887424.0024.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241822013216587880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507394601314, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

改进后炮孔参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔类型起爆时序间隔时间/ms炮孔数量/个倾斜角度/°炮孔直径/mm孔深/m炮孔药量/kg
掏槽孔MS-101065424.5027.0
高能孔MS-330290424.202.4
辅助孔MS-3301068424.0021.0
MS-5601171424.0023.1
MS-7901774424.0030.6
MS-91201990424.0028.5
周边孔MS-111504187423.5024.6
底孔MS-13180887424.0024.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241822013296279659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507394601314, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameter values of HJC model for limestone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg·m-3 G/GPa A B C N FC/MPa EPS0 ε f min T/MPa Smax
26547.650.311.740.0170.76105.8210.018.0315
Pc/GPa μc Pl/GPa μ1 D1 D2 K1/GPa K2/GPa K3/GPa Fs
0.0352.7×10-41.0350.1630.045112-197573-0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1241822013405331566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507394601314, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

石灰岩HJC模型参数取值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg·m-3 G/GPa A B C N FC/MPa EPS0 ε f min T/MPa Smax
26547.650.311.740.0170.76105.8210.018.0315
Pc/GPa μc Pl/GPa μ1 D1 D2 K1/GPa K2/GPa K3/GPa Fs
0.0352.7×10-41.0350.1630.045112-197573-0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1241822013510189169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507394601314, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Statistics and comparison of blasting effects on upper steps

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号循环进尺/m炮孔利用率/%炸药单耗/(kg·m-3
优化前优化后优化前优化后优化前优化后
13.153.7578.793.70.910.74
23.203.5580.088.70.890.78
33.053.6576.291.20.930.76
43.153.8078.795.00.910.73
53.103.5577.588.70.920.78
平均值3.133.6678.291.50.910.76
), ArticleFig(id=1241822013606658164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241756507394601314, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

上台阶爆破效果统计与对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验序号循环进尺/m炮孔利用率/%炸药单耗/(kg·m-3
优化前优化后优化前优化后优化前优化后
13.153.7578.793.70.910.74
23.203.5580.088.70.890.78
33.053.6576.291.20.930.76
43.153.8078.795.00.910.73
53.103.5577.588.70.920.78
平均值3.133.6678.291.50.910.76
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大断面隧道“楔形掏槽+高能孔”布设方法研究
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漆涛 1a , 陶铁军 1b , 田兴朝 1a , 谢财进 1a , 万安桐 1a , 张厚英 2
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024,41(3): 95-103
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024, 41(3): 95-103
大断面隧道“楔形掏槽+高能孔”布设方法研究
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漆涛1a , 陶铁军1b , 田兴朝1a, 谢财进1a, 万安桐1a, 张厚英2
作者信息
  • 1a.贵州大学 土木工程学院,贵阳 550025
  • 1b.贵州大学 矿业学院,贵阳 550025
  • 2.贵州大通路桥工程建设有限公司,贵阳 550008
  • 漆涛(1996-),男,硕士研究生,从事隧道工程、爆破工程方面的研究,(E-mail)

    QI Tao (1996-), male, master degree, mainly engaged in research on tunnel engineering and blasting engineering, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

陶铁军(1984-),男,博士、教授,从事隧道工程、爆破工程方面的研究,(E-mail)
Research on Layout Method of “Wedge Cut+High Energy Holes” for Large Section Tunnels
Tao QI1a , Tie-jun TAO1b , Xing-chao TIAN1a, Cai-jin XIE1a, An-tong WAN1a, Hou-ying ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1a.School of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 1b.School of Mining, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2.Guizhou Datong Road and Bridge Engineering Construction Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550008, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.012
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在大断面隧道爆破中,由于掏槽孔的位置布置不合理,导致掌子面中间岩体时常出现“鼓肚”现象。为解决大断面隧道爆破“鼓肚”现象,提出了一种“楔形掏槽+高能孔”的炮孔布设新方法。以云南省鲁巧高速共和村隧道为工程背景,采用有限元软件LS-DYNA建立“楔形掏槽+高能孔”的数值模型,研究了炮孔底部有效应力和岩体动态损伤,并与现场隧道掏槽爆破方案进行对比,同时结合现场爆破试验对所提新方法进行验证。研究结果表明:现场实验验证了“楔形掏槽+高能孔”炮孔布设方法可有效消除“鼓肚”现象,减少掏槽孔和数码电子雷管数量,确定了该方法的合理性以及适用性;主掏槽孔底部测点1、2和3产生的应力值较小,当高能孔爆炸后,应力急剧上升至454.9 MPa,可对主掏槽孔爆破后遗留的中间保留岩体进行有效破除;采用改进后的爆破方法,掘进效率提升16.9%,炮孔平均利用率达到91.5%,炸药单耗降低19.7%。提出的大断面隧道“楔形掏槽+高能孔”布设方法在保障施工安全的同时,达到了降低成本提高施工效率的效果,为大断面隧道爆破方案优化设计提供借鉴。

大断面隧道爆破  /  楔形掏槽  /  高能孔  /  “鼓肚”现象

For large cross-section tunnel blasting, the rock mass in the middle of the tunnel face often experiences the phenomenon of “bulging” due to the unreasonable arrangement of the cutting holes. In order to eliminate the “bulge belly” phenomenon in large cross-section tunnel blasting, a new method of “wedge cut+high-energy hole” blast hole layout was proposed. Taking the Gonghe Village Tunnel of the Luqiao Expressway in Yunnan Province as the engineering background, a numerical model of “wedge-shaped cut+high-energy hole” was established using finite element software LS-DYNA. The effective stress at the bottom of the blast hole and dynamic damage of the rock mass were studied and compared with the on-site tunnel cut blasting plan. At the same time, the proposed new method was verified through on-site blasting experiments. The research results indicate that the “wedge cut+high-energy hole” blasting hole layout method can effectively eliminate the “bulge” phenomenon, reduce the number of cut holes and digital electronic detonators, and determine the rationality and applicability of this method. Besides, the stress values generated by measuring points 1, 2, and 3 at the bottom of the main cutting hole are relatively small. As the stress sharply rises to 454.9 MPa, the middle-retained rock mass can be effectively broken after the main cutting hole blasted with the high-energy hole explodes. Using the improved blasting method, the excavation efficiency increased by 16.9%, the average utilization rate of blast holes reached 91.5%, and the explosive consumption reduced by 19.7%. The proposed layout method of “wedge-shaped cutting+high-energy holes” for large cross-section tunnels can not only ensure construction safety, but also achieve the effect of reducing costs and improving construction efficiency.

large cross-section tunnel blasting  /  wedge-shaped cutting  /  high-energy holes  /  “bulging” phenomenon
漆涛, 陶铁军, 田兴朝, 谢财进, 万安桐, 张厚英. 大断面隧道“楔形掏槽+高能孔”布设方法研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (3) : 95 -103 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.012
Tao QI, Tie-jun TAO, Xing-chao TIAN, Cai-jin XIE, An-tong WAN, Hou-ying ZHANG. Research on Layout Method of “Wedge Cut+High Energy Holes” for Large Section Tunnels[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (3) : 95 -103 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.012
钻爆法是大断面隧道爆破常用的施工工法,在钻爆法爆破中,掏槽孔的布设能够直接影响爆破效果。由于掏槽孔布设方式不合理以及钻孔精度低等原因,经常出现“鼓肚”现象,导致隧道掘进进尺大幅度降低,耽误工期,并且还增大了下一循环爆破掏槽体积以及掏槽孔炸药量。因此,如何有效消除大断面隧道“鼓肚”现象和优化掏槽参数是当下工程界亟待解决的技术难题。
关于隧道爆破掏槽参数优化方面的研究成果颇丰,例如:杨国梁等为了多创造自由面[1],在掌子面中心部位布置了少量炮孔,优先起爆该部位炮孔,形成一个体积较小的槽腔,为后续炮眼爆破提供临空面;吉凌等提出了一种特大断面隧道新型掏槽方法[2],将该方法运用到现场,取得了较好的爆破效果;刘霞等通过改进楔形掏槽角度[3],研究楔形掏槽角度对掌子面爆破效果的影响;李得等针对洪洞掘进工程中出现的问题[4],提出“多级复式分部楔形掏槽”布孔方式,并取得较好的爆破效果;何闯等通过分析现场问题[5],进一步现场试验,对楔形掏槽孔参数优化;周传波等为实现坚硬岩石一次爆破成井[6],进行四种掏槽方式进行对比分析,得出一次爆破成井的掏槽方式。胡建华等采用CAD与ANSYS联立建模[7],通过岩石单元格失效来分析槽腔时空演化过程,以此研究垂直单楔形掏槽的适用性。
以上学者针对不同掏槽方式,取得了大量成果,但关于大断面隧道爆破中出现的“鼓肚”问题还需进一步研究。因此,本文将以共和村大断面隧道爆破中出现的“鼓肚”现象为研究背景,并基于现场原始爆破方案提出一种改进的掏槽爆破形式—“楔形掏槽+高能孔”爆破布孔方式,利用有限元软件LS-DYNA建立掏槽布孔爆破模型,研究爆破后的应力波传播规律、有效应力和岩体动态损伤。同时开展现场爆破试验,对改进后的掏槽爆破效果进行评估,验证所提布孔方式的可行性,为大断面隧道钻爆开挖提供技术支持。
共和村隧道为分离式隧道,呈曲线形展布,属特长隧道。右洞隧道桩号K45+870~K56+570,隧道全长10 698 m,隧道最大埋深约1319.909 m。左洞隧道桩号ZK45+891~ZK56+625,隧道全长10 734 m,隧道最大埋深约1322.92 m。围岩岩性以白云灰岩为主,中风化,节理裂隙较发育,岩体较破碎~较完整,自稳能力一般,无支护或支护不当局部易坍塌、掉块,如图1(a)所示。
研究段围岩等级为Ⅳ级围岩,采用上下台阶法施工,上台阶开挖面积65 m2,如图1(b)所示。
共和村隧道原始炮孔布设如图2(a)所示,其中1~6号为内掏槽孔,7~16号为主掏槽孔。内掏槽孔的倾角为57°,主掏槽孔的倾角为65°,如图2(b)所示。现场采用数码电子雷管,内掏槽孔为MS1段起爆,主掏槽孔为MS3段起爆,原始炮孔参数设计如表1所示。当内掏槽孔起爆时,先在掌子面掏出一个体积较小的槽腔,为主掏槽孔的爆破提供临空面,减少主掏槽孔爆破阻力。当主掏槽孔起爆时,借助内掏槽孔爆破形成的临空面,使槽腔内岩体抛出。该方法虽能通过内掏槽孔辅助主掏槽孔完成掏槽,但常出现“鼓肚”现象,大大影响掘进进尺,降低施工效率,增加施工成本。
基于上述原始爆破方案爆破后出现的问题,对爆破方案进行改进,提出“楔形掏槽+高能孔”炮孔的布设方法,如图3(a)所示。高能孔是指基于主掏槽孔爆破之后对余留岩石进行高效破碎的炮孔,其中编号1~10为主掏槽孔,编号为11~12为高能孔,主掏槽孔倾角为65°,高能孔倾角为90°。如图3(b)所示,主掏槽孔为MS1段起爆,高能孔为MS3段起爆,改进后炮孔参数设计如表2所示。当主掏槽孔起爆时,能把掌子面中部岩石抛出,虽能掏出岩石,但是中部岩石块度较大,当高能孔起爆时,能把掌子面中部岩体块度破碎较小,在完成掏槽的基础上消除“鼓肚”现象并且控制岩石抛掷距离,保护了现场的机械设备。
由于现场试验过程中,爆破过程极快且不易观测,所以本文采用数值模拟进行研究,通过有限元软件LS-DYNA分别建立原始爆破炮孔布设方案与“楔形掏槽+高能孔”炮孔布设方案掏槽部分的三维数值模型,所建立模型整体尺寸均为6 m×5 m×4.5 m,岩体采用8节点SOLID164单元,最大单元尺寸5 cm。掏槽孔孔径为42 mm,炸药直径为32 mm,三维数值模型图如图4所示。
起爆时序与图2、3相同,由于现场掏槽孔每次起爆时间间隔为30 ms,计算机无法模拟30 ms间隔时间,所以本文模型采用g-cm-μs单位制,起爆时间间隔为100 μs,数值模拟起爆间隔时间与现场数码电子雷管起爆间隔时间呈1∶300的比例。除掌子面采用自由面外,其余面均设置无反射边界条件,并利用流固耦合做出计算,炸药、炮泥和空气选用ALE算法,岩石采用常规的Lagrange算法,掏槽孔轴向不耦合系数l=1.15,径向不耦合系数K=1.56。使用孔底起爆,总模拟爆破时间1000 μs。
HJC(Holmquist-Johnson-Cook)模型考虑了应变率和累积损伤的影响[8-12],能够很好地揭示材料在爆破冲击荷载作用下的大应变、高应变率,该模型含有屈服面方程、损伤演化方程和状态方程,所以本文采用HJC模型进行后续研究。
屈服强度模型表示如下所示
式中:σ为实际等效应力;fc为准静态单轴抗压强度;D为损伤量(0≤D≤1);ABCN为材料的强度参数。屈面方程图如图5所示。
状态方程揭示静水压力P与体积应变μ之间的关系,OA弹性阶段(PPcrush),AB塑性阶段(PcPPlock),BC密实阶段(PPlock),为修正体积应变,ρ为材料即时密度,ρ0为材料初始密度,K1K2K3为常数,状态方程如图6所示。
损伤演化方程为
式中:Δεp、Δμp分别表示等效塑性应变、塑性体积应变、常压破碎等效塑性应变和塑性体积应变;εf min为材料破坏时最小塑性应变;DD1为损伤常数。损伤模型如图7所示。
研究段为石灰岩,娄乾星等确定了这个岩体的HJC参数[13],因岩石一致,所以本文采用他的参数进行后续研究,岩石HJC模型参数取值见表3
现场爆破使用的2#乳化炸药,选用*MATHIGH EXPLOSIVE BURN材料,结合JWJ状态方程模拟爆炸过程中爆压与比容的关系[14-16],具体如下
式(5)中:ABR1R2ω为材料常数;E0为初始内能;V为体积。
为了更清楚地观察炮孔爆炸后岩体内部的应力波传播规律,对两种炮孔布设模型YOZ中心竖轴线方向进行分析,原始炮孔掏槽布设剖面的应力波传播过程如图8所示,改进后炮孔布设方式剖面的应力波传播过程如图9所示。
图8可知,100 μs时内掏槽孔爆炸后产生的应力波呈椭圆状向周围传播。200 μs时,主掏槽孔爆炸后产生的应力波与内掏槽孔爆炸后产生的应力波呈圆形状向四周传播。300 μs时,在内掏槽孔底部应力波与主掏槽孔应力波波面迅速叠加,在内掏槽孔底部位置处的岩体进行二次破碎,随后叠加的应力波波面向着周围继续传播。600 μs时,应力波面已经传播到掌子面处,在800 μs时掌子面应力波反射回来形成拉伸波,使该区域岩石破碎,无法呈现应力波的波形。
图9可知,100 μs时高能孔爆炸后产生的应力波呈弧形向四周传播,200 μs后,随着主掏槽孔爆炸产生的应力波面与高能孔爆炸后产生的应力波面在掏槽孔底部迅速叠加,应力大幅度增加,这种应力大幅度增加的作用下有利于岩体破碎,叠加后的应力波面沿着炮孔向掌子面传播。
通过原始爆破方案与“楔形掏槽+高能孔”爆破方案应力波传播过程可知,改进后爆破方案对掌子面中部岩石产生的应力波面是最大的,有利于对掌子面中部岩石进行破碎。
为分析两种布孔方式在爆破过程中有效应力大小,在孔底部布置4个测点,如图10所示,测点的有效应力曲线如图11所示。
图11(a)可知,0 μs时,内掏槽孔起爆,0~100 μs时,此时应力波未传播至测点1,故该段上有效应力为0 MPa;100 μs时,主掏槽孔起爆,但由于孔底距测点1、2、3、4较近,因此,第一波峰的产生是由主掏槽孔产生的,应力峰值分别为201.3 MPa、174.8 MPa、176.7 MPa和267.4 MPa,200 μs时,内掏槽孔起爆产生的应力波传播至测点1、2、3与主掏槽孔产生的应力波叠加,致使第二个波峰的产生,应力值为98.2 MPa。在400 μs时内掏槽孔爆炸所产生的应力波传播到测点4位置,导致应力上升,应力值为107 MPa。
图11(b)可知,测点1和测点3有两个应力波峰,在100 μs时应力波峰是主掏槽孔爆破产生的,应力值分别为88 MPa和88.1 MPa,在290 μs时,主掏槽孔起爆产生的应力波传播至测点1、2与高能孔产生的应力波叠加,应力值分别为253.3 MPa和259.2 MPa。测点2存在两个应力波峰,在70 μs时,高能孔还未起爆,第一波峰产生的应力值主要由主掏槽孔爆炸产生,应力值为120.3 MPa,在230 μs时,随着高能孔爆炸产生的应力波传播至测点2与主掏槽孔产生的应力波叠加,致使第二个波峰的产生,应力达到峰值为454.9 MPa,应力的急剧上升,可有效对周边岩石进行破碎。测点4应力峰值为301.3 MPa,是由于掏槽孔炮孔底部起爆产生的,在300 μs后呈平缓状态传播。
通过对原始爆破方案和“楔形掏槽+高能孔”爆破方案炮孔底部应力分析,可以看出原始爆破方案在内掏槽孔底部爆炸所产生的应力值最大为267.4 MPa,其原因是由主掏槽孔爆炸产生的应力与内掏槽孔爆炸产生的应力叠加,使其在该部位的岩石完全破碎,掏出临空面,但对于主掏槽孔底部的岩石受到夹制作用无法完全破碎,该部分岩体被保留下来,形成了“鼓肚”现象。经过改进后的爆破方案,单凭主掏槽孔爆炸后所产生的应力不足以使掌子面中部岩石完全破碎,随着高能孔的起爆,掏槽底部和两侧的应力急剧上升应力峰值为454.9 MPa,将主掏槽孔爆破后被保留下来的大块岩石进行二次破碎,有利于将破碎岩石抛掷出槽腔,消除“鼓肚”现象。
损伤范围是在炮孔周围,原始爆破炮孔布设方案在内掏槽孔和主掏槽孔间隙之间损伤最大,是由于内掏槽孔与主掏槽孔之间距离较近,内掏槽孔先行起爆产生一部分损伤后,当主掏槽孔起爆后形成二次损伤,该区域岩石更容易破碎,但在主掏槽孔底部岩石,未损伤区域受岩石的夹制作用,未能掏出岩石,形成“鼓肚”现象。然而,“楔形掏槽+高能孔”布设方案在主掏槽孔底部受到岩石损伤最大,其原因是在主掏槽炮孔爆破后,高能孔的爆破使被保留下来的岩石进行二次损伤,更容易破碎,从而消除了“鼓肚”现象。
图12可知,采用现场原始爆破布孔方式,在掌子面出现“鼓肚”现象,经现场测量凸出距离为57 cm,其原因是按照掘进进尺4 m,内掏槽孔只能破碎3 m内的岩石,对于剩下的岩石则全部需要主掏槽孔承担,由于岩石的夹制作用使主掏槽无法破碎剩余岩石。出现“鼓肚”现象,还需要花费大量的人工以及炸药进行二次爆破,严重影响隧道的掘进进度。
采用“楔形掏槽+高能孔”炮孔布设方式在共和村隧道进行了5次上台阶爆破试验,试验后,炮孔平均利用率为91.5%,平均循环进尺3.66 m。从图13可以看出,优化后的隧道爆破炮孔布设方式爆破效果较好,没有出现“鼓肚”现象,岩石块度大小合适,便于除渣,新生掌子面平滑、规整,为下一爆破循环提供良好钻孔条件。爆破效果统计如表4所示。
以共和村隧道为工程背景,分析了“楔形掏槽+高能孔”炮孔布设方法的爆破效果,得出下列结论:
1)通过本文提出的“楔形掏槽+高能孔”炮孔布设方法,可消除大断面隧道爆破中存在的“鼓肚”现象,且有效减少了掏槽孔数量,降本增效。
2)采用“楔形掏槽+高能孔”的炮孔布设方法爆破后,主掏槽孔底部测点1、2和3产生的应力值较小,当高能孔爆炸后,应力急剧上升,最高应力值达到454.9 MPa。说明高能孔能对主掏槽孔爆破后遗留的中间保留岩体进行有效破除。
3)对于Ⅳ级围岩,采用改进后炮孔布设方法,平均循环进尺为3.66 m,掘进效率提升了16.9%,炮孔平均利用率达到91.5%,提升了17%,炸药单耗降低0.15 kg·m-3,降幅了19.7%。
  • 国家自然科学基金地区科学基金项目(52064008)
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2023]一般358)
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2024年第41卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.012
  • 接收时间:2023-09-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-01
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Science Foundation Project(52064008)
国家自然科学基金地区科学基金项目(52064008)
Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project(黔科合支撑[2023]一般358)
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合支撑[2023]一般358)
作者信息
    1a.贵州大学 土木工程学院,贵阳 550025
    1b.贵州大学 矿业学院,贵阳 550025
    2.贵州大通路桥工程建设有限公司,贵阳 550008

通讯作者:

陶铁军(1984-),男,博士、教授,从事隧道工程、爆破工程方面的研究,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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