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Article(id=1241699629792809842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714060800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773973861406, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1725120000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773973861406, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773973861406, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773973861406, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241699613942543237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='260', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973857626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992982583, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=156, endPage=161, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241699630065439616, articleId=1241699629792809842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Analysis of Blasting Test Effect of Mixed Explosives in Plateau Tunnel, columnId=1240702073851925013, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of larger holes and higher density operators with the traditional blasting of packed explosives, this paper launched 60 on-site blasting experiments in a plateau tunnel. The charging efficiency of different numbers of exploders was summarized, the hole network parameters were optimized and smooth blasting effect of peripheral holes were improved. Compared with the smooth blasting effect, the number of holes dropped from 151 to 124. The spacing of peripheral holes was gradually optimized from 45 cm to 60 cm based on the advantages of good mechanical and coupling charging on-site mixed explosives. The result shows that the on-site mixed loading blasting in plateau tunnel can improve more than 40% efficiency per operator and reduce 90% of labor intensity compared with the traditional blasting of packed explosives. It can significantly reduce the number of operators and improve the efficiency of drilling and loading, saving more than 15% of drilling quantity and explosive equipment. Lastly, more than 3% of the utilization of circular footage has been improved, which shows that on-site mixed-loading blasting can accelerate construction progress.

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针对隧道传统包装炸药爆破炮孔数量多、作业人员密集等问题，基于现场混装炸药机械化装药及连续耦合装药结构优势，在高原隧道进行了60次现场混装炸药爆破试验，总结了不同人数的装药作业工效，开展了隧道孔网参数优化及周边孔光面爆破效果改进试验，将原包装爆破孔数151个优化至124个，同时周边孔间距由原45 cm逐步调整为60 cm，对比光面爆破效果。结果表明：相比传统包装炸药爆破，现场混装炸药爆破可提高人均作业工效40%以上，降低劳动强度约90%，显著减少危险作业人员，同时节省钻孔数量和起爆器材使用量15%以上及改善了爆破效果，提高了钻孔与挖装效率，提高循环进尺3%以上，有利于加快隧道施工进度。

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曹进军（1989-），男，高级工程师、硕士学位，从事爆破研究，（E-mail）。

CAO Jin-jun (1989), male, senior engineer, master, engaged in blasting research, (E-mail) .

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曹进军（1989-），男，高级工程师、硕士学位，从事爆破研究，（E-mail）。

CAO Jin-jun (1989), male, senior engineer, master, engaged in blasting research, (E-mail) .

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曹进军（1989-），男，高级工程师、硕士学位，从事爆破研究，（E-mail）。

CAO Jin-jun (1989), male, senior engineer, master, engaged in blasting research, (E-mail) .

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Exploration of application of site mixed and charged explosive truck in mechanized construction of plateau railway[J]. Construction Technologies, 2023, 54(7): 194-198. 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articleId=1241699629792809842, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The comparative test data of charge efficiency

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序号试验装药类型作业人员/人作业时间/min备注
1对照组1传统装药1275 
2对照组2传统装药8100 
3试验1现场混装装药997单管装药，窝工严重
4试验2现场混装装药978双管装药，存在窝工
5试验3现场混装装药8100单管装药，窝工严重
6试验4现场混装药875双管装药
7试验5现场混装装药777双管装药
8试验6现场混装装药680双管装药
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529842508211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699629792809842, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

装药工效对比试验数据

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序号试验装药类型作业人员/人作业时间/min备注
1对照组1传统装药1275 
2对照组2传统装药8100 
3试验1现场混装装药997单管装药，窝工严重
4试验2现场混装装药978双管装药，存在窝工
5试验3现场混装装药8100单管装药，窝工严重
6试验4现场混装药875双管装药
7试验5现场混装装药777双管装药
8试验6现场混装装药680双管装药
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529989308854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699629792809842, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

On-site mixed loading operation time of the primary process (6 persons)

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序号工序作业时间/min备注
1加工起爆药包、下孔装药设备制药准备10 
2装药35双管装药
3网路连接及检查10部分工序与装药同时进行
4撤离台架15 
5警戒5 
6起爆5 
 共计80 
), ArticleFig(id=1241756530094166461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699629792809842, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

现场混装炸药装药主要工序作业时间（6人）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号工序作业时间/min备注
1加工起爆药包、下孔装药设备制药准备10 
2装药35双管装药
3网路连接及检查10部分工序与装药同时进行
4撤离台架15 
5警戒5 
6起爆5 
 共计80 
), ArticleFig(id=1241756530194829763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699629792809842, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Blasting effect data of on-site mixed explosives

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序号试验装药类型孔数炸药单耗/（kg·m-3）循环进尺/m爆破效果眼痕迹保存率/%
1对照组传统装药1511.283.50爆破后有少量大块两侧拱脚有残孔>90
2试验1现场混装车装药1401.653.65~3.70爆破后岩石非常破碎无欠挖及残孔>90
3试验2现场混装车装药1321.603.60~3.65爆破后岩石非常破碎无欠挖及残孔>90
4试验3现场混装车装药1241.553.60~3.65爆破后岩石较破碎无欠挖及残孔≈80
), ArticleFig(id=1241756530299687375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699629792809842, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

现场混装炸药爆破效果数据表

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序号试验装药类型孔数炸药单耗/（kg·m-3）循环进尺/m爆破效果眼痕迹保存率/%
1对照组传统装药1511.283.50爆破后有少量大块两侧拱脚有残孔>90
2试验1现场混装车装药1401.653.65~3.70爆破后岩石非常破碎无欠挖及残孔>90
3试验2现场混装车装药1321.603.60~3.65爆破后岩石非常破碎无欠挖及残孔>90
4试验3现场混装车装药1241.553.60~3.65爆破后岩石较破碎无欠挖及残孔≈80
), ArticleFig(id=1241756530433905108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699629792809842, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Parameter optimization test of peripheral hole

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序号试验装药类型周边孔间距/cm装药量/kg炮眼痕迹保存率/m
1对照组传统装药451.090
2试验1现场混装车装药502.090
3试验2现场混装车装药501.790
4试验3现场混装车装药552.085
5试验4现场混装车装药551.785
6试验5现场混装车装药602.080
), ArticleFig(id=1241756530568122846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699629792809842, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

周边孔参数优化试验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号试验装药类型周边孔间距/cm装药量/kg炮眼痕迹保存率/m
1对照组传统装药451.090
2试验1现场混装车装药502.090
3试验2现场混装车装药501.790
4试验3现场混装车装药552.085
5试验4现场混装车装药551.785
6试验5现场混装车装药602.080
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高原隧道现场混装炸药爆破试验效果分析
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曹进军 1 , 周桂松 1, 2 , 冷振东 1 , 徐佑 3 , 侯国荣 3 , 田水龙 1 , 卢军 3
爆破 | 爆破器材 2024,41(3): 156-161
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爆破 | 爆破器材 2024, 41(3): 156-161
高原隧道现场混装炸药爆破试验效果分析
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曹进军1 , 周桂松1, 2, 冷振东1, 徐佑3, 侯国荣3, 田水龙1, 卢军3
作者信息
  • 1.中国葛洲坝集团　易普力股份有限公司，重庆　401121
  • 2.武汉科技大学，武汉　430000
  • 3.葛洲坝易普力　四川爆破工程有限公司，成都　610000

    • 曹进军（1989-），男，高级工程师、硕士学位，从事爆破研究，（E-mail）。

    CAO Jin-jun (1989), male, senior engineer, master, engaged in blasting research, (E-mail) .

Analysis of Blasting Test Effect of Mixed Explosives in Plateau Tunnel
Jin-jun CAO1 , Gui-song ZHOU1, 2, Zhen-dong LENG1, You XU3, Guo-rong HOU3, Shui-long TIAN1, Jun LU3
Affiliations
  • 1.China Gezhouba Explosive Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401121, China
  • 2.Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China
  • 3.Gezhouba Explosive Sichuan Blasting Engineering Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.019
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摘要
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针对隧道传统包装炸药爆破炮孔数量多、作业人员密集等问题，基于现场混装炸药机械化装药及连续耦合装药结构优势，在高原隧道进行了60次现场混装炸药爆破试验，总结了不同人数的装药作业工效，开展了隧道孔网参数优化及周边孔光面爆破效果改进试验，将原包装爆破孔数151个优化至124个，同时周边孔间距由原45 cm逐步调整为60 cm，对比光面爆破效果。结果表明：相比传统包装炸药爆破，现场混装炸药爆破可提高人均作业工效40%以上，降低劳动强度约90%，显著减少危险作业人员，同时节省钻孔数量和起爆器材使用量15%以上及改善了爆破效果，提高了钻孔与挖装效率，提高循环进尺3%以上，有利于加快隧道施工进度。

现场混装炸药  /  低密度  /  耦合装药  /  光面爆破  /  工效分析  /  循环进尺

In view of larger holes and higher density operators with the traditional blasting of packed explosives, this paper launched 60 on-site blasting experiments in a plateau tunnel. The charging efficiency of different numbers of exploders was summarized, the hole network parameters were optimized and smooth blasting effect of peripheral holes were improved. Compared with the smooth blasting effect, the number of holes dropped from 151 to 124. The spacing of peripheral holes was gradually optimized from 45 cm to 60 cm based on the advantages of good mechanical and coupling charging on-site mixed explosives. The result shows that the on-site mixed loading blasting in plateau tunnel can improve more than 40% efficiency per operator and reduce 90% of labor intensity compared with the traditional blasting of packed explosives. It can significantly reduce the number of operators and improve the efficiency of drilling and loading, saving more than 15% of drilling quantity and explosive equipment. Lastly, more than 3% of the utilization of circular footage has been improved, which shows that on-site mixed-loading blasting can accelerate construction progress.

mixing explosives on site  /  low density  /  coupling charging  /  smooth blasting  /  ergonomic analysis  /  circular footage
曹进军, 周桂松, 冷振东, 徐佑, 侯国荣, 田水龙, 卢军. 高原隧道现场混装炸药爆破试验效果分析. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (3) : 156 -161 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.019
Jin-jun CAO, Gui-song ZHOU, Zhen-dong LENG, You XU, Guo-rong HOU, Shui-long TIAN, Jun LU. Analysis of Blasting Test Effect of Mixed Explosives in Plateau Tunnel[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (3) : 156 -161 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.019
正文
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铁路隧道已基本实现了机械化配套设备施工作业，但隧道装药爆破工序仍多采用传统的人工装药模式[1]，隧道传统装药模式存在作业人员多、劳动强度大、安全隐患高等问题[2]。现场混装装药，装药前乳化基质与敏化剂是分离的，乳化基质属于非爆炸类的5.1类氧化剂，装入炮孔经过敏化约10 min后才成为具有起爆弹感度的炸药，其在运输、储存、使用等环节的安全风险远远低于传统成品炸药，同时也减少了炸药流失的社会安全隐患。目前现场混装装药已实现了自动化，能够大大降低劳动强度，提高装药效率，本质安全性大幅提升[3]。工信部《“十四五”民用爆炸物品行业安全发展规划》明确要求：“加强重点技术攻关，支持工业炸药原材料标准化、配方系列化及隧道井下小型现场混装工艺装备研发”、“提高本质安全水平，加大技术研发力度，鼓励低爆炸感度民爆物品研发应用，提升民爆物品全生命周期本质安全水平。”我国学者对现场混装炸药工艺、装备技术进行了大量研究，已研制适用于远程配送、抗低温、密度可调的现场混装炸药工艺技术[4-7]，易普力股份有限公司、中国铁建重工集团股份有限公司、湖南金聚能公司等开发了地下现场混装炸药车[8-13]，在四川会理拉拉地下铜矿巷道、西藏甲玛铜矿巷道、四川雅康高速小马场隧道等工程进行了应用。因现场混装炸药线装药密度偏大，不易控制隧道轮廓超欠挖，目前这些机械化装药设备多应用于对轮廓控制不严格的地下金属矿山巷道，部分仅仅开展少量试验，但现场混装炸药机械化装药对实现隧道全工序机械化配套施工具有重要意义，有利于降低隧道装药作业劳动强度及控制危险环节作业人员数量，在高原隧道影响更为突出。
依托国家重点工程某铁路隧道辅助坑道项目，针对辅助坑道Ⅳ级花岗岩全断面爆破施工，结合传统包装炸药装药爆破，开展了现场混装炸药机械化装药现场试验，对比了爆破装药作业工效、爆破参数、周边孔爆破效果等。
1　工程概况
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国家重点工程某铁路隧道辅助坑道地处高海拔山区，洞口海拔4400 m以上，全长2015 m，平均坡度约为5°，设计开挖断面面积约为74 m2，断面尺寸约为9.0 m×9.0 m，隧址区地貌属于构造剥蚀高山区，多为较硬厚-巨厚层砂岩岩质，区内花岗岩岩层厚、岩质硬，且多有大理岩化特征，全部为Ⅳ、Ⅴ级围岩，其中Ⅳ级围岩1550 m（占比76.92%），为全断面施工，循环进尺为2.4 m、3.6 m。隧区上方为顶圆壁陡的山脊、两侧山坡常常具有“流沙坡”特征，虽然与南方典型的岩溶地貌不同，但也偶见有溶蚀缝隙和溶洞。同时断层通过处的地貌多为支沟、垭口、鞍部等一些负地形。
2　隧道现场混装炸药装药设备
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为实现运输及装药功能，隧道现场混装炸药装药设备采用危险货物运输车搭载两套联动泵双管装药器、一台液压站、四台输药软管卷盘等专用设备，通过手持式PDA或人机交互界面进行操控或调试设备，总体结构及装药设备如图1所示。
隧道现场混装炸药装药器由料仓、基质泵、敏化剂泵、水环、静态混合器及配套控制上报系统组成。料仓可储存1.2 t乳化基质，基质泵及敏化剂泵通过活动连杆连接并完成乳化基质和敏化剂的同步泵送，其中敏化剂可通过连杆机构调节添加量，乳化基质与敏化剂输送至管道末端静态混合器混合，混合后的乳化基质泵送入炮孔，经过15~20 min敏化后形成不同密度的现场混装炸药，现场混装炸药密度范围为0.5~1.2 g/cm3，同时可实现温度0℃以上乳化基质快速敏化，较好地解决了高寒高海拔低温环境下乳化基质敏化难题。
3　隧道现场混装炸药爆破试验
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3.1　工效对比试验
辅助坑道Ⅳ级围岩全断面爆破时，钻孔孔数约为135~150个，循环进尺3.6 m。当12名爆破员同时进行传统装药作业（周边孔采用导爆索进行间隔装药），从装药至起爆的时间约为75 min（未含因涌水、落石导致网路故障及水泵故障、炮孔堵塞清理等特殊情况，下同）；当爆破作业人员为8人时，装药至起爆时间约为100 min。
对于机械化装药的优势，开展了作业60余次装药对比试验。目前已形成较为稳定的装药作业流程，电子雷管在作业前提前网路分段，现场具备条件后，起爆器材和装药设备到达掌子面（开始计时），5名爆破员加工起爆药包及下孔，1名操作人员进行设备调试及现场混装炸药制药准备工作。当制药准备工作完成后，4名爆破员分别从掌子面两侧周边孔进行装药（低密度现场混装炸药），由下至上，完成周边孔装药，再从上至下完成辅助、掏槽等炮孔的装填，装填完毕后进行网路连接，装药设备驶出掌子面后再完成台架、水泵撤离，同时开始进行警戒。见图2。
主要工效时间对比见表1，作业人员控制为6人，作业时间控制在80 min以内，主要作业时间见表2。
3.2　参数优化试验
辅助坑道Ⅳ级围岩全断面爆破，采用包装炸药装药爆破平均炸药单耗约1.28 kg/m3，其炮孔布置图如3所示，爆破效果如图4所示，眼痕迹保存率90%，钻孔孔深平均约为3.8 m，整体平均循环进尺约3.5 m，局部有少量大块。
结合传统装药爆破设计及爆破效果，根据炸药当量换算，采用现场混装炸药开展试验共计44次，逐步将孔数从151个降至124个，炮孔布置图如图5所示，相关爆破效果见表3。
周边孔采用现场混装车装填低密度炸药，其装药密度约为0.5 g/cm3，炸药孔内爆速在露天ϕ 90 mm炮孔测得的数据为2300~2800 m/s，如图6所示，现场试验时主要根据周边孔间距、周边孔装药量进行调整，钻孔孔径为42 mm，详细参数见表4。
现场混装炸药装药爆破效果如图7所示（对应表4），其中试验1周边孔孔痕全部存在，炮孔存在明显损伤，周边孔炸药量偏大；试验2局部周边孔（其他炮孔采用传统装药）进行现场混装低密度炸药装药试验，周边炮眼痕迹保存率90%以上，传统装药由于钻孔角度偏差导致抵抗线过大出现欠挖；试验3、4周边炮眼痕迹全部存在，未出现超挖，岩性变软，炮孔存在明显损伤，试验5将周边孔间距调整至60 cm，掌子面左边岩石完整，左边炮眼痕迹保存率100%，右边由于节理面影响出现拉裂，有两个炮孔孔口出现挂口现象，存在少量超挖。
4　结论
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（1）通过现场混装炸药机械化装药作业，高原隧道爆破人均作业工效提高40%以上，作业人员可控制在6人，减少隧道掌子面爆破危险作业环节的人员数量，实现隧道爆破作业少人化，提高隧道爆破作业本质安全化水平。同时对装药控制面板进行优化升级，通过悬挂在爆破作业人员手臂上，可进一步减少现场作业人员。
（2）采用现场混装炸药装药爆破，钻孔数量可减少15%以上，爆破试验在炮孔数量优化参数取得一定成果，但根据大型机械化配套施工，钻孔孔径进一步增大，炮孔数量还有进一步缩减空间。
（3）通过现场试验，采用低密度现场混装乳化炸药进行连续耦合装药，其爆破轮廓成型较好。周边孔间距可由40~45 cm调整至55~60 cm，周边炮眼痕迹清晰，保存率仍高达80%以上，满足铁路隧道建设相关要求，并可减少因钻孔角度少量偏差影响导致的爆破欠挖。
（4）现场混装炸药应用表明，爆破后块度更加破碎均匀，大块率减少，可有效提升挖装效率，同时循环进尺提升3%以上，有助于加快整体施工进度。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(51809016)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金面上项目(cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0645)
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2024年第41卷第3期
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文章信息
doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.019
  • 接收时间：2024-04-26
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期：2024-04-26
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51809016)
国家自然科学基金(51809016)
Chongqing Natural Science Foundation General Project(cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0645)
重庆市自然科学基金面上项目(cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0645)
作者信息
    1.中国葛洲坝集团　易普力股份有限公司，重庆　401121
    2.武汉科技大学，武汉　430000
    3.葛洲坝易普力　四川爆破工程有限公司，成都　610000
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.019
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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