Article(id=1241699627464971071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708185600000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773973860851, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1725120000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773973860851, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773973860851, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773973860851, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241699613942543237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='260', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973857626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992982583, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=75, endPage=84, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241699629557928801, articleId=1241699627464971071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Advanced Roof Control Reinforcement and Controlled Blasting Technology for Deep Broken Soft Rock Roadway, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the gradual increase of mining depth, the engineering geological conditions of deep broken surrounding rock mass become complex and changeable, greatly affecting underground projects' construction process and subsequent use period's safety. In order to ensure the safety and quality of deep broken soft rock roadway during the construction process, advanced roof control reinforcement and controlled blasting technology for soft rock roadway were put forward. In view of the characteristics of highly developed fissures and poor stability of rock mass at the No. 6 intersection of-550 m level in Zhongjiu iron mine, it was proposed to adopt advanced roof control measures to strengthen the surrounding rock mass of the roof and improve the bearing capacity of deep-buried broken soft rock roadway. In order to facilitate the excavation construction, 17 excavation areas were divided along the northeast side of the No. 6 intersection, and a four-step method was used for segmented construction. To realize the hole-by-hole shot and reduce the influence of blasting vibration, the detonation interval between two adjacent digital electronic detonators was randomly set to 3~5 ms. According to the overall lithology of different excavation areas, the support methods (pipe shed support, W-shaped steel belt, anchor cable support, etc.) were optimized to ensure the safety of the subsequent use of the No. 6 intersection. The test results show that the advanced roof control reinforcement and controlled partition blasting technology can reduce the roof deflection and subsidence of broken soft rock roadway, which ensures the forming effect of the No. 6 intersection section and reduces the cost of support and shotcrete by 8.7%.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHANG Xi-liang (1981-), male, Ph. D, senior engineer, mainly engaged in mining and blasting technology research, (E-mail) .
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随着矿山开采深度逐渐增加,深部破碎围岩工程地质条件转为复杂多变,极大程度上影响巷道等工程施工过程及后续使用安全;为确保深部破碎软岩巷道施工过程中安全及质量,提出了软岩巷道超前控顶加固及控制爆破技术。针对钟九铁矿-550 m水平6号交岔点岩体裂隙极为发育、稳定性差等特点,拟采用超前控顶措施加固顶板围岩,提高深部破碎软岩巷道的承载力。为便于6号交岔点掘进施工,沿6号交岔点东北侧方向划分17个掘进区,并采用“四步”台阶法分段施工。针对同段起爆数码电子雷管,起爆器系统可随机设置单发雷管起爆间隔时间为3~5 ms,实现同段炮孔单孔单响,降低爆破振动对6号交岔点影响。根据不同掘进区总体岩性情况,优化支护方式(管棚支护、W型钢带及锚索支护等联合支护方式等),确保6号交岔点后续使用期安全。试验结果表明:采用超前控顶加固、控制分区爆破技术,降低破碎软岩巷道顶板偏帮、下沉,保证6号交岔点断面成型效果,削减其支护、后期维护等综合成本达8.7%,该技术可为类似巷道施工提供一定指导建议。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张西良(1981-),男,博士、正高级工程师,主要从事采矿及爆破技术等方面的研究,(E-mail)
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汪禹(1992-),男,硕士、工程师,主要从事采矿及爆破技术研究,(E-mail)

WANG Yu (1992-), male, master degree, engineer, mainly engaged in mining and blasting technology research, (E-mail) .

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2.马鞍山矿山研究院 爆破工程有限责任公司,马鞍山 243000, bio={"content":"

汪禹(1992-),男,硕士、工程师,主要从事采矿及爆破技术研究,(E-mail)

WANG Yu (1992-), male, master degree, engineer, mainly engaged in mining and blasting technology research, (E-mail) .

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汪禹(1992-),男,硕士、工程师,主要从事采矿及爆破技术研究,(E-mail)

WANG Yu (1992-), male, master degree, engineer, mainly engaged in mining and blasting technology research, (E-mail) .

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2.马鞍山矿山研究院 爆破工程有限责任公司,马鞍山 243000
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2.Maanshan Institute of Mining Research Blasting Engineering Co., Ltd., Manshan 243000, China
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2.马鞍山矿山研究院 爆破工程有限责任公司,马鞍山 243000
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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Mechanical response analysis of surrounding rock bearing structure of soft rock roadway based on full-length anchorage, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241756530073203030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, awardId=*2022YFC2904101, language=EN, fundingSource=“14th Five-Year” National Key R&D Program-Large parameter efficient continuous mining technology for deep thick and large ore body(*2022YFC2904101), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241756530194837855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, awardId=*2022YFC2904101, language=CN, fundingSource=“十四五”国家重点研发计划课题—深部厚大矿体大参数高效连续开采技术(*2022YFC2904101), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241756517255410402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241756517284770534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, companyId=1241756517255410402, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Safety and Health for Metal Mines, Maanshan 243000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241756517293159143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, companyId=1241756517255410402, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.金属矿山安全与健康国家重点实验室,马鞍山 243000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241756517406405358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241756517448348404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, companyId=1241756517406405358, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Maanshan Institute of Mining Research Blasting Engineering Co., Ltd., Manshan 243000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241756517477708536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, companyId=1241756517406405358, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.马鞍山矿山研究院 爆破工程有限责任公司,马鞍山 243000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241756517599343364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241756517607731973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, companyId=1241756517599343364, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Sinosteel Maanshan General Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Maanshan 243000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241756517620314886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, companyId=1241756517599343364, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中钢集团 马鞍山矿山研究总院股份有限公司,马鞍山 243000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1241756517725172499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241756517733561108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, companyId=1241756517725172499, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.Gushan Mining Co,. Ltd., Anhui Masteel Mining Resources Group, Maanshan 243111, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241756517737755413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, companyId=1241756517725172499, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.安徽马钢矿业资源集团 姑山矿业有限公司,马鞍山 243111)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241756524536721512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Plane diagram of intersection point (unit: mm), figureFileSmall=sgzdOJtDLaGSjKgH0kWPXQ==, figureFileBig=MsWhN5XW2jiQxTp7qS1VhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756524679327855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, language=CN, label=图1, caption=交岔点平面示意图(单位:mm), figureFileSmall=sgzdOJtDLaGSjKgH0kWPXQ==, figureFileBig=MsWhN5XW2jiQxTp7qS1VhQ==, tableContent=null), 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ArticleFig(id=1241756527187521809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Supporting of different parameters, figureFileSmall=tgWYteW5ZycAo51xZgLENQ==, figureFileBig=7dIsSOfJbnN74wK+IAKAwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756527325933846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同支护方式, figureFileSmall=tgWYteW5ZycAo51xZgLENQ==, figureFileBig=7dIsSOfJbnN74wK+IAKAwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756528840077596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Blasting parameters of section Ⅰ-Ⅰ

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称炮孔编号孔深/m孔数单孔药量/kg总药量/kg起爆时间/ms备注
掏槽孔-11~42.241.24.80针对同时起爆的数码电子雷管,系统随机设置每发雷管时间间隔为3~5 ms,实现单孔单响[15]
掏槽孔-25~82.241.24.850
辅助孔-19~162.080.97.2100
辅助孔-217~222.060.63.6200
辅助孔-323~302.080.64.8300
辅助孔-431~332.030.61.8400
周边孔-134~412.080.64.8500
辅助孔-342~482.070.32.1600
底孔-149~542.261.27.2700
周边孔-255~692.0150.34.5800
底孔-270~712.221.53.0900
合计  71 48.6 
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529003655461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Ⅰ-Ⅰ断面爆破参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称炮孔编号孔深/m孔数单孔药量/kg总药量/kg起爆时间/ms备注
掏槽孔-11~42.241.24.80针对同时起爆的数码电子雷管,系统随机设置每发雷管时间间隔为3~5 ms,实现单孔单响[15]
掏槽孔-25~82.241.24.850
辅助孔-19~162.080.97.2100
辅助孔-217~222.060.63.6200
辅助孔-323~302.080.64.8300
辅助孔-431~332.030.61.8400
周边孔-134~412.080.64.8500
辅助孔-342~482.070.32.1600
底孔-149~542.261.27.2700
周边孔-255~692.0150.34.5800
底孔-270~712.221.53.0900
合计  71 48.6 
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529146261805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Blasting parameters of section A

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称炮孔编号孔深/m孔数单孔药量/kg总药量/kg起爆时间/ms备注
掏槽孔-11~82.281.29.60针对同时起爆的数码电子雷管,可随机设置每发雷管时间间隔为3~5 ms,实现单孔单响
辅助孔-19~142.040.93.6100
辅助孔-215~182.040.93.6250
辅助孔-319~202.020.91.8450
辅助孔-421~312.0110.66.6700
底孔-132~382.271.28.4900
周边孔-139~572.0190.35.71000
底孔-258~592.221.53.01200
合计  69 42.3 
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529280479538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

A区爆破参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称炮孔编号孔深/m孔数单孔药量/kg总药量/kg起爆时间/ms备注
掏槽孔-11~82.281.29.60针对同时起爆的数码电子雷管,可随机设置每发雷管时间间隔为3~5 ms,实现单孔单响
辅助孔-19~142.040.93.6100
辅助孔-215~182.040.93.6250
辅助孔-319~202.020.91.8450
辅助孔-421~312.0110.66.6700
底孔-132~382.271.28.4900
周边孔-139~572.0190.35.71000
底孔-258~592.221.53.01200
合计  69 42.3 
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529410502971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Blasting parameters of section B

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称炮孔编号孔深/m孔数单孔药量/kg总药量/kg起爆时间/ms备注
辅助孔-11~62.060.63.60针对同时起爆的数码电子雷管,可随机设置每发雷管时间间隔为3~5 ms,实现单孔单响
辅助孔-27~102.040.62.4100
辅助孔-311~132.030.61.8250
辅助孔-414~152.020.61.2450
周边孔16~312.0160.34.8600
底孔32~362.250.63.0700
合计  69 16.8 
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529527943491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

B区爆破参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称炮孔编号孔深/m孔数单孔药量/kg总药量/kg起爆时间/ms备注
辅助孔-11~62.060.63.60针对同时起爆的数码电子雷管,可随机设置每发雷管时间间隔为3~5 ms,实现单孔单响
辅助孔-27~102.040.62.4100
辅助孔-311~132.030.61.8250
辅助孔-414~152.020.61.2450
周边孔16~312.0160.34.8600
底孔32~362.250.63.0700
合计  69 16.8 
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529657966921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Blasting parameters of section C

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称炮孔编号孔深/m孔数单孔药量/kg总药量/kg起爆时间/ms备注
辅助孔-11~112.2110.99.90针对同时起爆的数码电子雷管,可随机设置每发雷管时间间隔为5 ms,可实现单孔单响
辅助孔-212~222.0110.99.9100
底孔-123~332.291.210.8250
周边孔-234~392.0190.35.7450
底孔-268~692.221.53.0600
合计  69 39.3 
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529783796045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627464971071, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

C区爆破参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称炮孔编号孔深/m孔数单孔药量/kg总药量/kg起爆时间/ms备注
辅助孔-11~112.2110.99.90针对同时起爆的数码电子雷管,可随机设置每发雷管时间间隔为5 ms,可实现单孔单响
辅助孔-212~222.0110.99.9100
底孔-123~332.291.210.8250
周边孔-234~392.0190.35.7450
底孔-268~692.221.53.0600
合计  69 39.3 
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深部破碎软岩巷道超前控顶加固及控制爆破技术
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汪禹 1, 2 , 张西良 1, 2, 3 , 李龙福 1, 3 , 殷登才 4 , 崔正荣 1, 2, 3 , 王小兵 1, 3 , 金科 1, 3
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024,41(3): 75-84
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024, 41(3): 75-84
深部破碎软岩巷道超前控顶加固及控制爆破技术
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汪禹1, 2 , 张西良1, 2, 3 , 李龙福1, 3, 殷登才4, 崔正荣1, 2, 3, 王小兵1, 3, 金科1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.金属矿山安全与健康国家重点实验室,马鞍山 243000
  • 2.马鞍山矿山研究院 爆破工程有限责任公司,马鞍山 243000
  • 3.中钢集团 马鞍山矿山研究总院股份有限公司,马鞍山 243000
  • 4.安徽马钢矿业资源集团 姑山矿业有限公司,马鞍山 243111
  • 汪禹(1992-),男,硕士、工程师,主要从事采矿及爆破技术研究,(E-mail)

    WANG Yu (1992-), male, master degree, engineer, mainly engaged in mining and blasting technology research, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

张西良(1981-),男,博士、正高级工程师,主要从事采矿及爆破技术等方面的研究,(E-mail)
Advanced Roof Control Reinforcement and Controlled Blasting Technology for Deep Broken Soft Rock Roadway
Yu WANG1, 2 , Xi-liang ZHANG1, 2, 3 , Long-fu LI1, 3, Deng-cai YIN4, Zheng-rong CUI1, 2, 3, Xiao-bing WANG1, 3, Ke JIN1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Safety and Health for Metal Mines, Maanshan 243000, China
  • 2.Maanshan Institute of Mining Research Blasting Engineering Co., Ltd., Manshan 243000, China
  • 3.Sinosteel Maanshan General Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd., Maanshan 243000, China
  • 4.Gushan Mining Co,. Ltd., Anhui Masteel Mining Resources Group, Maanshan 243111, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.010
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随着矿山开采深度逐渐增加,深部破碎围岩工程地质条件转为复杂多变,极大程度上影响巷道等工程施工过程及后续使用安全;为确保深部破碎软岩巷道施工过程中安全及质量,提出了软岩巷道超前控顶加固及控制爆破技术。针对钟九铁矿-550 m水平6号交岔点岩体裂隙极为发育、稳定性差等特点,拟采用超前控顶措施加固顶板围岩,提高深部破碎软岩巷道的承载力。为便于6号交岔点掘进施工,沿6号交岔点东北侧方向划分17个掘进区,并采用“四步”台阶法分段施工。针对同段起爆数码电子雷管,起爆器系统可随机设置单发雷管起爆间隔时间为3~5 ms,实现同段炮孔单孔单响,降低爆破振动对6号交岔点影响。根据不同掘进区总体岩性情况,优化支护方式(管棚支护、W型钢带及锚索支护等联合支护方式等),确保6号交岔点后续使用期安全。试验结果表明:采用超前控顶加固、控制分区爆破技术,降低破碎软岩巷道顶板偏帮、下沉,保证6号交岔点断面成型效果,削减其支护、后期维护等综合成本达8.7%,该技术可为类似巷道施工提供一定指导建议。

破碎软岩  /  台阶法施工  /  支护方式  /  数码电子雷管

With the gradual increase of mining depth, the engineering geological conditions of deep broken surrounding rock mass become complex and changeable, greatly affecting underground projects' construction process and subsequent use period's safety. In order to ensure the safety and quality of deep broken soft rock roadway during the construction process, advanced roof control reinforcement and controlled blasting technology for soft rock roadway were put forward. In view of the characteristics of highly developed fissures and poor stability of rock mass at the No. 6 intersection of-550 m level in Zhongjiu iron mine, it was proposed to adopt advanced roof control measures to strengthen the surrounding rock mass of the roof and improve the bearing capacity of deep-buried broken soft rock roadway. In order to facilitate the excavation construction, 17 excavation areas were divided along the northeast side of the No. 6 intersection, and a four-step method was used for segmented construction. To realize the hole-by-hole shot and reduce the influence of blasting vibration, the detonation interval between two adjacent digital electronic detonators was randomly set to 3~5 ms. According to the overall lithology of different excavation areas, the support methods (pipe shed support, W-shaped steel belt, anchor cable support, etc.) were optimized to ensure the safety of the subsequent use of the No. 6 intersection. The test results show that the advanced roof control reinforcement and controlled partition blasting technology can reduce the roof deflection and subsidence of broken soft rock roadway, which ensures the forming effect of the No. 6 intersection section and reduces the cost of support and shotcrete by 8.7%.

fractured soft rock  /  bench construction method  /  support pattern  /  digital electronic detonator
汪禹, 张西良, 李龙福, 殷登才, 崔正荣, 王小兵, 金科. 深部破碎软岩巷道超前控顶加固及控制爆破技术. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (3) : 75 -84 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.010
Yu WANG, Xi-liang ZHANG, Long-fu LI, Deng-cai YIN, Zheng-rong CUI, Xiao-bing WANG, Ke JIN. Advanced Roof Control Reinforcement and Controlled Blasting Technology for Deep Broken Soft Rock Roadway[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (3) : 75 -84 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.010
随着社会经济建设对金属资源需求量的增加,矿产资源开采逐渐由浅部开采转向深部开采,地下矿山资源赋存深度也随之加深。因地下矿山建设需要,常布置有井底车场、中央变电所、中央水泵房等,均属于大断面设施,赋存深度较深。深部巷道开挖前后,围岩体应力状态发生了较为显著得变化[1],易导致破碎、较破碎区域巷道难以支护,易垮落,给矿井后续安全生产带来一定影响。由于开挖断面大,顶板支护难度及爆破作业对原岩影响较大,爆破振动对开挖区域的岩体产生不利影响,破坏原有岩体结构稳定性。为确保大断面设施安全稳固,其支护、喷浆量相应地增加,长期在爆破荷载作用下,已支护的破碎或较破碎岩体结构稳定性受到影响,后期维护成本较高。
诸多专家学者开展了相关试验研究工作,黄志强等针对特殊复杂地质条件下大跨度隧道洞口开展了爆破优化设计研究[2],结果表明:在掘进工作面爆破进尺、周边轮廓成型、爆破危害控制等方面均取得显著的效果。袁红所等对复杂地质条件下隧道施工开展爆破参数优化[3],实现了既定目标:降低对巷道周边围岩的损伤程度及超挖。李龙福等针对强风化闪长岩及中风化闪长岩中斜坡道施工[4],提出了分次分段掘进爆破技术,有利于控制超挖量,最大程度地保护预留岩体。彭文庆等为解决深部破碎围岩巷道支护困难等问题[5-8],提出先分层后整体支护、“耦合叠加承载拱”结构及注浆加固耦合技术等修复方案,提高了破碎岩体巷道周边围岩稳定性。王琦等针对深部大断面硐室施工难题[9,10],提出了时提出“一次钎杆注浆定孔,二次锚网喷浆支护,三次锚注一体加固,关键部位加密强化,完整砌碹强度储备”的大断面硐室非对称分阶段控制方法。如何采取有效措施保障深部破碎软岩巷道施工及后期运行安全,成为深部破碎软岩巷道施工中亟待解决的重要课题。
针对深部破碎围岩巷道施工难点,上述研究仅提出了在复杂地质条件下隧道爆破设计及深部破碎巷道支护加固等局部工艺,未对深部破碎软岩巷道施工提出较为完整性设计及措施方案。为此,本文作者在现有的研究成果的基础上,针对钟九铁矿-550 m水平深部破碎软岩巷道(交岔点)在原条件下产生的巷道变形、跨帮等现象;项目提出了破碎软岩巷道超前控顶加固及控制爆破技术,开展了相关现场试验等研究,针对破碎软岩巷道预先进行注浆加固(提高破碎岩体整体稳定性),并根据大断面区域跨度划分为若干分区(台阶法施工),确保6号交岔点施工过程中安全,并延长其服务使用年限。
钟九铁矿-550 m水平位于全风化、强风化闪长岩中,裂隙极为发育、稳定性差。根据钻探资料及土工、岩石试验结果并参照物探测井资料,风化程度为强风化-微风化,RQD值为2~75,坚硬程度等级为软岩~较软岩,围岩类别为Ⅳ~Ⅴ级,工程地质条件属复杂类型。
因地下矿山建设需要,常布置有井底车场、中央变电所、中央水泵房等,均属于大断面设施。其中6号交岔点设计总长25.812 m,最大高度为5.2 m,其中A~B段长1.2 m,净宽4.2m,净高3.2 m。B~C段为渐变段,长20.948 m,净宽由4.2 m渐变至9.165 m,净高由3.2 m渐变至4.755 m。C~D段为渐变段,长2.464 m,净宽由9.165 m渐变至0.5 m牛鼻子岔点分为净宽5.1 m(南侧石门)与净宽3.3 m(D~E段),净高由4.755 m渐变至3.8 m(南侧石门)与3.2 m(D~E段)。D~E段长1.2 m,净宽3.3 m,净高3.2 m。设计全断面浇筑混凝土支护,厚300 mm。其中图1为交岔点平面示意图,图2为交岔点“横向投影”示意图。
依据前期南侧石门巷揭露的岩石及交岔点探水情况,预测6#交岔点岩性为强风化钠长(石)闪长岩,岩性不稳定,结构较为破碎,裂隙发育,所发育的裂隙内多充填方解石,局部顶板淋水。
通过对破碎软岩巷道周边围岩注浆加固[8,11,12],可提高破碎软岩结构整体性及稳定性,并可改善巷道应力分布状态,巷道顶板注浆后形成新的承载层,提高了破碎软岩巷道支护结构的承载力。注浆加固采通过挤压或渗透作用将破裂围岩附近的裂隙及孔隙充填密实,经过浆液的胶结作用,将围岩表面胶结成一个具有较高承载力的注浆结石体,使得破碎围岩具备承受更高注浆压力的能力。而在低压-浅孔注浆的基础上进行高压-深孔注浆,能进一步提高深部破碎围岩较深范围内浆液的渗透能力,扩大支护承载范围。
本方案设计沿6#交岔点入口开挖轮廓线进行放点测量,严格控制巷道顶底标高及方位,确保巷道方位及标高的准确性,测量工作应根据工作面的推进,给定不同方控制线,再先给定施工控制线。根据现场工程地质条件,选择适宜的掘进长度(破碎岩体短掘短支,正常岩性为2~2.5 m),钻孔角度上偏于掘进迎头方向3~8°,孔底落在设计掘进断面以外1 m的位置,利用浆液充分填充岩土体中的空隙,形成一定厚度的加固体。工作面注浆设计参数如图3所示,注浆孔实际布置如图4所示。
6#交岔点属变断面巷道,为便于后续施工方便,拟对6#交岔点进行区域分割,采用分区爆破[13,14],各个区域分别制定爆破设计方案,沿交岔点东北侧轨道方向共计划分为17个区域(控制施工区掘进深度为4.0 m),施工顺序为:区域1→区域2→区域3→…→区域15→区域16→区域17,具体分区、分部施工示意见图5图6所示。
考虑到各区域施工效果,针对小断面区域采用全断面一次爆破施工作业。针对破碎软岩大断面巷道采用台阶法施工,具体施工顺序如下:第一步:采用分区台阶式开挖法施工,先施工“进入巷道”这一半区,进尺2 m,顶板及一帮达到设计尺寸后进行锚网索喷支护。第二步:侧向掘进至整个大断面设计尺寸,并进行顶帮锚网索喷支护。第三步:上台阶施工左右两区域交替向前掘支,每循环进尺1.5 m。上台阶左右两区施工到底板落平后,施工下台阶。第四步:整体全断面向前掘支至交岔点结束。
考虑到6#交岔点属变断面巷道,因论文篇幅有限,减少过多赘述,本文选取部分具有代表性的断面进行方案设计,其中交岔点Ⅰ-Ⅰ断面设计尺寸为5.7 m×4.1 m,Ⅱ-Ⅱ断面设计尺寸为9.765 m×5.055 m。
每个施工区设计掘进深度为4.0 m,为控制爆破振动等危害因素,拟将单循环最大进尺控制在1.8 m,具体设计参数如下:掏槽孔和底孔深度为2.2 m,其余周边孔、辅助孔、底板眼等炮孔深度为2.0 m。炮孔掏槽为楔形掏槽,设计掏槽眼孔距为450 mm,排间距为1000 mm,掏槽眼倾角为80°。拱顶线上周边眼间距设计为455±50 mm,直墙周边眼间距设计为500±50 mm,周边眼距巷道轮廓线内侧200 mm开口(孔底落至开挖轮廓线)。辅助孔间距:a=600~700±50 mm,其中拱形上部炮孔间距为700±50 mm,下部炮孔间距为600±50 mm;排距:b=550~650±50 mm。底孔间距为750~760±50 mm。炮孔布置见图7,爆破参数见表1
考虑到交岔点Ⅱ-Ⅱ断面(9.765 m×5.055 m)作业面跨度大,为便于掘进需要,交岔点Ⅱ-Ⅱ断面拟划分为3个小区域[16],作业面分区详见图8。先施工A区形成自由空间;针对B区进行刷帮作业,待上部区域开挖形成后,形成C区台阶法作业。
考虑凿岩机的作用效率及实际情况,并控制爆破振动等危害因素,拟将单循环最大进尺控制在1.8 m,具体设计参数如下:掏槽孔和底孔深度为2.2 m,其余周边孔、辅助孔、底板眼等炮孔深度为2.0 m。炮孔掏槽形式为楔形掏槽,设计掏槽眼孔距为450±50 mm,排间距为1000±50 mm,掏槽眼倾角为80°;拱顶线上周边眼间距设计为450±50 mm,周边眼距巷道轮廓线内侧200 mm开口(孔底落至开挖轮廓线);辅助孔间距为600~800±50 mm,排距为500±50 mm;底孔间距为750±50 mm。炮孔布置见图9,爆破参数见表2
B区施工范围较小,为控制巷道断面整体成型质量,设计多打眼少装药,短掘、短支逐步推进,拟定每炮循环进尺不大于1.8 m。炮孔直径d=42 mm,炮孔深度均为2.0 m。其中巷道拱顶线上周边眼间距设计为450±50 mm,周边眼距巷道轮廓线内侧200 mm开口(孔底落至开挖轮廓线);辅助孔间距取600~800±50 mm,排间距为700~800±50 mm,部分爆破参数可根据现场实际情况及时调整。底孔间距取710 mm,B区炮孔布置见图10,爆破参数见表3
C区因上部已有自由面,下分层不再布置掏槽孔,设计炮孔直径为42 mm,辅助孔设计炮深2.0 m,辅助孔角度均为90°,辅助孔的布置遵循使炸药的爆破能量均匀分布的原则,孔间距为777±50 mm,排距为850±50 mm,周边眼距开挖巷道轮廓线内侧200 mm开口(孔底落至开挖轮廓线)。C区炮孔布置见图11,爆破参数见表4
由于巷道(交岔点)围岩特性较为复杂,根据超前注浆加固效果,选择合适的支护参数[17-20],普通锚杆(锚索)、注浆加固、支架及管棚等单一支护或联合支护方式等,选择具体参数如下:
(1)锚杆采用规格为HRB400 ϕ 22 mm×2400 mm的螺纹钢,间排距为800 mm×800 mm;金属网采用ϕ 6.0 mm钢筋焊接,网片规格为2100 mm×1050 mm,网孔为100 mm×100 mm,网片之间采用14#铁丝方式连接,搭接长度为100 mm。
(2)锚索采用ϕ=17.8 mm,L=6300 mm树脂七芯钢绞线,托板采用15 mm厚钢板制作,规格为300 mm×300 mm,锚索设计间排距为1600 mm×1500 mm;为保证锚索施工的整体型,锚索配合矿用W型钢带支护;W型钢带型号为2000 mm(长)×280 mm(宽)×4.75 mm(厚)。采用MQT-130型气动锚杆钻机打安拱部锚杆及锚索,锚索外露长度不超过300 mm。
(3)如破碎区域,人工凿岩采用超前管棚进行超前支护,在轮廓线外200~300 mm钻设超前孔,超前管棚采用ϕ 32 mm的钢管加工而成,长度3 m,间排距为200~300 mm。当围岩极其破碎,破碎围岩可从小导管间塌落,可利用超前小导管对围岩进行注浆加固,以保证掘进后顶帮围岩的基本稳定,为实施支护奠定良好的围岩基础。
井底车场、中央变电所、中央水泵房等,均属于大断面设施,深部大断面巷道(交岔点)掘砌工程是矿山基本建设过程中重要的环节,须严格控制爆破、支护等施工质量。部分现场分区断面爆破效果及支护施工如图12所示,可发现6#交岔点岩性总体较为破碎,针对破碎区域岩体超前预注浆加固,对巷道顶板整体稳定结构,一定程度上可起到积极效果。当遇到围岩极为破碎时,可利用超前小导管对破碎围岩进行再注浆加固,掘进后顶帮围岩的基本保持稳定,均未出现顶板冒落、跨帮等情况,保证了钟九铁矿-550 m水平6#交岔点建设期间作业安全。
图12可见,6#交岔点各断面成型质量较好,顶板炮孔半孔痕达60%以上,满足破碎岩体巷道掘进中对成型质量的要求;有利于控制顶板岩石的冒落以及维护围岩的完整性,可分发挥巷道(交岔点)围岩自身的承载能力。在完成顶板加固措施等、围岩充分变形之后,针对巷道(交岔点)较为破碎区域,利用耦合注浆工艺技术在道围岩壁后充填注浆,促使锚杆、锚索形成全长锚固,提高交岔点支护结构整体稳定性。经估算,采用该技术后,可削减其前期掘进、支护及后期维护等综合成本达8.7%,保证了6号交岔点施工质量及工期。
针对深部破碎软岩巷道施工特点,提出了超前控顶加固、分区分部控制爆破及优选支护参数等技术,并根据交岔点施工情况,得出如下结论。
(1)6号交岔点埋深较深(-550 m水平),位于全风化、强风化闪长岩中,裂隙极为发育、稳定性差,采用超前控顶、加固顶板围岩,进一步提高破碎软岩整体结构稳定性,注浆后的顶板形成新的承载层,提高了破碎软岩巷道的承载力。
(2)6号交岔点设计总长为25.812 m,最高处高度为5.2 m,为便于掘进施工,沿交岔点东北侧轨道方向划分为17个区域(控制施工区掘进深度为4.0 m)。针对破碎、软岩区域,采用“四步”台阶法施工,实现破碎区域交替向前掘支,保证了6号交岔点施工质量及工期。
(3)针对同段起爆数码电子雷管,起爆器系统可随机设置单发雷管起爆间隔时间为3~5 ms,实现同段炮孔逐孔微差间隔,在一定程度上可实现爆破振动有所减弱,降低了爆破振动对6号交岔点巷道整体结构稳定性的影响。根据不同掘进区总体岩性情况,优化支护方式(管棚支护、W型钢带及锚索支护等联合支护方式等),最终保证了6#交岔点顺利施工完成,可削减其前期掘进、支护及后期维护等综合成本达8.7%。为确保后期深部破碎软岩巷道安全使用,局部破碎巷道顶板安装离层仪,能及时对顶板沉降数据进行监测。
  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划课题—深部厚大矿体大参数高效连续开采技术(*2022YFC2904101)
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2024年第41卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.010
  • 接收时间:2024-02-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-18
基金
“14th Five-Year” National Key R&D Program-Large parameter efficient continuous mining technology for deep thick and large ore body(*2022YFC2904101)
“十四五”国家重点研发计划课题—深部厚大矿体大参数高效连续开采技术(*2022YFC2904101)
作者信息
    1.金属矿山安全与健康国家重点实验室,马鞍山 243000
    2.马鞍山矿山研究院 爆破工程有限责任公司,马鞍山 243000
    3.中钢集团 马鞍山矿山研究总院股份有限公司,马鞍山 243000
    4.安徽马钢矿业资源集团 姑山矿业有限公司,马鞍山 243111

通讯作者:

张西良(1981-),男,博士、正高级工程师,主要从事采矿及爆破技术等方面的研究,(E-mail)
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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