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The excavation of deep buried karst tunnel will cause special damage and failure forms of the surrounding rock mass, and the damage zone will also affect the seepage field of the surrounding rock mass and the water inflow condition of the tunnel boundary. To understand the impact of blasting excavation on surrounding rock damage and seepage, a numerical model was created using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The model included a stress-seepage-damage coupling equation for calculations. The stress distribution of surrounding rock during tunnel excavation was calculated using both analytical and numerical methods. The results showed that there was consistency between the two methods. Large tensile stress was observed near the shoulder and foot of the tunnel due to the blasting load. Additionally, a tooth-shaped damage zone was formed in the water-resisting rock mass after blasting, leading to increased infiltration velocity in the shoulder and foot area, which can aid in determining the direction of the cave. Furthermore, changes in cave spacing and diameter, as well as water pressure, can influence the “tooth” extension angle, maximum water inflow position, and water inflow at the tunnel boundary. By considering the extension direction of the “teeth”, a reasonable position for detecting the damage zone can be determined. Moreover, adjustments in water inflow prevention measures and key prevention and control areas can be made based on changes in the maximum water inflow position and water inflow on the tunnel boundary.

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深埋岩溶隧道开挖会造成围岩特殊的损伤破坏形式,并且损伤区也会影响围岩渗流场及隧道边界的涌水状况,对深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖作用下围岩的损伤及渗流特性有重要的研究意义。为了研究爆破开挖对深埋岩溶隧道围岩损伤及渗流的影响规律,基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立数值模型并嵌入应力-渗流-损伤耦合方程式进行计算,采用解析法计算了简化条件下岩溶隧道开挖时围岩的应力分布,并与数值计算结果进行比较。结果表明:解析法与数值法计算的围岩应力分布有一致性,爆炸荷载使靠近溶洞侧隧道肩部及脚部区域会产生较大的拉应力;爆破后会在隔水岩柱形成“齿”状损伤区,同时引起肩部及脚部区域流速的增加,其可作为判断溶洞方位的参考依据;溶洞净距减小、洞径及水压增加会引起“齿”延伸倾角及最大涌水位置变化、隧道边界涌水量的增加,可根据“齿”延伸方向判断损伤区检测的合理方位,根据最大涌水位置变化、隧道边界涌水量的变化,合理调整涌水防治措施强度及重点防治部位。研究成果可为溶洞位置判定、隧道损伤区检测以及边界涌水防治措施提供参考。

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罗忆(1984-),男,博士、研究员,主要从事矿山工程、隧道工程、海洋深地空间工程等,(E-mail)

LUO Yi (1984-), male, Ph. D, researcher, mainly engaged in mining engineering, tunnel engineering, and ocean deep space engineering, (E-mail) .

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罗忆(1984-),男,博士、研究员,主要从事矿山工程、隧道工程、海洋深地空间工程等,(E-mail)

LUO Yi (1984-), male, Ph. D, researcher, mainly engaged in mining engineering, tunnel engineering, and ocean deep space engineering, (E-mail) .

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罗忆(1984-),男,博士、研究员,主要从事矿山工程、隧道工程、海洋深地空间工程等,(E-mail)

LUO Yi (1984-), male, Ph. D, researcher, mainly engaged in mining engineering, tunnel engineering, and ocean deep space engineering, (E-mail) .

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Blasting parameters

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Pe/(kg·m-3 D/(m·s-1 Dc/mm Lc/m Db/mm Lb/m L/m
12003600322422.50.9
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爆破参数

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Pe/(kg·m-3 D/(m·s-1 Dc/mm Lc/m Db/mm Lb/m L/m
12003600322422.50.9
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Calculation of material parameters

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密度/(kg·m-3弹性模量/GPa泊松比ν抗拉强度/MPa抗压强度/MPa初始渗透率/m2初始孔隙率
2600300.2358010-140.05
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岩石材料参数

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密度/(kg·m-3弹性模量/GPa泊松比ν抗拉强度/MPa抗压强度/MPa初始渗透率/m2初始孔隙率
2600300.2358010-140.05
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深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖对围岩损伤及渗流特性的影响
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罗忆 1, 2 , 邓运辰 1 , 林城 1 , 余亚桥 1 , 刘鑫 1 , 龚航里 1, 2 , 李新平 1, 2
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024,41(3): 85-94
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024, 41(3): 85-94
深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖对围岩损伤及渗流特性的影响
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罗忆1, 2 , 邓运辰1, 林城1, 余亚桥1, 刘鑫1, 龚航里1, 2, 李新平1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,武汉 430070
  • 2.武汉理工大学 三亚科教创新园,三亚 572024
  • 罗忆(1984-),男,博士、研究员,主要从事矿山工程、隧道工程、海洋深地空间工程等,(E-mail)

    LUO Yi (1984-), male, Ph. D, researcher, mainly engaged in mining engineering, tunnel engineering, and ocean deep space engineering, (E-mail) .

Influence of Blasting Excavation of Deep Karst Tunnel on Damage and Seepage Characteristics of Surrounding Rock Mass
Yi LUO1, 2 , Yun-chen DENG1, Cheng LIN1, Ya-qiao YU1, Xin LIU1, Hang-li GONG1, 2, Xin-ping LI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2.Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park, Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya 572024, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.011
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深埋岩溶隧道开挖会造成围岩特殊的损伤破坏形式,并且损伤区也会影响围岩渗流场及隧道边界的涌水状况,对深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖作用下围岩的损伤及渗流特性有重要的研究意义。为了研究爆破开挖对深埋岩溶隧道围岩损伤及渗流的影响规律,基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立数值模型并嵌入应力-渗流-损伤耦合方程式进行计算,采用解析法计算了简化条件下岩溶隧道开挖时围岩的应力分布,并与数值计算结果进行比较。结果表明:解析法与数值法计算的围岩应力分布有一致性,爆炸荷载使靠近溶洞侧隧道肩部及脚部区域会产生较大的拉应力;爆破后会在隔水岩柱形成“齿”状损伤区,同时引起肩部及脚部区域流速的增加,其可作为判断溶洞方位的参考依据;溶洞净距减小、洞径及水压增加会引起“齿”延伸倾角及最大涌水位置变化、隧道边界涌水量的增加,可根据“齿”延伸方向判断损伤区检测的合理方位,根据最大涌水位置变化、隧道边界涌水量的变化,合理调整涌水防治措施强度及重点防治部位。研究成果可为溶洞位置判定、隧道损伤区检测以及边界涌水防治措施提供参考。

深埋隧道  /  溶洞  /  隔水岩柱  /  损伤  /  边界渗流

The excavation of deep buried karst tunnel will cause special damage and failure forms of the surrounding rock mass, and the damage zone will also affect the seepage field of the surrounding rock mass and the water inflow condition of the tunnel boundary. To understand the impact of blasting excavation on surrounding rock damage and seepage, a numerical model was created using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The model included a stress-seepage-damage coupling equation for calculations. The stress distribution of surrounding rock during tunnel excavation was calculated using both analytical and numerical methods. The results showed that there was consistency between the two methods. Large tensile stress was observed near the shoulder and foot of the tunnel due to the blasting load. Additionally, a tooth-shaped damage zone was formed in the water-resisting rock mass after blasting, leading to increased infiltration velocity in the shoulder and foot area, which can aid in determining the direction of the cave. Furthermore, changes in cave spacing and diameter, as well as water pressure, can influence the “tooth” extension angle, maximum water inflow position, and water inflow at the tunnel boundary. By considering the extension direction of the “teeth”, a reasonable position for detecting the damage zone can be determined. Moreover, adjustments in water inflow prevention measures and key prevention and control areas can be made based on changes in the maximum water inflow position and water inflow on the tunnel boundary.

deep buried tunnel  /  karst cave  /  waterproof rock column  /  damage  /  boundary seepage
罗忆, 邓运辰, 林城, 余亚桥, 刘鑫, 龚航里, 李新平. 深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖对围岩损伤及渗流特性的影响. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (3) : 85 -94 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.011
Yi LUO, Yun-chen DENG, Cheng LIN, Ya-qiao YU, Xin LIU, Hang-li GONG, Xin-ping LI. Influence of Blasting Excavation of Deep Karst Tunnel on Damage and Seepage Characteristics of Surrounding Rock Mass[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (3) : 85 -94 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.011
当深部岩体中存在溶洞时,溶洞周边围岩除了受到高地应力的作用,同时也受到溶洞水压力的影响,处于高渗透压力状态,溶洞的存在也使其周边围岩应力分布不均,且围岩受到的约束作用减小。溶洞周边隧道的爆破开挖时,产生的爆炸荷载以及开挖卸荷作用,易对隧道与溶洞间的隔水岩柱造成较大损伤,不利于围岩的稳定性,此外,围岩损伤会引起岩体中裂隙生成、扩展,增加了围岩透水性,使得隧道边界的涌水量增加[1-3]
关于岩溶隧道开挖的损伤及渗流问题,国内外学者进行了一系列研究。在岩溶隧道的开挖过程中,为了防止溶洞突水,隧道与溶洞间的隔水岩体需要满足一定的厚度要求[4,5];溶洞的存在状态不同,开挖对隔水岩柱造成的破坏有差异;Cheng等利用极限分析的上界定理建立了从矩形和圆形隧道延伸到上方溶洞的坍塌失效机制[6],并根据解析解,绘制了坍塌块的形状;Zhao等在考虑渗流的情况下[7],通过数值模拟比较了不同位置的溶洞对于隧道围岩变形、渗流场的影响;谭代明等发现隧道与溶洞之间的围岩易产生过大的变形和岩体破坏[8]。Yang等通过三维流固耦合模型试验[9],研究隧道开挖和岩溶洞水压力增大引发的岩溶突水演化机理。郭佳奇等考虑流固耦合效应[10],研究了隧道开挖中掌子面接近高压富水溶腔时防突层岩体位移场、渗流场等演化规律及其临突特征;黄震等研究发现损伤区厚度对于隧道涌水和孔压分布有重要影响[11]。刘希亮等对不同结构防突岩体渗透特征的研究表明[12],岩体在高水压的反复作用下内部裂隙不断发生扩展、贯通的渐变过程中发生突水。因此,深埋岩溶隧道开挖会造成围岩特殊的损伤破坏形式,并且损伤区也会影响围岩渗流场及隧道边界的涌水状况,但是以往对于爆破及开挖卸荷条件下,并考虑地下水渗流作用时围岩的损伤发育情况以及在此损伤条件下围岩渗流场分布特征的研究不多。此外,在岩溶隧道爆破开挖过程中,须对开挖后围岩损伤区进行检测,以了解围岩的稳定性,并且注意隧道的防突水问题,采取合理的防涌水措施。因此对深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖作用下围岩的损伤及渗流特性有重要的研究意义。
新疆北天山特长深埋隧道部分洞段富含地下水,且埋深较大,最大埋深达1060 m,穿过多个断层破碎带,地质构造复杂,节理裂隙发育地带,围岩中含有大量可溶性岩石,易引起地下水的聚集形成溶洞。以此为对象,研究岩溶隧道开挖过程中围岩损伤及渗流特性,探析不同溶洞规模对围岩损伤场及隧道边界渗流的影响,为深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖围岩损伤区检测及涌水防治提供参考。
对于岩溶隧道的开挖问题,需考虑围岩在开挖作用下的损伤作用、溶洞水压对于围岩应力的影响以及岩溶水在围岩中的流动与围岩损伤的相互作用,据此,对隧道围岩采用Mazars损伤模型,并建立应力-渗流-损伤耦合方程,并将方程嵌入到COMSOL Multiphysics软件。
在各向同性线弹性本构模型的基础上建立岩石的损伤本构模型,考虑损伤机理的不同,损伤演化函数由拉伸损伤函数dtκ)、压缩损伤函数dcκ)组成[13]。
式中:是取决于当前应力状态的权重函数;β为模型参数,此处取1.05;κ为荷载历史中的最大的等效应变εep,模型中的等效应变εep由主应变εii=1,2,3)定义
式中:〈〉+表示括号内为负值取0,为正值时不变。
对于拉伸损伤函数dtκ)有
对于压缩损伤函数dcκ)有
式中:AtBt是拉伸损伤演化参数;AcBc是压缩损伤演化参数;ε0tε0c分别是等效拉应变、压应变阈值,其中
式中:σtσc为岩石单轴抗拉、单轴抗压强度;E为岩石弹性模量。
通过岩体在受到不同荷载影响引起的孔隙率变化,以及在超过一定应变阈值情况下产生的损伤变量共同表征岩体中流体流动性能的变化,以此建立岩体应力-渗流-损伤的耦合关系[14]
式中:K为岩体的渗透率;K0为岩体的初始渗透率;ϕ为岩石孔隙率;ϕ0为岩石初始孔隙率;αk为损伤对固体介质渗透性影响系数,此处取值为5。
北天山隧道某岩溶地段埋深约1000 m,围岩以灰岩为主夹碎屑岩,地下水为溶岩裂隙水,洞段位于背斜翼部,隧道侧边6 m位置有一洞径为10 m左右的溶洞,溶洞水压力为10 MPa。隧道掌子面为马蹄形,尺寸为9 m×12 m。数值模型将隧道形状简化成圆形,考虑实际工程掌子面大小设置隧道直径为10 m(左),自然状态下溶洞形状较为复杂,以圆形简化,即直径也设置为10 m(右),溶洞及隧道边界相距6 m,考虑模型的边界效应,模型边界距离硐室边界距离应取3~5倍硐室直径。采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立宽(x方向)×高(y方向)为100 m×100 m的二维模型,如图1
计算分两步进行:第一步采用静力计算,计算得到隧道未开挖状态下的初始地应力场以及水压力场;第二步计算将第一步计算得到的初始地应力以及水压力作为初始值,进行爆破开挖的动力计算。
(1)渗流边界条件
静力计算时,根据实际工程条件,考虑溶洞水压较大,因此忽略其重力梯度,设置溶洞水压力为10 MPa,模型外边界设置0.5 MPa的水压力以模拟周边流场;进行爆破开挖的动力计算时,设置隧道边界水压为0,其他条件不变。
(2)位移边界条件及应力边界条件
根据对我国深部岩体应力分布规律的研究[15],当埋深达到1000 m时,垂直地应力约为20 MPa左右;当埋深达到1000 m以下时,侧压力系数在0.5~1.5,且随埋深增加趋向于1,因此取水平地应力也为20 MPa。静力计算时,模型的右边界及上边界设置20 MPa压力,模型的左边界及下边界限制法向位移。进行爆破开挖的动力计算时,外边界条件不变,开挖隧道部分,在隧道边界采用等效加载的方式模拟爆破对围岩的作用,荷载简化成三角形荷载,等效荷载计算公式如下[16]
式中:P0为孔壁荷载峰值;ρe为炸药密度;D为炸药爆速;dclc分别为药卷直径和长度;dblb分别为炮孔直径和长度;γ为炸药等熵指数,取3;n为压力增大系数,取8;Pe为等效荷载峰值;L为炮孔间距。爆破参数见表1
计算得到等效荷载峰值为72.7 MPa,并施加在隧道边界,爆炸荷载曲线如图2所示。
选取北天山隧道岩溶地段周边的饱和灰岩的材料参数,见表2
图3为爆炸荷载阶段隧道与溶洞相邻拱腰处最大主应力变化时程曲线,8 ms时隧道右腰主应力达到最大,荷载结束后右腰处最大主应力经过一段时间的变化后在接近于0时稳定;溶洞侧的应力变化较隧道侧有延迟现象,在10 ms应力达到最大,且最大值超过隧道侧,后快速下降,至-7 MPa左右稳定。
图4是8 ms时围岩最大主应力云图,此时隧道边界处于最大主应力峰值状态。隧道左右围岩应力场相差较大,在远离溶洞的隧道左侧,应力场呈环状分布,随距隧道边界距离增大而减小,而在靠近溶洞的隧道右侧,由于溶洞的存在造成了周边岩体初始应力的改变,同时减小了中间围岩的约束作用,使得在爆炸荷载作用下,最高应力区出现在隧道肩部及脚部,并且向溶洞方向应力不断衰减,产生了一定范围的拉应力集中区,而隧道右腰处为整个隧道边界应力最小位置。
当深埋隧道周边存在溶洞时,从平面上,可将隧道与溶洞简化成两个圆形空腔,采用双孔问题的解法求解其应力状态,当双孔之间的距离较小时,两孔之间的应力相互影响,需将其看做双连通域,一般采用应力函数方法、双极坐标法、复变函数法和施瓦茨交替法等方法进行求解。E Radi采用双极坐标解法[17],推导了包含两个任意大小圆孔的无限板在受到远场荷载以及孔内受到均布压力情况下的应力解。根据E Radi的方法,求解本文所建立的模型的解析解。求解时远场作用及洞室分布根据数值模型边界条件设置,不考虑围岩损伤作用,其他材料同数值计算;溶洞边界受到10 MPa水压力,未考虑围岩中分布复杂的孔隙水压力作用;由于理论计算考虑静力作用,因此将数值计算时隧道边界荷载进行等效计算,经计算,8 ms时间内隧道边界所受到平均荷载大小约为55 MPa,以此作为理论计算时隧道边界所受的作用。根据计算结果得到的主应力分布的等值线如图5所示。
可见,最大主应力的解析解与数值解具有类似的分布特征,隧道左侧应力场呈环形变化,隧道边界及隔水岩柱中的拉应力分布位置及形状大致相同,在溶洞的左上、左下出现一定较大的压应力区域。其主要差异在于:但是由于数值解考虑动力计算,应力的传播需要一定时间,8 ms时爆炸荷载的峰值应力向围岩内部传递了一定距离,使得在隔水岩柱中数值解的影响范围大于解析解;数值计算中溶洞左上、左下部分受到孔隙水压以及应力传播的影响,使得在距离边界一定距离处的压应力大于隧道边界,而解析解中压应力区从隧道边界向围岩内减小。但总体来说,数值解与解析解的应力分布是一致,验证了数值计算的合理性。
图6为隧道与溶洞相邻拱腰处损伤变化时程曲线,在爆炸荷载作用下隧道拱腰处损伤变量在3 ms到9 ms时从0迅速增大至0.6,后保持稳定;溶洞拱腰处围岩受爆炸荷载影响,损伤变量在8 ms到10 ms从0迅速增大至0.35,后保持稳定,由于应力传播经过隔水岩柱的传播,使得溶洞侧损伤变量增长时间稍慢于隧道侧。
图7为卸荷稳定阶段围岩损伤云图,隧道左侧围岩损伤呈规则的环状分布,从隧道边界向围岩深处损伤变量逐渐减小,围岩损伤范围约为3.5 m。而隧道右侧围岩由于受到溶洞的影响,隧道脚部及肩部损伤较大,并向溶洞方向延伸,呈现“齿”状向溶洞侧“咬合”,这种损伤分布形式同小净距隧道爆破中夹岩的损伤相似[18]。由于损伤区为上下对称分布,取隔水岩柱上部的“齿”进行分析,如图8所示,根据损伤变量为0.1的等值线来表征“齿”的形状。“齿”起始于腰部损伤区边缘,向溶洞侧延伸,根据起点位置可判断腰部损伤范围。用不同距离处“齿”宽度中点的位置变化描述“齿”的延伸趋势,并以隧道腰部为原点建立坐标,此时,“齿”向右上方延伸较短的距离后,开始向右下方延伸。
由于在深埋条件下,计算时忽略围岩与水的重力梯度,且侧压力系数接近1,溶洞方位的改变对于应力场及损伤场的影响较小。因此根据爆破后围岩的损伤特性,若隧道某一侧边界两处出现较大损伤,隧道这一侧一定距离处可能有溶洞存在;工程中进行围岩损伤区检测时一般通过在边墙处打孔,以探测围岩损伤范围,根据图8可知,若隧道一侧存在溶洞,应重点检测隔水岩柱两边处的损伤范围,若进行钻孔检测,需在岩柱两边呈一定的倾角向围岩内部打孔,才能检测到最合理的损伤范围,如图8所示,可根据“齿”延伸轨迹总体形状(进行线性拟合),进行延伸,绘制钻孔路径,确定钻孔位置。
图9是卸荷稳定后围岩渗流场分布,隧道开挖处形成了“渗水漏斗”,隧道边界水压为零,随着靠近隧道边界,水压力不断减小,周围水体不断向隧道边界涌来。图中箭头指向表示流速方向,箭头大小与流速成正比,可见水流主要从溶洞腰部向隧道肩部及脚部涌出,其渗流路径与损伤延伸路径相近,说明由于围岩损伤使得渗透率增加,溶洞中的高压水沿围岩损伤形成的渗流通道流向隧道。根据隧道边界的涌水情况,若开挖后隧道一侧边界有两处较大的出水点,则隧道这一侧可能有溶洞存在。
根据渗流场云图,流场分布上下对称,取隧道右上边界研究边界涌水情况,设隧道腰部位置高度为0 m。图10为隧道右上边界不同高度位置流速,受围岩损伤的影响,在渗流路径最短的隧道腰部并非最大涌水位置,反而涌水量较小,随着高度增加,隧道边界涌水先增加后减小,在隧道肩部区域(高度3 m左右)流速最大。因此,而当施工过程中检测到隧道周边存在溶洞时,应重点注意隧道肩部与脚部区域的涌水问题,采取合理的防治措施。
实际工程中所遇到溶洞的大小、溶洞与隧道的间距以及溶洞的水压都是不确定的,这些条件的改变,会极大影响爆破过程围岩的受力状态,最终引起围岩损伤场、渗流场的变化,因此损伤区检测位置以及涌水防治措施应进行相应调整。根据上述典型地段的开挖条件,研究单一溶洞条件改变时围岩的损伤及隧道边界渗流的变化,考虑计算结果的上下对称性,以隧道右上边界以及边界以外围岩为对象进行分析,同图8所示。
随着溶洞净距的增加,溶洞对于隧道围岩的影响也就越小,减小了隔水岩柱的应力集中作用,增加了对于隧道围岩的约束以及岩溶水的渗流路径,引起隔水岩柱损伤区及隧道边界涌水情况改变。对溶洞净距分别为5 m、6 m、7 m、8 m、9 m情况分别进行计算。
图11为不同净距时上部“齿”状损伤区延伸趋势的变化,随着净距的增加,“齿”的起点不断变远,即隧道腰部损伤区范围的增大,同时曲线也在不断变短,说明“齿”的长度在不断减小,当净距达到9 m时,“齿”长度已不足0.5 m,未在图11中表示。对比不同净距时“齿”延伸趋势发现,在溶洞净距大于8 m时,“齿”较短,主要向右上方延伸;当净距达到7 m时,“齿”向上与向下延伸的距离相当,当净距小于7 m后,“齿”主要向右下方延伸,且向下的倾角随净距减小有所增加。根据“齿”的总体延伸趋势绘制了损伤区检测时钻孔路径如图中虚线所示,可以看出,随着溶洞净距的减小,钻孔位置应不断增高,钻孔方向也从开始时向上倾斜,倾角不断减小,当净距小于7 m后,钻孔方向开始不断下倾。
图12是不同净距时隧道边界不同位置涌水情况,在不同净距条件下,隧道肩部区域流速均大于腰部和顶部。随着净距的减小,隧道肩部流速不断增大,净距从9 m减小到5 m的过程中,最大流速从3 m/d增加至14 m/d,腰部的流速随净距减小有小幅度减小,边界整体流速不断增加,此外,最大涌水点位置从3.5m高度向下移动至2.7 m高度。因此在进行涌水防治时,当溶洞净距较大时,对于隧道边界可采取较为均匀的防治措施,而随着溶洞净距的减小,隧道肩部区域的防治措施应着重加强,顶部及腰部适当增强,重点防治的位置应随间距减小向下移动。
溶洞直径的增加会减小对隔水岩柱的约束,并且使得溶洞周边水压力影响范围增加,溶洞周边围岩的应力集中作用更明显,从而引起爆破作用后隔水岩柱损伤场及边界涌水情况的变化。保持净距不变,对溶洞直径分别为6 m、8 m、10 m、12 m、14 m的情况进行计算。
不同溶洞直径“齿”延伸趋势见图13所示,可以发现随着溶洞直径的增加,“齿”的起点位置开始不断地靠近隧道边界,也就是隧道腰部损伤区范围在减小,同时“齿”的位置也在整体的向上移动。从图13中可以看到,不同直径时“齿”的延伸趋势大致相同,说明其整体形状相似,考虑“齿”整体的延伸趋势,在进行隧道围岩损伤区检测时,合理的钻孔路径如图中虚线所示,随着溶洞直径增加,钻孔的高度应不断增加,而洞径的增加对于钻孔倾角影响较小。
图14是不同净距隧道边界不同位置涌水情况。随着溶洞直径的增大,隧道肩部流速不断增大,而腰部的流速有所减小,边界流速整体增加。在溶洞洞径从6 m增加至14 m的过程中,边界的最大流速从4.5 m/d增加至10.5 m/d,根据各最大流速间的差值可以看出,最大流速随溶洞直径线性增加;最大流速的位置从高2.5 m处升高至3 m。因此,在进行涌水的防治时,随着溶洞直径的增加,肩部的防治措施应着重加强,顶部及腰部适当增强,重点防治的部位应不断升高。
溶洞水压力的增加,会增加周边围岩的孔隙水压,同时对溶洞边界压力增加,两者共同作用下,溶洞周边围岩应力状态发生改变,使得隧道爆破开挖后隔水岩柱损伤及渗流特性发生改变。对溶洞水压分别0.5 MPa(边界水压),5 MPa,15 MPa,20 MPa的情况进行计算。
图15是不同溶洞水压时“齿”的延伸趋势,可以发现“齿”的位置随溶洞水压力的增加整体向下移动,此外“齿”的起始位置不断远离隧道边界,即隧道右腰处的围岩损伤深度不断增加,随溶洞水压增加,“齿”向上延伸的距离减小,最终向下延伸的倾角相差不大,水压从15 MPa增加至20 MPa时,“齿”起点发生较大偏移,即腰部损伤增加较大,“齿”向下延伸的倾角较小。根据“齿”趋势线绘制的损伤区检测钻孔路径如图中虚线所示,溶洞水压增大,钻孔位置应不断向下偏移,当水压小于15 MPa时,应向右下方钻孔,钻孔倾角相差较小,水压到达20 MPa时,钻孔倾角会向上发生较大偏转达到接近水平的方向。
图16是不同溶洞水压时隧道右上部边界不同位置涌水情况,溶洞水压力的增加,使得隧道边界的流速整体都明显地增加,并且溶洞水压从边界水压0.5 MPa增加至5 MPa以及15 MPa增加20 MPa时,流速变化较大。同样受到损伤区位置及形状的影响,溶洞水压力从0.5 MPa增加至20 MPa,使得最大流速位置从3 m高度向下偏移至2.4 m左右。在进行涌水防治时,肩部区域的防治措施应远强于腰部及顶部,而当溶洞压力增加时,各区域应同步增强防治强度,特别当水压大于15 MPa时,防治措施应进一步加强。
根据COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立多场耦合数值模型,采用双极坐标解法求解双孔问题的周边应力,对数值计算的应力解进行验证,研究了深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖对隔水岩柱损伤场及渗流场分布的影响规律,所得结论如下:
(1)围岩应力值的解析解及数值解均表明爆炸荷载作用时会在靠近溶洞侧的隧道肩部和脚部区域产生较大的拉应力;开挖后会在隧道的肩部及脚部产生较大的损伤及涌水现象,以此可作为溶洞方位的判定依据。
(2)爆破开挖后会在隔水岩柱产生“齿”状损伤区,可根据“齿”延伸方向判断损伤区检测的合理方位,溶洞的净距、大小和水压的改变均会引起损伤区变化,进行损伤区检测时钻孔高度、倾角应进行相应的调整。
(3)隔水岩柱中岩溶水的渗流受到损伤场影响,隧道肩部和脚部区域流速较大,应重点加强两处的涌水防治措施,在溶洞的净距、大小和水压改变时,涌水防治措施强度及重点防治部位应根据边界流速的变化进行合理调整。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51979208)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金杰出青年人才项目(2020CFA102)
  • 海南省自然科学基金创新研究团队项目(521CXTD444)
  • 国家大学生创新创业训练计划资助(202310497082)
  • 国家大学生创新创业训练计划资助(202310497083)
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2024年第41卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.011
  • 接收时间:2023-10-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-07
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51979208)
国家自然科学基金(51979208)
Outstanding Young Talents Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2020CFA102)
湖北省自然科学基金杰出青年人才项目(2020CFA102)
Innovation Research Team Project of Hainan Natural Science Foundation(521CXTD444)
海南省自然科学基金创新研究团队项目(521CXTD444)
National innovation and entrepreneurship training program for college students(202310497082)
国家大学生创新创业训练计划资助(202310497082)
National innovation and entrepreneurship training program for college students(202310497083)
国家大学生创新创业训练计划资助(202310497083)
作者信息
    1.武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,武汉 430070
    2.武汉理工大学 三亚科教创新园,三亚 572024
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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