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Article(id=1241699627934733122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705852800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773973860963, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1725120000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773973860963, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773973860963, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773973860963, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241699613942543237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='260', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973857626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992982583, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=60, endPage=68, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241699629142692688, articleId=1241699627934733122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Blasting Crater of Rock Mass under Freeze-thaw Environment in High Cold Region, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rock's mechanical parameters and fragmentation characteristics significantly change under the freezing and thawing environment in high-altitude cold regions, and it is difficult to directly apply traditional blasting parameters for excavation. Therefore, researching blasting design parameters in freeze-thaw environments is of great importance. This study analyzed the impact of freeze-thaw cycles on rock mechanical properties and conducted the crater experiments of single-hole and double-hole simultaneous blasts in ore rocks under freeze-thaw conditions based on Jurong Copper mine. Futhermore, the geometric parameters and block size distribution of the crater were measured after blasting, and the reasonable parameters for blasting design were determined using the mathematical fitting methods. Additionally, the changes in the blasting crater parameters of the mine were also compared and analyzed under four different rock conditions. The results show that the mechanical properties of rock mass significantly deteriorate with a decrease in uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of up to 40.6% and 54.0% under freeze-thaw cycles, respectively. The optimal burial depth ratio for single-hole blasting of freeze-thaw ore rocks is 0.678~0.789 under different lithological conditions, and the ratio of the optimal charge burial depth to crater radius is distributed in the range of 0.875~1.076. For Chibula mining area, the hole diameter is 152 mm, the diorite hole net parameter is 4.5 m×3 m, the corresponding explosives consumption is 0.56 kg/m3, and the tuff hole net parameter is 5 m×4 m with a 0.63 kg/m3 explosives consumption. For Jurong mining area, the hole diameter is 310 mm, the tuff blasting hole net parameter and explosive consumption is respectively 7 m×5 m and 0.61 kg/m3, and the granite porphyry hole net parameter and explosive consumption is respectively 8 m×5 m and 0.64 kg/m3.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
GOU Yong-gang (1993-), male, Ph. D, lecturer, mainly engaged in blasting and rock dynamics research, (E-mail) .
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相比常规岩体，高寒区冻融环境下岩体的力学参数及破碎特征均存在显著变化，其矿岩爆破开挖也难以直接应用传统设计参数，开展冻融环境下的爆破工艺参数研究具有重要意义。研究以巨龙铜矿为依托，在分析冻融循环对岩石力学特性影响的基础上，开展了冻融环境下矿岩的单孔和双孔同段爆破漏斗试验，测定了爆破漏斗几何参数和块度分布，采用拟合方法确定了爆破设计的合理参数，并对比分析了该矿山四种不同岩性条件下的爆破漏斗参数变化。结果表明：冻融循环作用下岩体力学特性显著衰减，单轴抗压强度和弹性模量下降幅度可达40.6%、54.0%；不同岩性条件下冻融矿岩的单孔爆破最佳埋深比为0.678~0.789，最佳药包埋深与漏斗半径比值分布在0.875~1.076范围内。针对知不拉矿区炮孔孔径152 mm，矽卡岩孔网参数为4.5 m×3 m，炸药单耗0.56 kg/m3；凝灰岩孔网参数为5 m×4 m，炸药单耗0.63 kg/m3；针对巨龙矿区孔径310 mm，凝灰岩爆破孔网参数为7 m×5 m，炸药单耗0.61 kg/m3；花岗斑岩孔网参数为8 m×5 m，炸药单耗0.64 kg/m3。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
苟永刚（1993-），男，博士、讲师，主要从事爆破与岩石动力学方面研究，（E-mail）。
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刘博（1989-），男，硕士、高级工程师，主要从事采矿爆破与安全方面研究，（E-mail）。

LIU Bo (1989-), male, master's degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in mining blasting and safety research, (E-mail) .

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刘博（1989-），男，硕士、高级工程师，主要从事采矿爆破与安全方面研究，（E-mail）。

LIU Bo (1989-), male, master's degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in mining blasting and safety research, (E-mail) .

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刘博（1989-），男，硕士、高级工程师，主要从事采矿爆破与安全方面研究，（E-mail）。

LIU Bo (1989-), male, master's degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in mining blasting and safety research, (E-mail) .

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Measurement of physical and mechanical parameters of mineral rocks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性密度/（kg·m-3）抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比抗剪强度
C/MPa Φ/°
巨龙花岗斑岩261066.908.1628.080.2225.8346.00
巨龙凝灰岩263089.3211.2336.600.2636.0843.71
知不拉矽卡岩267034.196.5019.890.2721.6447.70
知不拉凝灰岩268036.155.6022.330.2514.3041.63
), ArticleFig(id=1241822009353633806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627934733122, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

矿岩物理力学参数测定表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性密度/（kg·m-3）抗压强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa弹性模量/GPa泊松比抗剪强度
C/MPa Φ/°
巨龙花岗斑岩261066.908.1628.080.2225.8346.00
巨龙凝灰岩263089.3211.2336.600.2636.0843.71
知不拉矽卡岩267034.196.5019.890.2721.6447.70
知不拉凝灰岩268036.155.6022.330.2514.3041.63
), ArticleFig(id=1241822009450102801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627934733122, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental design of single-hole blasting craters

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知不拉-矽（ZX）知不拉-凝（ZN）巨龙-凝灰岩（JN）巨龙-斑岩（JB）
孔号孔深/m孔号孔深/m孔号孔深/m孔号孔深/m
ZX-11.0 ZN-11.1 JN-11.1 JB-11.1
ZX-21.3 ZN-21.3 JN-21.3 JB-21.3
ZX-31.5 ZN-31.5 JN-31.5 JB-31.5
ZX-41.8 ZN-41.7 JN-41.7 JB-41.7
ZX-52.3 ZN-51.9 JN-51.9 JB-51.9
ZX-63.0 ZN-62.2 JN-62.2 JB-62.1
ZX-73.3 ZN-72.5 JN-72.5 JB-72.3
ZX-83.8 ZN-82.7 JN-82.9  
   ZN-93.0    
), ArticleFig(id=1241822009533988885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627934733122, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

单孔爆破漏斗方案设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
知不拉-矽（ZX）知不拉-凝（ZN）巨龙-凝灰岩（JN）巨龙-斑岩（JB）
孔号孔深/m孔号孔深/m孔号孔深/m孔号孔深/m
ZX-11.0 ZN-11.1 JN-11.1 JB-11.1
ZX-21.3 ZN-21.3 JN-21.3 JB-21.3
ZX-31.5 ZN-31.5 JN-31.5 JB-31.5
ZX-41.8 ZN-41.7 JN-41.7 JB-41.7
ZX-52.3 ZN-51.9 JN-51.9 JB-51.9
ZX-63.0 ZN-62.2 JN-62.2 JB-62.1
ZX-73.3 ZN-72.5 JN-72.5 JB-72.3
ZX-83.8 ZN-82.7 JN-82.9  
   ZN-93.0    
), ArticleFig(id=1241822009626263578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627934733122, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Experimental design of double-hole simultaneous blasting craters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
巨龙矿区-斑岩巨龙矿区-凝灰岩知不拉-凝灰岩知不拉-矽卡岩
序号孔间距/m序号孔间距/m序号孔间距/m序号孔间距/m
TJB-12.6 TJN-12.2 TZN-12.6 TZX-11.8
TJB-23.0 TJN-22.6 TZN-23.0 TZX-22.2
TJB-33.4 TJN-33.0 TZN-33.4 TZX-32.6
TJB-43.8 TJN-43.4 TZN-43.8 TZX-43.0
TJB-54.2 TJN-53.8 TZN-54.2 TZX-53.4
TJB-64.6 TJN-64.2 TZN-64.6  
), ArticleFig(id=1241822009705955358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627934733122, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

双孔同段爆破漏斗试验方案设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
巨龙矿区-斑岩巨龙矿区-凝灰岩知不拉-凝灰岩知不拉-矽卡岩
序号孔间距/m序号孔间距/m序号孔间距/m序号孔间距/m
TJB-12.6 TJN-12.2 TZN-12.6 TZX-11.8
TJB-23.0 TJN-22.6 TZN-23.0 TZX-22.2
TJB-33.4 TJN-33.0 TZN-33.4 TZX-32.6
TJB-43.8 TJN-43.4 TZN-43.8 TZX-43.0
TJB-54.2 TJN-53.8 TZN-54.2 TZX-53.4
TJB-64.6 TJN-64.2 TZN-64.6  
), ArticleFig(id=1241822009773064225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627934733122, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of single-hole blasting craters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿区岩性最佳药包埋深/m最佳炮孔长度/m最佳漏斗半径/m最佳漏斗体积/m3最佳埋深比最佳埋深/漏斗半径
知不拉矿区矽卡岩1.501.751.7144.4350.7890.875
凝灰岩1.902.101.7667.5480.6781.076
巨龙矿区凝灰岩1.651.851.6155.4390.6111.022
花岗斑岩1.701.901.9248.3360.6800.884
), ArticleFig(id=1241822009861144612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627934733122, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

单孔爆破漏斗结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿区岩性最佳药包埋深/m最佳炮孔长度/m最佳漏斗半径/m最佳漏斗体积/m3最佳埋深比最佳埋深/漏斗半径
知不拉矿区矽卡岩1.501.751.7144.4350.7890.875
凝灰岩1.902.101.7667.5480.6781.076
巨龙矿区凝灰岩1.651.851.6155.4390.6111.022
花岗斑岩1.701.901.9248.3360.6800.884
), ArticleFig(id=1241822009966002215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627934733122, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Variation of crushing lumpiness and crater molding with hole spacing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔间距/m知不拉矽卡岩知不拉凝灰岩巨龙花岗斑岩巨龙凝灰岩
3.0块度均匀，漏斗成形好，见图5（a）块度均匀，漏斗贯穿块度较小，漏斗较小块度均匀，漏斗成型一般
3.4存在大块，双孔漏斗没有贯穿，存在脊梁岩块度均匀，漏斗贯穿块度均匀，漏斗成形较好
3.8/块度均匀，漏斗成形较好块度均匀，漏斗成形较好存在大块，漏斗成型好
), ArticleFig(id=1241822011459174441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627934733122, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

破碎块度和漏斗成型随孔间距的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔间距/m知不拉矽卡岩知不拉凝灰岩巨龙花岗斑岩巨龙凝灰岩
3.0块度均匀，漏斗成形好，见图5（a）块度均匀，漏斗贯穿块度较小，漏斗较小块度均匀，漏斗成型一般
3.4存在大块，双孔漏斗没有贯穿，存在脊梁岩块度均匀，漏斗贯穿块度均匀，漏斗成形较好
3.8/块度均匀，漏斗成形较好块度均匀，漏斗成形较好存在大块，漏斗成型好
), ArticleFig(id=1241822011564032045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627934733122, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Parameters of blasting craters in large diameter holes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 球状药包抵抗线Lj1/m球状药包最佳漏斗半径Rj1/m球状药包最佳漏斗体积Vj1/m炸药单耗Q/（kg·m-3）
知不拉矽卡岩2.1472.45313.0080.56
知不拉凝灰岩2.7192.52722.1380.63
巨龙凝灰岩3.8363.75568.3850.61
巨龙花岗岩3.9534.473104.8080.64
), ArticleFig(id=1241822011660501039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627934733122, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

大直径孔径下爆破漏斗参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 球状药包抵抗线Lj1/m球状药包最佳漏斗半径Rj1/m球状药包最佳漏斗体积Vj1/m炸药单耗Q/（kg·m-3）
知不拉矽卡岩2.1472.45313.0080.56
知不拉凝灰岩2.7192.52722.1380.63
巨龙凝灰岩3.8363.75568.3850.61
巨龙花岗岩3.9534.473104.8080.64
), ArticleFig(id=1241822011752775730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627934733122, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Spacing of holes and rows under large diameter deep holes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 孔距折算（1.8~2.2R）/m排距折算（1.2~1.6L）/m
知不拉矽卡岩4.42~5.402.58~3.44
知不拉凝灰岩4.55~5.563.26~4.35
巨龙凝灰岩6.76~8.264.60~6.14
巨龙花岗岩8.05~9.844.74~6.32
), ArticleFig(id=1241822011828273206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627934733122, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

大直径深孔下孔距和排距

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 孔距折算（1.8~2.2R）/m排距折算（1.2~1.6L）/m
知不拉矽卡岩4.42~5.402.58~3.44
知不拉凝灰岩4.55~5.563.26~4.35
巨龙凝灰岩6.76~8.264.60~6.14
巨龙花岗岩8.05~9.844.74~6.32
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高寒区冻融环境下岩体爆破漏斗试验研究
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刘博 1, 2 , 苟永刚 3, 4 , 叶明珠 3 , 潘懿 1, 2 , 拾立振 3
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024,41(3): 60-68
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024, 41(3): 60-68
高寒区冻融环境下岩体爆破漏斗试验研究
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刘博1, 2 , 苟永刚3, 4 , 叶明珠3, 潘懿1, 2, 拾立振3
作者信息
  • 1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司，长沙　410012
  • 2.湖南省矿山地质灾害防治与环境再造工程技术研究中心，长沙　410012
  • 3.河海大学　土木与交通学院，南京　210029
  • 4.南通河海大学　海洋与近海工程研究院，南通　226000

    • 刘博（1989-），男，硕士、高级工程师，主要从事采矿爆破与安全方面研究，（E-mail）。

    LIU Bo (1989-), male, master's degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in mining blasting and safety research, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

苟永刚（1993-），男，博士、讲师，主要从事爆破与岩石动力学方面研究，（E-mail）。
Experimental Study on Blasting Crater of Rock Mass under Freeze-thaw Environment in High Cold Region
Bo LIU1, 2 , Yong-gang GOU3, 4 , Ming-zhu YE3, Yi PAN1, 2, Li-zhen SHI3
Affiliations
  • 1.Changsha Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Changsha 410012 China
  • 2.Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Mine Geological Hazard Control and Environmental Reconstruction, Changsha 410012 China
  • 3.College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 4.Nantong Ocean and Coastal Engineering Research Institute, Hohai University, Nantong 226000, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.008
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摘要
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相比常规岩体，高寒区冻融环境下岩体的力学参数及破碎特征均存在显著变化，其矿岩爆破开挖也难以直接应用传统设计参数，开展冻融环境下的爆破工艺参数研究具有重要意义。研究以巨龙铜矿为依托，在分析冻融循环对岩石力学特性影响的基础上，开展了冻融环境下矿岩的单孔和双孔同段爆破漏斗试验，测定了爆破漏斗几何参数和块度分布，采用拟合方法确定了爆破设计的合理参数，并对比分析了该矿山四种不同岩性条件下的爆破漏斗参数变化。结果表明：冻融循环作用下岩体力学特性显著衰减，单轴抗压强度和弹性模量下降幅度可达40.6%、54.0%；不同岩性条件下冻融矿岩的单孔爆破最佳埋深比为0.678~0.789，最佳药包埋深与漏斗半径比值分布在0.875~1.076范围内。针对知不拉矿区炮孔孔径152 mm，矽卡岩孔网参数为4.5 m×3 m，炸药单耗0.56 kg/m3；凝灰岩孔网参数为5 m×4 m，炸药单耗0.63 kg/m3；针对巨龙矿区孔径310 mm，凝灰岩爆破孔网参数为7 m×5 m，炸药单耗0.61 kg/m3；花岗斑岩孔网参数为8 m×5 m，炸药单耗0.64 kg/m3。

高寒地区  /  冻融环境  /  岩体爆破  /  爆破设计参数  /  物理力学特性  /  爆破漏斗试验

Rock's mechanical parameters and fragmentation characteristics significantly change under the freezing and thawing environment in high-altitude cold regions, and it is difficult to directly apply traditional blasting parameters for excavation. Therefore, researching blasting design parameters in freeze-thaw environments is of great importance. This study analyzed the impact of freeze-thaw cycles on rock mechanical properties and conducted the crater experiments of single-hole and double-hole simultaneous blasts in ore rocks under freeze-thaw conditions based on Jurong Copper mine. Futhermore, the geometric parameters and block size distribution of the crater were measured after blasting, and the reasonable parameters for blasting design were determined using the mathematical fitting methods. Additionally, the changes in the blasting crater parameters of the mine were also compared and analyzed under four different rock conditions. The results show that the mechanical properties of rock mass significantly deteriorate with a decrease in uniaxial compressive strength and elastic modulus of up to 40.6% and 54.0% under freeze-thaw cycles, respectively. The optimal burial depth ratio for single-hole blasting of freeze-thaw ore rocks is 0.678~0.789 under different lithological conditions, and the ratio of the optimal charge burial depth to crater radius is distributed in the range of 0.875~1.076. For Chibula mining area, the hole diameter is 152 mm, the diorite hole net parameter is 4.5 m×3 m, the corresponding explosives consumption is 0.56 kg/m3, and the tuff hole net parameter is 5 m×4 m with a 0.63 kg/m3 explosives consumption. For Jurong mining area, the hole diameter is 310 mm, the tuff blasting hole net parameter and explosive consumption is respectively 7 m×5 m and 0.61 kg/m3, and the granite porphyry hole net parameter and explosive consumption is respectively 8 m×5 m and 0.64 kg/m3.

high-altitude cold region  /  freeze-thaw environment  /  rock blasting  /  blasting design parameters  /  physical and mechanical properties  /  blast crater test
刘博, 苟永刚, 叶明珠, 潘懿, 拾立振. 高寒区冻融环境下岩体爆破漏斗试验研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (3) : 60 -68 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.008
Bo LIU, Yong-gang GOU, Ming-zhu YE, Yi PAN, Li-zhen SHI. Experimental Study on Blasting Crater of Rock Mass under Freeze-thaw Environment in High Cold Region[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (3) : 60 -68 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.008
正文
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随着我国中东部矿产资源的日益枯竭和“西部大开发”战略的实施，矿产开采的焦点逐渐转向西部地区，尤其是高寒高海拔地区。其由于位处地震断裂带，岩浆和地质构造活动强烈，形成了丰富的矿产资源。然而，高寒地区存在明显的季节性温度变化，导致矿岩长期处于循环冻融扰动环境下，岩体力学特性改变显著，其矿岩爆破开挖工艺参数无法沿用常规爆破设计参数。因此，开展高寒区冻融环境下岩体爆破参数试验研究具有重要意义。
岩体物理力学性质是决定爆破设计参数的基础依据。高寒区冻融环境下，温度下降时，岩石内部的孔隙水冻结[1]，引起体积膨胀，并产生冻胀力，导致岩石内部微裂隙扩展[2,3]，K Dieh等还发现冻胀力会使得岩体内部某些胶结程度较弱的矿物颗粒剥落析出[4]，进而导致岩体内部结构“架空”；而当环境温度升高时，岩石内部的水融解，冻胀力得到释放，孔隙水在微孔隙中继续迁移。随着冻融循环次数的增加，微裂隙受冻胀力的影响逐步扩展，最终形成贯通裂缝，导致岩体损伤劣化严重，其力学特性衰减[5,6]。
岩体爆破过程涉及炸药能量与岩体的复杂交互作用。鉴于冻融损伤劣化的岩体爆破参数与常规岩体参数的显著差异[6-8]，国内外学者主要通过爆破漏斗试验确定各种冻融岩性环境下的爆破设计参数[9-15]。例如，张俊兵等通过爆破漏斗试验得出了青藏线冻土段的最佳单位药包埋深和最大体积[16]，推导出了最佳爆破参数。李长城在高寒地区冬季通过爆破漏斗试验总结出了随冻土层厚度变化的爆破参数优化方案[17]，显著改善了爆破效果。李启军等针对冬季冻土层爆破大块率高的问题[18]，通过爆破漏斗试验提出了合理的冻土层爆破参数方案，取得了良好的经济效益。但这些研究主要针对某一种特定岩性具体开展，对于冻融环境下多种岩性之间的对比研究较少。
因此，在已有研究成果基础上，对比高寒区冻融循环前、后岩体力学特性的变化，并基于同一矿山不同矿区的岩体物理力学参数，开展不同岩性条件下的单孔、双孔同段爆破漏斗试验，测定漏斗几何参数与块度数据，确定冻融环境下不同岩性的合理爆破设计参数，为冻融条件下岩石爆破机制阐释和工程爆破应用提供重要参考依据。
1　高寒区冻融循环后岩体力学特性变化
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1.1　高寒矿区概况
西藏巨龙铜矿位于墨竹工卡县西南约20 km处，平均海拔高度大于5200 m，属于极高山区，矿区内冰缘地貌特征明显。矿山下辖知不拉矿区、巨龙矿区两个主采区。矿体赋存厚度大，埋藏较浅，且局部出露地表，采用露天台阶开采方式，设计生产规模高达100 kt/d，是世界上最大的高寒区露天开采矿山之一。
矿区干湿季节明显，夏季温和湿润，冬季寒冷干燥。平均气温-1.05℃，极端最高气温18.2℃，极端最低气温为-26.0℃；昼夜温差悬殊，空气稀薄，日照充足。由于矿区处于高山区的分水岭地带，除岩体风化带厚度大、破碎程度高以外，降雨量也相比墨竹工卡县城较大，年平均降雨量651.7 mm，6~9月为雨季，降雨集中，其降雨量占年降雨量的83.51%。矿区沟谷地表水10月下旬开始冰冻，翌年4~5月逐步解冻。因此，矿区岩体具有典型的冻融特征。
1.2　矿区冻融岩体特征
两个矿区分别以花岗斑岩和凝灰岩、凝灰岩和矽卡岩为主。矿区岩性不仅因强烈的地质构造运动影响存在大量原生结构面，还受寒冻风化作用影响岩体破碎程度高，岩体裂隙和强-中风化带发育，深度一般在地表下100~150 m，厚度一般为16.71~184.33 m；破裂裂隙率普遍在50条/m以上，分布范围很大。地下水赋存在岩体网状裂隙中，为潜水性质。矿区内冻土层厚度（下限深度）在不同高程有所差异，一般为20~50 m，冰冻期长达5个月（11月到次年3月），冰冻期间地表出现季节冻土层，厚度（上限深度）一般为1~3 m。临时修路发现，部分位置地下冰层厚度1.2~2.0 m，为块状构造，底部含少量碎屑物质，上限深度1.5 m。
每年解冻前冻土层之上覆盖一层积雪（0.3~0.5 m），4月积雪开始融化，冰冻水下渗加剧，冻土随之变软；但仍受昼夜较大温差影响，常于晚上冻结，白天解冻，即存在冻融循环过程。当白天气温较高时（20°以上），融冻水因所处地形起伏会向不同方向流动，冻土中含水量增大，呈塑流状态，在局部坡陡地段还易引发小规模融冻土蠕动或泥石流。结合钻孔和坑道观测，矿区内5200 m以上季节融化层厚度（上限）一般2~3 m；5200 m以下季节融化层厚度（上限）一般3~8 m。
1.3　冻融循环试验与岩石力学特性变化
根据巨龙铜矿矿岩在冻融循环的环境特征，分别取巨龙矿区花岗斑岩、知不拉矿区凝灰岩的岩石试样，开展10、20、30、50次循环冻融次数下的室内试验，测定其岩石力学参数变化特性，如图1所示。
从试验结果和图1可知，冻融循环前后岩样的应力-应变曲线变化趋势相似，均可分为压密、弹性变形、裂纹发展、破坏等四个阶段。冻融循环作用会使岩样微结构呈现反复的收缩与膨胀过程，而不均匀的变形导致微裂隙扩展，从而引起岩样的冻融劣化，由此循环冻融后岩石试样抗压强度出现明显下降。冻融循环次数越多，岩石受冻融循环的影响越明显，总体趋势为冻融循环次数增加，抗压强度不断下降。以花岗斑岩为例，未冻融条件下单轴抗压强度、弹性模量分别为129 MPa、55.9 GPa，经历50次冻融循环后，单轴抗压强度和弹模分别降低至76.7 MPa、25.7 GPa，下降幅度达40.6%和54.0%。
综上，通过描述试验结果中的冻融损伤劣化过程，说明高寒区冻融环境下爆破设计参数难以沿用常规参数。因此，有必要在了解冻融矿岩力学参数基础上，专项开展爆破漏斗试验，设计合理的爆破工艺参数。
2　爆破试验区冻融环境下矿岩物理力学性质
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2.1　矿岩基本力学参数测定
在现场取岩块的基础上加工制成试件150个，矿岩力学试验内容包括：密度试验、单轴压缩试验、巴西劈裂试验和三轴压缩强度试验。具体如下：（1）密度试验：采用量积法确定岩样密度，计算平均值为矿岩密度；（2）单轴压缩试验：采用Instron 1346（最大200 t）液压伺服材料试验机，在单轴压缩应力条件下测定试样纵向和横向应变值，计算岩石弹性模量和泊松比；（3）巴西劈裂试验：采用Instron1342（最大静载25 t）液压伺服材料试验机测定岩石抗拉强度；（4）三轴压缩强度试验：采用Instron 1346（最大200 t）试验机，通过直剪试验方法确定岩样抗剪强度参数（内聚力C和内摩擦角Φ）。最终，获得两个矿区不同岩性的矿岩物理力学参数如表1所示。总体而言，巨龙矿区相比知不拉矿区岩性较好；但由于实际中长期复杂的冻融作用，表中花岗斑岩的单轴抗压强度低于其50次冻融循环后的值，而弹性模量稍高于50次冻融循环后的对应值。
2.2　矿岩波速测定
波速是矿岩爆破波阻抗的重要参数。本研究采用非金属声波检测仪，分别开展了室内试样和现场钻孔的声波测试，得到巨龙矿区花岗斑岩试件的平均波速为5491 m/s。但通过测试钻孔数据得到现场岩体的波速均值为4873 m/s。根据岩体完整性指数KV计算公式
式中：VPm为岩体的纵波波速；VPr为岩石试件的纵波波速，由此可以计算得出现场岩体的完整性指数为0.79。
3　冻融环境下的矿岩爆破漏斗试验
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3.1　单孔和双孔爆破试验方案
在岩性调查基础上，试验场地确定为知不拉矿区5252平台、5240平台以及巨龙矿区5305平台、5260平台。试验先后开展单孔与双孔爆破漏斗试验。通过单孔爆破试验获得不同炮孔深度下的爆破漏斗特征参数变化曲线，得到爆破最佳埋深、最佳漏斗半径、最佳漏斗体积；通过变孔距双孔同段爆破试验，寻求孔间距与最佳爆破漏斗半径之间的关系，确定台阶深孔爆破参数。
试验设计炮孔孔径为115 mm，装药量3 kg。炸药采用成品岩石乳化炸药，直径90 mm，原始长度50 cm。通过填塞压实，形成径向耦合装药结构，装药长度为40 cm，药包长径比为4.44，属于球状药包（长径比小于6），满足爆破漏斗试验要求。炮孔深度设计方案如表2所示。为避免每组试验相互干扰，每组试验孔间距保证至少6 m，爆破试验均采用电子雷管起爆，每组延时间隔不小于0.5 s。
在单孔爆破漏斗试验结果分析基础上，初步确定最佳炮孔深度（由后续结果可知：巨龙矿区花岗斑岩、凝灰岩为1.9 m和1.8 m，知不拉矿区凝灰岩、矽卡岩为2.1 m和1.8 m），并进一步实施双孔同段爆破漏斗试验。每个炮孔装药结构、起爆设计与单孔试验保持相同，双孔同段爆破漏斗试验设计如表3所示。
3.2　爆破漏斗参数测定
每组爆破试验后测定爆破漏斗半径和爆破漏斗体积。爆破漏斗半径是以炮孔为中心，间隔45°直接量取8个不同方位的漏斗半径的平均值，如图2（a）所示。爆破漏斗体积的获取需先测定爆破漏斗深度，测定方法如图2（b）所示，需在所有网格节点上依次测量漏斗深度，然后采用辛卜生法计算爆破漏斗体积，计算方法为
式中：Si为漏斗某断面面积；B为测点间距（0.2 m）；Yi为第i点爆破深度。
各断面面积求出后，按棱台体求得漏斗体积V为
3.3　试验结果
3.3.1　单孔爆破漏斗数据分析
对单孔爆破漏斗实验所得数据描点、绘图，结合最小二乘法回归拟合爆破漏斗特性曲线，并给出相应的90%置信区间，结果如图3所示。
由图3拟合结果可知，不同矿岩的单孔爆破漏斗参数如表4所示。
由表4可见，不同矿区、岩性条件下，岩体爆破参数均不相同，如两个矿区凝灰岩的最佳埋深、漏斗半径参数差异明显。根据药包最佳埋深和临界埋深之间的关系，还可以确定药包的最佳埋深比。
3.3.2　双孔爆破漏斗数据分析
基于单孔爆破漏斗试验结果，进一步对双孔爆破漏斗实验数据描点、绘图，并运用最小二乘法回归拟合爆破漏斗特性曲线，如图4所示。
同时，破碎块度和漏斗形状也是决定合理孔间距的重要指标，但现场结果表明：当孔间距小于3.0 m时，四种矿岩的破碎块度都较为均匀，但形成的爆破漏斗偏小；而当孔间距大于4.0 m时，不仅产生大块，双孔漏斗不易贯穿，且存在脊梁岩，甚至形成大小漏斗现象，如图5（b）、（c）所示。因此，这里只列出孔间距为3.0~4.0 m范围内的块度和漏斗成型描述（见表5），用于确定合理的孔间距。
结合图4漏斗深度和体积数据与表5中描述，最终确定知不拉矽卡岩爆破最佳孔间距为3 m，炸药单耗1.915 kg/m3；知不拉凝灰岩爆破最佳孔间距为3.8 m，炸药单耗2.332 kg/m3；巨龙凝灰岩爆破最佳孔间距为3.4 m，炸药单耗2.667 kg/m3；巨龙花岗斑岩爆破最佳孔间距为3.8 m，炸药单耗2.854 kg/m3。
4　基于漏斗试验的台阶爆破孔网参数确定
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在基于漏斗试验的台阶爆破孔网参数确定的过程中，通过爆破漏斗试验获得了最佳埋深、最佳漏斗尺寸和炸药单耗等爆破参数。根据利文斯顿爆破漏斗理论，以爆破能量平衡准则和相似性原理为依据，推导出适用于巨龙铜业矿山露天采场深孔台阶爆破的参数。
4.1　大直径孔径下爆破漏斗参数计算
根据巨龙铜业露天采场钻孔设备参数和实际情况，巨龙矿区采场孔径为310 mm，知不拉矿区采场孔径为152 mm。结合文献中确定大直径药包长度时，选择的是小型单孔爆破漏斗试验的药包长度[19]。因此，根据巨龙铜实际药包设计情况确定大直径爆破漏斗的单个药包长度为40 cm，知不拉矿区和巨龙矿区的药包长径比分别为2.63、1.29，属于球状药包[20-22]。巨龙矿区对应的每米装药量为94.3 kg/m，单个药包重量37.72 kg，知不拉矿区对应的每米装药量为22 kg/m，单个药包重量8.8 kg。
在此基础上推导大直径深孔最佳的爆破参数[23]。利文斯顿指出在同一岩体中采用同一种炸药爆破时，小型爆破漏斗试验和大直径深孔爆破两者的爆破漏斗参数满足如下关系[18]。
式中：Q0、Q1分别为小型爆破漏斗试验和大直径深孔爆破所用的装药量；Lj0、Lj1分别为小型爆破漏斗试验装药量为Q0时，大直径深孔爆破装药量为Q1时的最佳埋深；Vj0、Vj1、Rj0、Rj1分别为小型爆破漏斗试验在Q0、Q1状态时，大直径深孔爆破药量在Q1、Lj1状态时的爆破漏斗体积和半径。
根据表4小型单孔爆破漏斗试验数据，代入计算公式（4）~（6）得到孔径310 mm（巨龙采场）和152 mm（知不拉采场）实际大直径孔径下，不同岩性的爆破漏斗参数如表6所示。
4.2　孔距和排距计算
在已知最佳抵抗线、最佳漏斗底圆半径和最佳漏斗体积等参数的基础上，确定炮孔间距与排间距。考虑实际爆破中的群药包起爆和破碎岩体碰撞[22]，引入一定系数。进一步确定炮孔距和排距，孔间距与单孔爆破漏斗半径有关[23]，炮孔排距与抵抗线有关，根据沙溪铜矿大直径孔距的选取及巨龙铜矿的实际情况，通常孔距取最佳爆破漏斗半径R的1.8~2.2倍[19]，排距通常取爆破漏斗最佳抵抗线的1.2~1.6倍，再根据双孔同段试验结果折算可得最佳孔网参数。见表7。
最终，考虑到实际装药的不耦合性，以及大孔距小排距的爆破机理和爆破漏斗实验结果[20]，拟定巨龙露天采矿场的各岩性优化后的孔网参数。知不拉采场矽卡岩的爆破孔网参数为4.5 m×3 m，凝灰岩5 m×4 m。巨龙采场凝灰岩爆破孔网参数为7 m×5 m，花岗斑岩8 m×5 m。
5　结论
收起
本研究开展了冻融环境下的矿岩爆破漏斗试验，通过不同条件下的单孔、双孔同段爆破漏斗试验，探讨了爆破设计的关键参数，以此优化巨龙露天采矿场四种岩性的爆破工艺参数。得出以下结论：
（1）对于同一类岩石，随冻融循环次数的增加，强度逐渐降低；花岗斑岩经历50次冻融循环后，其单轴抗压强度和弹性模量下降幅度可达40.6%、54.0%。
（2）基于爆破漏斗孔径115 mm，药包直径和装药量为90 mm和3 kg，知不拉采场矽卡岩最佳药包埋深、最佳漏斗半径、最佳孔间距分别为1.5 m、1.714 m、3 m；知不拉凝灰岩对应为1.9 m、1.766 m、3.8 m；巨龙凝灰岩对应为1.65 m、1.615 m、3.4 m；巨龙花岗斑岩对应为1.7 m、1.924 m、3.8 m。最佳埋深比分布在0.678~0.789范围，最佳药包埋深与漏斗半径比为0.875~1.076。
（3）结合知不拉矿区实际孔径152 mm，矽卡岩孔网参数确定为4.5 m×3 m，炸药单耗0.56 kg/m3；凝灰岩孔网参数5 m×4 m，炸药单耗0.63 kg/m3；针对巨龙矿区孔径为310 mm，凝灰岩爆破孔网参数为7 m×5 m，炸药单耗0.61 kg/m3；花岗斑岩孔网参数为8 m×5 m，炸药单耗0.64 kg/m3。
基金
收起
  • 江苏省青年自科基金(BK20220975)
  • 南通市基础科学研究_青年科技人才创新专项(JC12022097)
文献
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2024年第41卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.008
  • 接收时间：2024-01-22
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期：2024-01-22
基金
Jiangsu Provincial Youth Science and Technology Fund(BK20220975)
江苏省青年自科基金(BK20220975)
Nantong Basic Science Research_Young Science and Technology Talent Innovation Special Project(JC12022097)
南通市基础科学研究_青年科技人才创新专项(JC12022097)
作者信息
    1.长沙矿山研究院有限责任公司，长沙　410012
    2.湖南省矿山地质灾害防治与环境再造工程技术研究中心，长沙　410012
    3.河海大学　土木与交通学院，南京　210029
    4.南通河海大学　海洋与近海工程研究院，南通　226000

通讯作者:

苟永刚（1993-），男，博士、讲师，主要从事爆破与岩石动力学方面研究，（E-mail）。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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