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The amplification of blasting vibration on rock slopes significantly impacts the accuracy of vibration monitoring and slope safety evaluation. This study investigates the phenomenon through numerical simulation and explores the amplification mechanism based on structural dynamics and vibration mode analysis. The simulation results show that the vibration amplification phenomenon primarily occurs in the vicinity of the bench crest. Influenced by the geometric dimensions of the bench crest and the physical and mechanical parameters of the rock mass, higher peak vibration velocities occur at the bench crest than at the bench toe, due to an increase in platform width, a decrease in bench height, a reduction in the slope ratio and a lower rock mass quality. Conversely, the distribution of the first principal stress exhibits an opposite trend to that of the peak vibration velocity. To improve the accuracy of safety assessments, it is recommended that monitoring points be placed at the bottom line of the bench. The vibration mode analysis further confirms that the amplification effect is predominantly governed by the low-order vibration modes, determined by geometric dimensions and mechanical parameters of the rock mass. The agreement between the mode analysis and numerical simulation results highlights the critical role of low-order vibration modes in controlling the slope's vibration amplification.

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岩质边坡坡面的爆破振动放大现象,影响着边坡爆破振动监测及安全评价的准确性。采用数值模拟方法,研究了边坡坡面的振动放大现象,基于结构动力学原理,根据振型分析理论揭示了边坡坡面振动放大机制。数值模拟结果表明:边坡振动放大现象主要发生在台阶坡顶线附近区域,受台阶突出物几何尺寸及岩体物理力学参数的影响,随着平台宽度增大、台阶高度减小、台阶坡比减小以及岩体工程质量等级的降低,台阶坡顶线位置振动速度峰值相对于台阶坡底线位置的振动放大现象逐渐显著,但第一主应力分布与振动速度峰值分布规律相反,因此为了更准确地进行爆破振动安全评价,建议将监测点布置于台阶坡底线位置。振型分析结果表明:台阶突出物的低阶振型中坡底线位置与坡顶线位置的振动速度峰值之比随着台阶几何尺寸及物理力学参数的变化规律与数值模拟计算结果一致。由此可见:边坡坡面的振动放大效应主要由台阶突出物几何尺寸及岩体物理力学参数决定的低阶振型控制。

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陈明(1977-),男,博士、教授、博导,主要从事水利水电工程施工技术、工程爆破及岩石动力学方面的研究工作,(E-mail)

CHEN Ming (1977-), Male, Ph. D, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in the research work of water conservancy and hydropower engineering construction technology, engineering blasting and rock dynamics, (E-mail) .

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陈明(1977-),男,博士、教授、博导,主要从事水利水电工程施工技术、工程爆破及岩石动力学方面的研究工作,(E-mail)

CHEN Ming (1977-), Male, Ph. D, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in the research work of water conservancy and hydropower engineering construction technology, engineering blasting and rock dynamics, (E-mail) .

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陈明(1977-),男,博士、教授、博导,主要从事水利水电工程施工技术、工程爆破及岩石动力学方面的研究工作,(E-mail)

CHEN Ming (1977-), Male, Ph. D, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in the research work of water conservancy and hydropower engineering construction technology, engineering blasting and rock dynamics, (E-mail) .

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amplification effect of the first three order vibration modes for the node at the bench crest on different working conditions and platforms, figureFileSmall=nnjg6ADgADlDIKyllCWu6Q==, figureFileBig=obi70uhiXIpF/sitGsTYkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241822012553887824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699629251744596, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同工况前三阶振型台阶坡顶线节点放大效应, figureFileSmall=nnjg6ADgADlDIKyllCWu6Q==, figureFileBig=obi70uhiXIpF/sitGsTYkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241822012637773909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699629251744596, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Rock mass parameters

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ρ/(kg·m-3 E/GPa v σ/MPa
2700300.22560
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岩体材料取值表

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ρ/(kg·m-3 E/GPa v σ/MPa
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Value table of rock mass materials for different engineering quality

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RC ρ/(kg·m-3 E/GPa v σ/MPa
2700300.22560
2500100.27540
230050.32520
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不同工程质量岩体材料取值表

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RC ρ/(kg·m-3 E/GPa v σ/MPa
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爆破振动在岩质边坡坡面的放大机制研究
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陈明 1 , 赵逢泽 1 , 张威 2 , 卢文波 1 , 程豪 1
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024,41(3): 1-8
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024, 41(3): 1-8
爆破振动在岩质边坡坡面的放大机制研究
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陈明1 , 赵逢泽1, 张威2, 卢文波1, 程豪1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉大学 水资源工程与调度全国重点实验室,武汉 430072
  • 2.中国水利电力对外有限公司,北京 101100
  • 陈明(1977-),男,博士、教授、博导,主要从事水利水电工程施工技术、工程爆破及岩石动力学方面的研究工作,(E-mail)

    CHEN Ming (1977-), Male, Ph. D, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in the research work of water conservancy and hydropower engineering construction technology, engineering blasting and rock dynamics, (E-mail) .

Study on Amplification Mechanism of Blasting Vibration on Rock Slope Surface
Ming CHEN1 , Feng-ze ZHAO1, Wei ZHANG2, Wen-bo LU1, Hao CHENG1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of water resources engineering and management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
  • 2.International Water and Electric Corporation, Beijing 101100, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.001
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岩质边坡坡面的爆破振动放大现象,影响着边坡爆破振动监测及安全评价的准确性。采用数值模拟方法,研究了边坡坡面的振动放大现象,基于结构动力学原理,根据振型分析理论揭示了边坡坡面振动放大机制。数值模拟结果表明:边坡振动放大现象主要发生在台阶坡顶线附近区域,受台阶突出物几何尺寸及岩体物理力学参数的影响,随着平台宽度增大、台阶高度减小、台阶坡比减小以及岩体工程质量等级的降低,台阶坡顶线位置振动速度峰值相对于台阶坡底线位置的振动放大现象逐渐显著,但第一主应力分布与振动速度峰值分布规律相反,因此为了更准确地进行爆破振动安全评价,建议将监测点布置于台阶坡底线位置。振型分析结果表明:台阶突出物的低阶振型中坡底线位置与坡顶线位置的振动速度峰值之比随着台阶几何尺寸及物理力学参数的变化规律与数值模拟计算结果一致。由此可见:边坡坡面的振动放大效应主要由台阶突出物几何尺寸及岩体物理力学参数决定的低阶振型控制。

边坡  /  振动放大  /  振型分析  /  振动监测

The amplification of blasting vibration on rock slopes significantly impacts the accuracy of vibration monitoring and slope safety evaluation. This study investigates the phenomenon through numerical simulation and explores the amplification mechanism based on structural dynamics and vibration mode analysis. The simulation results show that the vibration amplification phenomenon primarily occurs in the vicinity of the bench crest. Influenced by the geometric dimensions of the bench crest and the physical and mechanical parameters of the rock mass, higher peak vibration velocities occur at the bench crest than at the bench toe, due to an increase in platform width, a decrease in bench height, a reduction in the slope ratio and a lower rock mass quality. Conversely, the distribution of the first principal stress exhibits an opposite trend to that of the peak vibration velocity. To improve the accuracy of safety assessments, it is recommended that monitoring points be placed at the bottom line of the bench. The vibration mode analysis further confirms that the amplification effect is predominantly governed by the low-order vibration modes, determined by geometric dimensions and mechanical parameters of the rock mass. The agreement between the mode analysis and numerical simulation results highlights the critical role of low-order vibration modes in controlling the slope's vibration amplification.

slope  /  vibration amplification  /  mode analysis  /  vibration monitoring
陈明, 赵逢泽, 张威, 卢文波, 程豪. 爆破振动在岩质边坡坡面的放大机制研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (3) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.001
Ming CHEN, Feng-ze ZHAO, Wei ZHANG, Wen-bo LU, Hao CHENG. Study on Amplification Mechanism of Blasting Vibration on Rock Slope Surface[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (3) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.001
大型水利水电工程、交通工程、露天矿山等的施工往往涉及岩石高边坡爆破开挖,而炸药爆炸诱发的爆破振动对岩石边坡的安全稳定存在较大的影响,是高边坡开挖的重点关注对象[1]。工程实践中,常以边坡台阶坡面处的爆破振动速度衡量爆破对高边坡安全稳定的影响[2],而岩石边坡坡面的振动放大现象使得坡面与边坡内部振动速度存在差异,为了合理评估边坡安全稳定,需要选择合适的监测部位,因此,研究岩石边坡坡面振动放大机制具有重要的工程应用价值。
较早地,李海波等发现凸形地貌对表面的爆破振动速度存在显著放大现象[3],最大可达9倍;唐海等在此基础上通过现场试验验证了凸型地貌的振动放大现象[4],并采用量纲分析法推导了振动峰值速度衰减规律公式。同时,研究人员在爆破振动监测过程中还发现[5-7],爆破振动在高边坡的坡面、大型洞室边墙等结构中传播时,某些部位也会出现振动速度放大现象,文献[5,8-9]的爆破振动监测数据则表明边坡坡面的振动放大现象在台阶平台上同样存在;付波等采用数值模拟方法研究了边坡坡面的局部放大效应[10],结果表明高程放大效应仅在马道外缘一定范围内产生,且与应力状态相关性不强,实际工程中宜采用马道内侧点作为振动监测点。许多研究者也尝试揭示振动放大现象的产生机制,万鹏鹏等总结了目前关于振动放大效应机制的几种解释[11],包括鞭梢效应、自由面的反射叠加效应以及拐点处的绕射叠加效应,陈明等则采用结构动力学原理分析了边坡坡面的高程放大效应[12],认为台阶突出物相比于边坡主体结构存在刚度与质量的突变,又由于爆破振动荷载可引起边坡台阶共振,因此产生了“鞭梢效应”;Zhang等采用弹性波的透反射理论推导了台阶爆破时正负高程放大效应系数的理论解[13],并修正了萨道夫斯基公式,在施工现场得到了良好的应用,其认为边坡坡面上的高程放大效应主要是由于爆炸地震波在边坡坡面上的透反射以及叠加造成的;石崇等根据单面边坡反射能量分配原理计算了边坡的速度场分布[14],结果表明岩体参数及边坡坡脚是影响高程放大效应的主要因素;韩宜康等基于模型试验及波的透反射理论研究了坡面角度对岩质边坡加速度高程放大效应的影响结果表明高程放大效应会随边坡坡脚的变化发生改变[15]
综上所述,现场测试及数值模拟的结果均表明振动放大现象主要发生在台阶坡顶线一定范围内,而针对边坡坡面振动放大现象的研究,目前主要采用弹性波理论或结构动力学理论,弹性波理论能反映振动在边坡内的传播过程,但仅针对倾斜斜坡有较完善的理论分析,针对人工开挖形成的复杂几何特性引起的绕反射,仅存在较为简单的定性分析;结构动力学方法则需要对边坡做简化处理,在有限自由度下进行振动响应分析,与真实边坡有所出入。因此本文首先采用数值模拟方法研究了边坡坡面振动放大现象,然后基于结构动力学原理,将边坡简化为多自由度模型,根据振型分析方法揭示了边坡坡面振动放大机制[16]
采用Ansys/LS-dyna开展数值模拟试验,边坡采用弹塑性本构,物理力学参数如表1所示。采用三角形等效爆炸荷载,荷载峰值取10 MPa,上升时间取1 ms,持续时间取10 ms。模型尺寸取为175 m×90 m,最下层台阶为荷载作用台阶,荷载施加与台阶斜面,垂直于台阶斜坡。首次模拟分析时台阶高度取10 m,台阶平台宽度取10 m,边坡坡比取1∶0.5,建立模型如图1所示,模型单元尺寸0.2 m,模型共包含546050个节点,271779个单元。
沿着边坡坡面依次布置6个振动监测点,提取响应振动波形,同时提取沿着边坡平台、斜坡面两条测线的速度峰值,获取速度分布特性。
提取各测点合速度峰值及平台、斜面及内部三条测线合速度峰值,在图1中坐标系基础上,得到随着位置变化合速度峰值分布(RPPV)规律如图2所示,图中D表示图1坐标系下的X坐标,H表示图1坐标系下的Y坐标,R表示爆心距。
图2(a)可知台阶坡顶线附近节点相对台阶坡底线节点及斜坡中部节点具有更大的振动速度,由图2(b)可知随着距离的增大边坡斜面上爆破振动速度峰值随着爆心距的增大先呈指数衰减而后逐渐增大,而边坡平台上测点随着爆心距的增大爆破振动合速度峰值随着距离的增大先增大后减小,且不满足指数衰减规律。由于台阶平台节点爆心距相差不大,而台阶斜面节点中坡顶线节点为爆心距最大的节点,由此对比萨道夫斯基公式所规定的质点振动速度峰值随爆心距指数衰减可知,爆破振动放大效应主要发生在坡顶线附近节点。
为进一步研究爆破振动放坡面振动放大特性,在常见水利工程边坡台阶几何尺寸范围内,分别改变L(1~4 m)、H(8~14 m)、α(1:0.3~1:2.0)以及岩体质量等级Rc(Ⅱ~Ⅳ)计算边坡坡面的振动放大特性,不同质量等级岩体物理力学参数取值如表2所示。由于实际工程中爆破振动监测点一般布置于边坡平台上,因此以平台测线为研究对象分别提取该测线合速度峰值及最大主拉应力峰值,计算结果如图3~4所示。同时,根据萨氏公式描述的爆破振动衰减规律,可以得到在不存在振动放大效应时,坡顶线测点与边坡坡底线测点合速度及爆心距满足式(1)所示的规律。则将各工况计算结果代入式(1)可以计算得到相应的衰减系数α1α1绝对值越大表明放大效应越明显(计算结果列于各图中)。
式中:RPPVsRs分别表示上台阶坡底线测点合速度及爆心距;RPPVpRp分别表示坡顶线测点合速度及爆心距;α表示衰减系数;C为常数,为便于比较C取1。
根据图3可知,不同台阶几何尺寸及岩体工程地质条件下,台阶坡顶线节点相对台阶坡底线节点均存在较为显著的振动放大效应,且随着台阶宽度的增大、台阶高度以及坡比的减小和岩体工程质量等级的降低台阶坡顶线节点相对其他节点的振动放大效应越显著。由此可见,在常见边坡台阶几何尺寸范围内,台阶坡顶线节点附近存在较为显著的振动放大效应,且振动放大效应强度受台阶突出物几何尺寸影响。对比图3图4可知爆破振动速度的变化规律与第一主应力变化规律相反,也即台阶坡顶线处的振动速度大于台阶坡底线测点,但其第一主应力远远小于台阶坡底线测点,这意味着采用台阶坡顶线测点速度评估爆破振动对边坡安全稳定的影响是不准确的。
本节采用数值模拟方法研究了边坡坡面的振动放大现象,表明了边坡几何尺寸对振动放大效应的显著影响,但无法揭示振动放大现象的本质,因此有必要采用理论分析方法进一步分析振动放大现象的产生机制。
文献[12]将边坡简化为由台阶突出物及边坡主体构成的二节点模型,采用结构动力学方法定性分析了边坡爆破振动的高程响应机制,但仅采用二节点模型无法反映边坡坡面上振动放大现象,因此需要将台阶突出物进一步划分,采用更高自由度模型分析岩质边坡坡面爆破振动响应机制。同时,根据结构动力学原理,结构振型与结构振动响应特性密切相关,因此本节通过结构振型分析研究边坡坡面的振动放大效应。
台阶坡面可以认为是由多层台阶连接而成,各台阶具有类似的形状,因此可以通过研究某个台阶的表面振动特性分析边坡坡面的振动放大问题。取图5中红色阴影部分的台阶突出物为研究对象,沿着平行及垂直于台阶突出物与边坡主体分界线Lt方向对台阶进行划分,同时作适当简化,假设边坡岩体为均质各相同性材料,忽略应力波的在边坡的透反射作用,忽略岩体阻尼,并将边坡主体视为固定边界,简化分析模型详见图1,共包含15个节点。在图5中,边坡共包含三层台阶,各层台阶高度为H、平台宽度为L、坡比为α、台阶突出物三角形两角度分别为β1β2。建立直角坐标系,并使X轴平行于并设等效模型中节点i的质量为mi、节点i与节点j之间X方向的刚度为kij。由图1可知,实际工程爆破振动监测中,监测点均布置在坡面,因此本文重点关注边坡台阶面节点1~5以及边坡斜面节点1、6、10、15。因此,本文后续仅针对这部分节点的振动响应特性进行研究及讨论。
忽略节点XY)方向的位移引起的YX)方向引起的位移,则根据结构动力学原理,X或者Y方向上的荷载在模型上引起的振动响应是相似的,因此,本文仅研究X方向荷载的影响。采用刚度法可得,模型各节点受到外部水平荷载时的位移满足式(2)所示的关系。
式中:[K]为模型的刚度矩阵;[M]为模型质量矩阵;{x}为节点位移向量,为节点加速度向量;{F}为节点受到的荷载向量。
设岩体密度为ρ,于是有
式中:ρ为岩体密度;Ai为节点i在原模型中的面积;t为厚度。
考虑沿着平行于Lt方向对台阶进行均匀划分,则根据图1的划分方式可以得到
λ=cot β2/(cot β1+cot β2),则有
将式(7)及(8)代入式(2)即可计算得到质量矩阵[M]。
假设各节点对应的边坡块体为刚体,则模型中各节点受到的荷载均仅在交界面上产生反力,又由于节点ij间的等效刚度被定义为当只有节点i产生单位位移时需要受到的外力大小[17],则有
式中:Fij为节点ij交界面处受到的反力;kijij节点间的等效刚度;δ为节点i产生的位移。
根据式(6),为了计算模型中节点间的等效刚度,就需要得到节点产生一定位移时受到的界面反力,为此,在各划分块体间取出一段厚度为dh的连接体(选取的dh尽量较小),如图6所示,建立坐标系,使X轴平行于边界Lt,根据等效刚度的定义,图6中下表面为固定边界。为了求解交界面反力,将该连接体划分为若干三角形单元,节点1~N的等效节点力之和即为交界面反力。因此,参考有限原理可得当上表面产生δ的位移时,交界面反力可表示为式(7)所示[15]
式中:E表示弹性模量;Nij为块体ij之前的连接体单元划分数目;μ为泊松比;dl图6中单元X方向长度;dh图6中单元y方向长度;An计算应力所选取的有限单元面积;t为厚度。
考虑沿着平行于Lt方向对台阶进行均匀划分,且对连接体进行有限元划分时确保单元长度相等(如图5所示),同时取厚度t与连接体厚度dh及单元宽度dl一致,则kij可表示为
将式(8)代入式(3)即可计算得到刚度矩阵[K]。
由式(5)及(8)可知模型的刚度矩阵及质量矩阵主要受边坡岩体的物理力学属性及边坡台阶突出物的几何形状的影响。
根据现场实测数据[5,8-10]以及本文数值模拟计算结果,边坡振动放大效应一般发生在边坡台阶坡顶线附近,且爆破振动测点一般布置于平台上,因此为了表征边坡振动放大强度,定义上台阶坡底线节点振动速度(节点5)与台阶坡顶线节点(节点1)速度的比值作为评价指标,如式(9)所示。
式中,ij分别表示节点编号,i取5,j取1。
1.2.2节分析表明,边坡坡面振动响应控制方程主要受到台阶几何形状控制,因此采用1.2.2节计算工况,并计算台阶突出物前三阶振型中评价指标ξij的变化规律。计算结果如图7所示。
根据图7计算结果,对于台阶几何尺寸而言,前两阶振型中,随着台阶宽度、台阶高度的减小以及坡比的减小参数ξ51逐渐增大,而第三阶振型则产生波动变化;对于岩体工程质量等级而言,第一阶振型中,随着岩体工程质量等级的减小参数ξ51逐渐提高,而后两阶振型则产生相反变化规律,对比第2节的分析结果可以发现,低阶振型中台阶坡顶线节点相对台阶坡底线节点的振动放大现象与低阶振型表现的规律一致,由此可知,在工程常见的边坡几何尺寸及工程岩体质量范围内,边坡坡面的振动放大现象主要由突出物几何形状及物理力学参数所决定的低阶振型控制。
采用数值模拟方法、基于结构动力学理论方法研究了边坡坡面的振动放大现象,揭示了边坡振动放大的产生机制,得到如下结论:
(1)数值模拟的计算结果表明,台阶坡顶线节点附近存在较为显著的局部放大现象,随着边坡平台宽度的增大、台阶高度的减小、台阶坡比的减小以及岩体工程质量等级的降低,台阶坡顶线相对于边坡坡底线节点的振动放大现象逐渐显著。
(2)台阶平台上振动速度的分布与第一主应力分布规律相反,台阶坡顶线节点相对台阶坡底线节点存在显著的振动放大现象,但其第一主应力远小于台阶坡底线处,因此在爆破振动监测过程中宜将测点布置于靠近台阶坡底线位置。
(3)台阶突出物的振型分析结果表明,在常见的水利边坡的突出物几何尺寸及工程岩体质量范围内,突出物的低阶振型中台阶坡顶线节点相对于台阶坡底线节点的振动放大现象变化规律与数值模拟计算结果一致,这表明边坡坡面振动放大现象主要由突出物几何尺寸及岩体物理力学参数决定的低阶振型控制。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51979205)
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2024年第41卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.001
  • 接收时间:2024-08-22
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-22
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51979205)
国家自然科学基金(51979205)
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    1.武汉大学 水资源工程与调度全国重点实验室,武汉 430072
    2.中国水利电力对外有限公司,北京 101100
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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