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Article(id=1241699627108455217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703174400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773973860766, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1725120000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773973860766, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773973860766, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773973860766, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241699613942543237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='260', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973857626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992982583, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=248, endPage=260, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241699627389473598, articleId=1241699627108455217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Dynamic Mechanics Experiment Practice and Analysis Methods of Rock Materials in Blasting Engineering Teaching, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Blasting Engineering is an essential core course for civil engineering and mining majors. To improve the students' understanding on dynamic mechanical response and damage mechanism of rock materials, the experimental teaching contents of explosion and impact dynamics of rock materials were set up in a training plan to achieve the teaching goal of the course of Blasting Engineering. In view of students' lack of theoretical knowledge and experimental basis of impact dynamics in blasting engineering, the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiment technology and two-dimensional plate blasting (TDPB) experiment technology were applied to the practical teaching of Blasting Engineering. Firstly, the experimental system compositions and calculation principles of SHPB and TDPB were introduced. Secondly, the course contents of SHPB impact compression experiment and TDPB central blasting experiment of rock materials were designed. Thirdly, the dynamic mechanical behavior and energy evolution characteristics of sandstone material under the SHPB experiment and the strain wave evolution and dynamic damage and fracture behavior mechanism of sandstone-like material under the TDPB experiment were analyzed. Finally, the students′ in-depth discussion on the critical problems of rock impact dynamics was guided. The innovative combination of SEM testing technology and impact dynamics experimental technology revealed the damage mechanism of rock materials under SHPB and TDPB experiments to students from the micro-level, which gave the students a clear understanding of meso-damage and macro-failure. The effect of teaching practice shows that the student's theoretical and practical ability is exercised by combining the experimental course of SHPB and TDPB with the theoretical course of Blasting Engineering, which leads to the improvement of students' scientific research ability and the sense of teamwork, and the fulfillment of the teaching goals.

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XU Ying (1965-), male, Ph. D, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in the research of blasting technology and engineering, (E-mail) .
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《爆破工程》课程是土木和采矿类专业教学的基础核心课程。为了提高学生对岩石材料动态力学响应和损伤破坏机理的认识与理解，在培养方案中开设岩石材料的爆炸与冲击动力学实验教学内容以更好地实现《爆破工程》课程教学目标。针对学生缺乏在爆破工程方面的冲击动力学理论知识和实验基础等问题，将分离式霍普金森压杆（Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar，SHPB）实验技术和二维平板爆破（Two-Dimensional Plate Blasting，TDPB）实验技术应用于《爆破工程》的实践教学中。介绍了SHPB和TDPB的实验系统组成和实验计算原理；设计了岩石材料的SHPB冲击压缩实验课程内容和TDPB中心起爆实验课程内容；分析了SHPB实验下砂岩材料的动态力学行为与能量演化特征和TDPB实验下类砂岩材料的应变波演化与动力损伤破裂行为机理；引导了学生对岩石冲击动力学关键问题的深入讨论。教学实践效果表明：通过采用SHPB和TDPB实验课程与《爆破工程》理论课程相结合的教学模式，锻炼了学生的理论实践能力，提升了学生的科研探索水平，增进了学生的团队协同互助意识，实现了《爆破工程》课程教学目标。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
徐颖（1965-），男，博士、教授、博士生导师，主要研究领域为爆破技术与工程，（E-mail）。
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杨荣周（1993-），男，博士、讲师、硕士生导师，主要研究领域为岩石冲击动力学，（E-mail）。

YANG Rong-zhou (1993-), male, Ph. D, lecturer, master supervisor, mainly engaged in the research of rock impact dynamics, (E-mail) .

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杨荣周（1993-），男，博士、讲师、硕士生导师，主要研究领域为岩石冲击动力学，（E-mail）。

YANG Rong-zhou (1993-), male, Ph. D, lecturer, master supervisor, mainly engaged in the research of rock impact dynamics, (E-mail) .

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杨荣周（1993-），男，博士、讲师、硕士生导师，主要研究领域为岩石冲击动力学，（E-mail）。

YANG Rong-zhou (1993-), male, Ph. D, lecturer, master supervisor, mainly engaged in the research of rock impact dynamics, (E-mail) .

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Correlation study between blasting vibration and surrounding rock damage range of hard rock underground cavern engineering[J]. Blasting, 2023, 40(1): 160-169. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Correlation study between blasting vibration and surrounding rock damage range of hard rock underground cavern engineering, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241756531671224856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627108455217, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=5, pageStart=59, pageEnd=64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=罗如登, 鲍志斌, 王正阳, journalName=爆破器材, refType=null, unstructuredReference=罗如登, 鲍志斌, 王正阳. 路基边坡逐孔微差爆破对邻近桥梁的影响[J]. 爆破器材, 2022, 51(5): 59-64., articleTitle=路基边坡逐孔微差爆破对邻近桥梁的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241756531742528027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627108455217, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=5, pageStart=59, pageEnd=64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=LUO Ru-deng, BAO Zhi-bin, WANG Zheng-yang, journalName=Explosive Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LUO Ru-deng, BAO Zhi-bin, WANG Zheng-yang. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Dynamic damage characteristics of two-dimensional flat plate of rigid flexible coupling surrounding rock supporting structure under blast loading, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241756540189856461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627108455217, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=10, pageStart=22, pageEnd=38, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=38, authorNames=张盛, 王峥, 张旭龙, journalName=爆炸与冲击, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张盛, 王峥, 张旭龙, 等. 不同尺寸砂岩动态力学性质和应力平衡性的试验研究[J]. 爆炸与冲击, 2022, 42(10): 22-38., articleTitle=不同尺寸砂岩动态力学性质和应力平衡性的试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241756540324074196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627108455217, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=10, pageStart=22, pageEnd=38, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=39, authorNames=ZHANG Sheng, WANG Zheng, ZHANG Xu-long, journalName=Explosion and Shock Waves, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Sheng, WANG Zheng, ZHANG Xu-long, et al. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Rock dynamic mechanical properties and dynamic stress balance of sandstone specimens with different sizes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241756540437320407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627108455217, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=37, issue=23, pageStart=70, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=40, authorNames=杨荣周, 徐颖, 刘家兴, journalName=材料导报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨荣周, 徐颖, 刘家兴, 等. 砂岩与类砂岩材料的动态力学及破坏特征对比分析[J]. 材料导报, 2023, 37(23): 70-80., articleTitle=砂岩与类砂岩材料的动态力学及破坏特征对比分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241756540563149531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699627108455217, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=37, issue=23, pageStart=70, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=41, authorNames=YANG Rong-zhou, XU Ying, LIU Jia-xing, journalName=Materials Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Rong-zhou, XU Ying, LIU Jia-xing, et al. 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Relevant technical parameters of the SHPB and strain gauges

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参数入射杆和透射杆参数应变片
直径/mm50电阻值/Ω120±1
纵波波速/（m·s-1）5190
杨氏模量/GPa210灵敏系数2±0.01
密度/（kg·m-3）7800
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压杆和应变片的相关技术参数

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参数入射杆和透射杆参数应变片
直径/mm50电阻值/Ω120±1
纵波波速/（m·s-1）5190
杨氏模量/GPa210灵敏系数2±0.01
密度/（kg·m-3）7800
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爆破工程课程教学中岩石材料动态力学实验实践与分析方法
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杨荣周 a, b , 徐颖 a, b
爆破 | 安全与管理 2024,41(3): 248-260
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2024, 41(3): 248-260
爆破工程课程教学中岩石材料动态力学实验实践与分析方法
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杨荣周a, b , 徐颖a, b
作者信息
  • a.安徽理工大学　土木建筑学院，淮南　232001
  • b.安徽理工大学　深部煤矿采动响应与灾害防控国家重点实验室，淮南　232001

    • 杨荣周（1993-），男，博士、讲师、硕士生导师，主要研究领域为岩石冲击动力学，（E-mail）。

    YANG Rong-zhou (1993-), male, Ph. D, lecturer, master supervisor, mainly engaged in the research of rock impact dynamics, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

徐颖（1965-），男，博士、教授、博士生导师，主要研究领域为爆破技术与工程，（E-mail）。
Dynamic Mechanics Experiment Practice and Analysis Methods of Rock Materials in Blasting Engineering Teaching
Rong-zhou YANGa, b , Ying XUa, b
Affiliations
  • a.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
  • b.State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.029
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摘要
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《爆破工程》课程是土木和采矿类专业教学的基础核心课程。为了提高学生对岩石材料动态力学响应和损伤破坏机理的认识与理解，在培养方案中开设岩石材料的爆炸与冲击动力学实验教学内容以更好地实现《爆破工程》课程教学目标。针对学生缺乏在爆破工程方面的冲击动力学理论知识和实验基础等问题，将分离式霍普金森压杆（Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar，SHPB）实验技术和二维平板爆破（Two-Dimensional Plate Blasting，TDPB）实验技术应用于《爆破工程》的实践教学中。介绍了SHPB和TDPB的实验系统组成和实验计算原理；设计了岩石材料的SHPB冲击压缩实验课程内容和TDPB中心起爆实验课程内容；分析了SHPB实验下砂岩材料的动态力学行为与能量演化特征和TDPB实验下类砂岩材料的应变波演化与动力损伤破裂行为机理；引导了学生对岩石冲击动力学关键问题的深入讨论。教学实践效果表明：通过采用SHPB和TDPB实验课程与《爆破工程》理论课程相结合的教学模式，锻炼了学生的理论实践能力，提升了学生的科研探索水平，增进了学生的团队协同互助意识，实现了《爆破工程》课程教学目标。

爆破工程  /  实验教学  /  分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）  /  二维平板爆破（TDPB）  /  岩石爆破

Blasting Engineering is an essential core course for civil engineering and mining majors. To improve the students' understanding on dynamic mechanical response and damage mechanism of rock materials, the experimental teaching contents of explosion and impact dynamics of rock materials were set up in a training plan to achieve the teaching goal of the course of Blasting Engineering. In view of students' lack of theoretical knowledge and experimental basis of impact dynamics in blasting engineering, the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiment technology and two-dimensional plate blasting (TDPB) experiment technology were applied to the practical teaching of Blasting Engineering. Firstly, the experimental system compositions and calculation principles of SHPB and TDPB were introduced. Secondly, the course contents of SHPB impact compression experiment and TDPB central blasting experiment of rock materials were designed. Thirdly, the dynamic mechanical behavior and energy evolution characteristics of sandstone material under the SHPB experiment and the strain wave evolution and dynamic damage and fracture behavior mechanism of sandstone-like material under the TDPB experiment were analyzed. Finally, the students′ in-depth discussion on the critical problems of rock impact dynamics was guided. The innovative combination of SEM testing technology and impact dynamics experimental technology revealed the damage mechanism of rock materials under SHPB and TDPB experiments to students from the micro-level, which gave the students a clear understanding of meso-damage and macro-failure. The effect of teaching practice shows that the student's theoretical and practical ability is exercised by combining the experimental course of SHPB and TDPB with the theoretical course of Blasting Engineering, which leads to the improvement of students' scientific research ability and the sense of teamwork, and the fulfillment of the teaching goals.

blasting engineering  /  experimental teaching  /  split hopkinson pressure bar（SHPB）  /  two-dimensional plate blasting（TDPB）  /  rock blasting
杨荣周, 徐颖. 爆破工程课程教学中岩石材料动态力学实验实践与分析方法. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (3) : 248 -260 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.029
Rong-zhou YANG, Ying XU. Dynamic Mechanics Experiment Practice and Analysis Methods of Rock Materials in Blasting Engineering Teaching[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (3) : 248 -260 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.029
正文
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爆破工程是基于冲击动力学与能量驱动理论来驱使岩石或混凝土等材料发生破裂破碎与变形，进而实现预期工程目标的一种施工技术。在实际的岩土爆破工程中，常利用工业炸药爆炸产生的能量来破裂破碎和抛掷岩土，如隧（巷）道掘进爆破、矿山开采爆破、路基开挖爆破等[1,3]。目前，钻爆法依旧广泛应用于岩土爆破工程中，其成熟高效的爆破技术方法是其他爆破技术所不能完全替代的。因此，多年来《爆破工程》课程一直被众多高校纳入培养计划，成为土木工程、采矿工程、弹药工程、安全工程等本科专业的基础核心课程之一。实验教学是全面了解材料力学性能的重要环节，开展实验教学可以加深学生对断裂与损伤力学理论的理解，有利于培养学生独立分析与研究的能力[4,5]。为了提高学生对岩石材料动态力学响应和损伤破坏机理的认识与理解，其实验课程教学体系的建设也必然受到相关高校的重视[6]。
对于《爆破工程》单一的理论课程教学而言，其爆破理论复杂抽象，教学内容十分枯燥乏味，不利于学生理解和掌握在爆破工程方面的爆炸与冲击动力学理论知识，无法激发学生学习《爆破工程》课程的积极性，不能达到预期的教学效果，这已成为爆破工程教师所面临的教学难题。教学实践表明[7-11]，采用岩石动力学实验课程与《爆破工程》理论课程相结合的教学模式是解决这一难题的有效途径之一。但考虑到爆破实验器材因受严格管制而导致教学实验难以开展，如何在《爆破工程》课程中合理地建设安全、科学、有效的实验课程平台是众多高校解决这一难题的重要举措[11-13]。
针对以上问题，为了有效提高《爆破工程》课程教学效果，将SHPB和TDPB（自主研发）实验技术应用于《爆破工程》的实践教学中，设计了岩石材料的SHPB冲击压缩实验课程内容和TDPB中心起爆实验课程内容，分析了SHPB实验下砂岩材料的动态力学行为与能量演化特征和TDPB实验下类砂岩材料的应变波演化与动力损伤破裂行为机理，锻炼了学生的理论实践能力，提升了学生的科研探索水平，增进了学生的团队协同互助意识，激发了学生对爆破工程领域的学习兴趣和科研热情，拓展了学生解决实际科学问题的方向与思路。
1　动态力学实验系统
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1.1　SHPB实验系统
1.1.1　SHPB实验系统组成
岩石材料的SHPB冲击实验教学采用安徽理工大学冲击动力学实验室中的ϕ 50 mm变截面SHPB冲击实验系统，该SHPB冲击实验系统主要由动力系统、控制系统、测速系统、压杆系统、阻尼系统和数据采集与处理系统组成。SHPB冲击实验系统如图1所示。压杆和应变片的相关技术参数如表1所示。
1.1.2　SHPB实验原理
SHPB实验原理为：通过撞击杆撞击入射杆使得入射杆获得一个正方向传播的入射应力脉冲信号（σI），应力脉冲信号在压杆与试样接触端面上因反射和透射作用而分别形成一个反方向传播的反射应力脉冲信号（σR）和一个正方向传播的透射应力脉冲信号（σT），采用在入射杆和透射杆上粘贴应变片的方式采集应力脉冲信号。
（1）力学计算原理
基于一维应力波传播和应力均匀性两个基本假定，岩石材料在SHPB冲击压缩实验下的压缩应变率、压缩应变（ε）和压缩应力（σc）可采用三波法公式（1）计算[11,14,15]。
式中：C为压杆的纵波波速；A为压杆的横截面积；E为压杆的弹性模量；L为岩样的初始长度；AS为岩样的初始横截面积；εI为压杆中的入射应变；εR为压杆中的反射应变；εT为压杆中的透射应变。
（2）能量计算原理
SHPB实验过程中伴随着多种不同能量，包括入射能（WI）、反射能（WR）、透射能（WT）、岩样损伤断裂能（WD）、岩样碎块弹射动能（WK）以及热能、声能、辐射能等其他能量（WO）。根据力学计算原理，SHPB实验中的入射能、反射能和透射能可采用式（2）计算[16,17]。
为了简化计算岩样损伤断裂能（WD），可以忽略冲击过程中的岩样碎块弹射动能（WK）和其他能量（WO）。此时，岩样损伤断裂能（WD）为岩样耗散能，运用能量守恒原理可进一步得到[18]
1.2　TDPB实验系统
1.2.1　TDPB实验系统组成
岩石材料的TDPB冲击实验教学采用安徽理工大学冲击动力学实验室中自主研制的TDPB实验系统，该TDPB冲击实验系统主要由围压加载系统、控制系统、爆炸加载系统和数据采集与处理系统组成。TDPB冲击实验系统如图2所示。应变片的相关技术参数同表1所示。
1.2.2　TDPB实验原理
TDPB实验原理为：通过围压加载系统对平板试样施加不同围压以模拟岩石在不同埋深下的应力状态，采用爆炸加载系统对平板试样施加爆炸荷载作用以研究平板试样在围压和爆炸荷载共同作用下的损伤破裂特征和应力波传播与衰减规律，采用在平板试样上粘贴应变片的方式采集应变脉冲信号。
（1）力学性质参数
试样应力波速值的大小是其弹性模量、内部孔隙率、结构完整性等情况的综合反映。利用实验测得的试样内部的纵波与横波波速，可以计算出岩石材料的动态弹性模量（Ed）和动态泊松比（μd）等力学性质参数[19,20]。
式中：cp和cs分别为岩石材料的纵波波速和横波波速；ρa为试样受爆炸冲击后的密度。
（2）应力波传播规律
对于炮孔周边应力的计算，利用超动态应变仪采集爆炸过程中各应变片的应变时程曲线数据，根据平面应力状态的应力-应变关系，在粘贴应变片处的应力σ（t）可以通过下式求得[21]
式中：εr和εθ分别为径向应变和环向应变的实测值。根据式（6）计算爆炸应力波在不同距离处的应力值，并取其峰值进行比较分析，进而得到爆炸应力波在该试样中传播的衰减规律。
2　实验课程设计
收起
2.1　实验内容设计与准备工作环节
目前爆破工程课程的课时普遍偏少，且教学环节中的实验课时包含在课程总课时中，甚至有些高校并没有开设相应的实验课程。与此同时，需要关注的是，学生缺乏在爆破工程方面的冲击动力学理论知识和实验基础。因此，面向本科实验教学的SHPB和TDPB实验课程设计为“讲解+演示+讨论”型实验，主要以教师的讲解与演示和学生的实操与分析讨论为主。为达到实验教学的目标，须对实验的相关环节进行详细地筹划与设计[11]。考虑到实验室场地有限，为了保证良好的教学效果，教师应提前对学生进行合理分组，并为每组配备4个合格的SHPB试样。在实际的实验教学过程中，引导学生在教师仔细地讲解与演示后主动参与到实验中去，并积极参与问题讨论。通过激发学生主动参与实验的兴趣、锻炼学生的动手能力以及增进学生的团队协同互助意识来达到实验教学目标。需要说明的是，为了保证学生的实验安全，TDPB实验仅由教师进行现场操作，学生在指定的安全距离区域内观看。
2.1.1　SHPB冲击压缩实验
（1）实验内容设计
SHPB实验课程以岩石材料的冲击压缩实验为主要实验内容。以砂岩材料为实验对象，采用4个不同的冲击气压来实现砂岩材料在不同应变率下的冲击压缩实验，分析SHPB实验下砂岩材料的动态力学行为与能量演化特征。
（2）实验准备工作
①砂岩试样制备
根据GB/T 23561—2009和GB/T 50266—2013中的规定，静态压缩实验所用岩样的尺寸为ϕ 50 mm×h 100 mm，冲击压缩实验所用岩样的尺寸为ϕ 50 mm×h 25 mm，保证岩样两端面不平行度误差不大于0.05 mm。部分标准砂岩试样如图3所示。为了保证实验教学需求，教师会提前将岩样准备完成。
②静态压缩实验
在开展SHPB冲击压缩实验之前，需要开展静态压缩实验以获得砂岩材料的基本力学参数和破坏模式。采用静态加载实验系统对砂岩试样（ϕ 50 mm×h 100 mm）开展加载速率为0.5 mm/min的静态压缩实验。静态压缩实验可得出砂岩材料的峰值应力（39.1 MPa）、峰值应变（0.009）、弹性模量（7.113 GPa）等基本力学参数。由图4可知，砂岩试样在静态压缩实验下主要发生“X”型压-剪破坏。
2.1.2　TDPB冲击损伤破裂实验
（1）实验内容设计
TDPB实验课程以岩石材料的单孔中心爆炸冲击实验为主要实验内容。以类砂岩材料为实验对象，采用0.3 g装药（DDNP）的特制小雷管（直径为6.8 mm）来实现类砂岩材料在单孔中心起爆方式下的爆炸冲击损伤破裂实验，分析TDPB实验下类砂岩材料的应变波演化与动力损伤破裂行为机理。
（2）实验准备工作
①类砂岩试样制备
根据GB/T 23561—2009和GB/T 50266—2013中的规定，静态压缩实验所用岩样的尺寸为ϕ 50 mm×h 100 mm，保证岩样两端面不平行度误差不大于0.05 mm。爆炸冲击实验所用平板岩样的尺寸为l 300 mm×w 300 mm×h 30 mm，平板岩样中心处的圆形炮孔直径为8 mm（装药不耦合系数为1.18），应变片沿平板岩样的对角线方向粘贴，4个应变片分别对应4个数据采集通道（CH1、CH2、CH3、CH4）。类砂岩平板试样和爆破装药结构示意图如图5所示。通过在平板试样四周施加主动小围压的方式以防止平板试样在爆炸荷载作用下发生块体分离和碎块弹射[22]。
静态压缩岩样和平板岩样均采用模具浇筑的方式制备。质量配合比[22]：m水∶m水泥∶m细河砂=1∶2∶3。原材料：拌和水为实验室自来水、胶凝材料为42.5级普通硅酸盐水泥和细骨料为粒径为0.075~0.3 mm的细河沙。养护条件（标准养护）：养护湿度大于90%、养护温度为（20±2）℃、养护时间为28 d。为了保证实验教学需求，教师会提前将岩样准备完成。
②静态压缩实验
在开展TDPB冲击损伤破裂实验之前，需要开展静态压缩实验以获得类砂岩材料的基本力学参数和破坏模式。采用静态加载实验系统对类砂岩试样（ϕ 50 mm×h 100 mm）开展加载速率为0.5 mm/min的静态压缩实验。静态压缩实验可得出类砂岩材料的峰值应力（52.6 MPa）、峰值应变（0.0093）、弹性模量（6.58 GPa）等基本力学参数。类砂岩试样在静态压缩实验下主要发生“I”型压-拉破坏。
2.2　实验教学内容环节
2.2.1　实地讲解SHPB和TDPB实验系统
在SHPB和TDPB实验课程开始时，教师可通过实物和展板向学生讲解SHPB和TDPB系统的构成与原理，并重点讲述以下知识点：实验安全操作规程、实验操作步骤、实验数据采集与处理、实验结果分析和实验报告撰写要求。其中，最为重要的是如何让学生准确地分析实验结果，这是实验课程教学的重点和难点，这部分内容的学习能够为学生进一步学习冲击动力学理论和开展科研工作打下坚实的基础。
2.2.2　SHPB实验下砂岩材料的动态力学行为与能量演化特征分析
（1）典型SHPB三波图及应力平衡分析
SHPB三波图的应力平衡分析是开展SHPB实验最为关键的首要环节，是学生务必熟练掌握的基础核心内容。可采用分析岩样前、后两端应力是否近似相等的方法来评估SHPB实验的应力平衡状态。在应力平衡分析之前，首先，要准确找到入射波的起跳点；然后，再根据应力波传播距离和压杆纵波波速进一步确定反射波和透射波的起跳点；最后，进行岩样前、后两端应力计算和对波处理。由图6可知，SHPB实验基本实现应力平衡（σI+σR=σT），满足了应力均匀性假定，确保了SHPB实验结果的可靠性[23]。
（2）力学行为特征分析
在教师指导下，学生能够根据SHPB力学公式计算并分析SHPB冲击压缩实验下砂岩的力学行为特征（图7）。由图7（a）可知，不同应变率下岩样的应力时程曲线在100 μs相交于一点，并在100 μs前后表现出了不同的演化特征。在0~100 μs阶段，岩样的应力随时间快速增长至峰值应力，随后并处于波动状态；同一时刻下，岩样的应力随应变率的增大而增大，表现出明显的峰前应变率效应。在100~200 μs阶段，岩样的应力随时间快速减小；同一时刻下，岩样的应力随应变率的增大而减小，表现出明显的峰后损伤劣化效应。以上说明，峰前应力的应变率效应越显著，则会导致峰后应力的损伤劣化效应越显著。
由图7（b）~（d）可知，不同应变率下岩样的应变时程曲线均可分为初期非线性缓慢增长（0~70 μs）、中期线性快速增长（70~190 μs）、后期稳定（190~200 μs）3个演化阶段。不同应变率下岩样的应力-应变曲线均可分为线弹性变形、屈服变形、断裂失效变形3个演化阶段。不同应变率下岩样在线弹性变形阶段的动态弹性模量相差不大，而岩样在屈服阶段的屈服应力随应变率的增大而增大，且岩样在断裂失效阶段的延性变形随应变率的增大而增大。岩样在峰后阶段并没有发生“弹性恢复”的现象，这说明岩样发生了严重的损伤破坏，以至造成了不可逆的塑性变形[11]。岩样的应力率波动幅度随应变率的增大而增大，随时间的增加而减小，应力率在30 μs（线弹性变形阶段）左右时达到最大值。
（3）能量演化特征分析
在教师指导下，学生能够根据SHPB能量公式计算并分析SHPB冲击压缩实验下砂岩的能量时程曲线（图8）。由图8可知，在较大应变率下，反射能时程曲线和耗散能时程曲线出现了交点，且交点处时间随着应变率的增大而有所提前；这一结果导致同一时刻下，能量时程曲线表现出“入射能>耗散能>反射能>透射能”和“入射能>反射能>耗散能>透射能”两种现象。以上说明，应变率的增大一定程度上会导致入射能在峰后阶段更多地向反射能转化，降低岩样的耗散能比率，且随着应变率的不断增大，这一现象可能会进一步发生在峰前阶段。
（4）损伤破坏行为分析
通过收集每一次SHPB冲击压缩的岩样碎块，以进一步分析岩样在SHPB冲击压缩作用下的损伤破坏行为（图9）。由图9可知，随着应变率的增大，岩样的损伤破坏程度加剧，总体表现出“中部断裂+边缘破碎→整体破碎→整体粉碎”的损伤破坏演化特征。除此之外，教师也可以指导学生通过“筛分+计算”的方法以进一步分析岩样的破碎块度和分形维数，进而更好地反映岩样的冲击损伤行为特征。
2.2.3　TDPB实验下类砂岩材料的应变波演化与动力损伤破裂行为机理分析
（1）爆炸应变波演化特征分析
以CH1和CH2两个通道为例，通过数据处理可以得到TDPB中心起爆实验下类砂岩平板试样的爆炸应变波时程曲线（图10）。CH1和CH2的爆炸应变波时程曲线均具有4处应变波，应变波幅值随时间表现出衰减的传播特征，且相邻两应变波的传播时间间隔也随之减小。由图10可知，由于测点布置先后位置的不同，CH1的应变波起跳时间略早于CH2；应变波的正负波动表明测点处受到了爆炸荷载产生的拉压作用。可以发现，对于应变波-3和应变波-4，CH1的应变波幅值大于CH2，突出了应变波随传播路径的衰减特征。以上特征分析能够帮助促进学生对岩石爆炸应变波的认识与理解。
（2）爆生裂缝起裂与扩展规律分析
平板试样在中心起爆下表现出4条径向长裂缝、多条径向短裂缝和环状剥落区共存的破坏模式。为了便于分析平板试样在中心起爆下的爆生裂缝起裂与扩展规律，以炮孔中心为坐标原点建立垂直坐标系。由此可以得到，平板试样的4条径向长裂缝的非线性和线性分布特征（图11）。
由图11（a）可知，4条径向长裂缝的非线性扩展演化特征明显，这说明爆生裂缝更易起裂于岩石材料中的结构薄弱面，裂缝总是以最小的损伤断裂能而扩展并最终导致岩石材料发生破坏[22]。正是因为类砂岩材料中不均匀地分布着由微细裂隙、微细孔隙等初始缺陷构成的薄弱结构面，进而造成爆生裂缝的非线性扩展。由图11（b）~（c）可知，4条径向长裂缝的非线性扩展演化特征也较为明显，4条径向长裂缝扩展方向与水平方向的夹角分别为70.67°、73.66°、2.23°和1.05°，这说明爆生裂缝更易沿最短的断裂长度扩展。以上规律分析能够帮助拓展学生理论联系实际的工程应用思维。
（3）剥落破碎区形成机理分析
通过测量可以得到剥落破碎区的圆形半径，进而可以得到剥落破碎区的边界方程：x2+y2=422。如图12所示，平板试样在中心起爆下形成剥落破碎区的原因主要有两个[22]：①在中心起爆区域的自由面会因冲击波压缩波和反射拉伸波的共同作用而发生片状剥落；随后在爆轰气体的膨胀压缩作用下又进一步造成中心起爆区域的压-剪断裂损伤，进而导致中心起爆区域形成了剥落破碎区。②炮孔在底板封闭约束作用下也会形成向上传递爆炸能量的聚能射流效应，又进一步加剧了中心起爆区域剥落破碎区的形成。以上机理分析能够帮助提高学生透过现象看本质的科学研究能力。
2.2.4　断口细观形貌特征分析
教师通过向学生详细分析了上述实验结果后，还应从微细观的层面向学生揭示岩石材料在SHPB和TDPB实验下的损伤机理，让学生能够在细观损伤和宏观破坏层面上有清晰的认识。采用SEM可以得到砂岩和类砂岩材料的断口细观形貌特征（图13）。由图13可知，砂岩和类砂岩材料的断口上均分布着细裂缝和细孔隙，两者细观形貌较为相似。细孔隙为砂岩和类砂岩材料的初始缺陷，岩石材料的损伤起始于其内部的初始微细观损伤，这决定着岩石材料的力学性能[24]；细裂缝为砂岩和类砂岩材料的荷载损伤，宏观破坏正是细裂缝和细孔隙等细观尺度的损伤基元在荷载作用下发生扩展、汇合这一动态演化过程的结果[24]。
2.3　实验问题讨论环节
为了进一步巩固实验教学效果，拓展学生创新思维，以更好地激发学生对爆破工程课程的学习与探索兴趣，开展实验问题讨论环节是必不可少的。比如以引导的方式提出以下3个问题：
（1）参照SHPB冲击压缩的计算方法，如何计算岩样在SHPB冲击劈裂下的应力和能量？
（2）参照TDPB中心起爆实验，如何设计并开展岩样在TDPB多孔起爆下的动力学实验？
（3）基于细观损伤力学理论，如何建立细观损伤和宏观破坏之间的联系？
帮助学生掌握查阅国内外资料的方法，通过自主学习的方式来阐述自己的观点与理解，并进行相关的理论分析与解释说明。在达到课程教学目标的同时，进一步引导学生在岩石材料的冲击动力学方面开展更为深入的研究与探索。
2.4　实验教学效果分析
将上述SHPB和TDPB冲击动力学实验融入爆破工程课程的实际教学中，结合实验分析结果向学生进一步讲解以下关键课程内容：（1）SHPB实验下砂岩材料的动态力学行为与能量演化特征；（2）TDPB实验下类砂岩材料的应变波演化与动力损伤破裂行为机理。通过课后对学生开展的调研工作发现，将SHPB和TDPB实验技术应用于爆破工程的实践教学中，使先前十分枯燥乏味的理论课程教学变得生动有趣，更易于学生理解和掌握在爆破工程方面的爆炸与冲击动力学理论知识，提高了学生对岩石材料动态力学响应和损伤破坏机理的认识。此外，学生对SEM所展示出岩石材料的微细观世界感到十分新颖，提高了他们学习爆破工程课程的积极性。学生在学习过程中深刻体会到冲击动力学实验对爆破工程学科发展与科技创新的重要意义，激发了学生对爆破工程领域的学习兴趣和科研热情。
通过采用SHPB和TDPB实验课程与《爆破工程》理论课程相结合的教学模式，改变了传统理论课程内容比较固定和结构化的教学模式，这是促进教学以学生为中心，改善传统“灌输”式教学方式的重要手段，提高教学质量的有效方式。满足学生的个性化学习要求，促使教师将传统的教师视角转向学生的视角，通过关注学生的学习过程，引导学生开展自主学习，让学生达到最佳的学习效果。切实实现“以教师教为主向以学生学为主”的转变，真正建立“以学生为中心”的学习机制。在后期教学实践过程中，还应充分结合学生学习效果反馈以建立持续的教学改进机制，不断地融合先进的教学理念，创新性地提出多学科技术交叉的爆破工程课程教学新模式、新平台。比如，结合微纳米CT、高速摄像、数值模拟等技术，构建不同形式的“SHPB+”和“TDPB+”实验教学体系。
3　结语
收起
为促进学生对岩石材料动态力学响应和损伤破坏机理的认识与理解，将SHPB和TDPB实验技术应用到爆破工程的课堂教学中。针对学生缺乏在爆破工程方面的冲击动力学理论知识和实验基础等问题，设计了岩石材料的SHPB冲击压缩实验课程内容和TDPB中心起爆实验课程内容，分析了SHPB实验下砂岩材料的动态力学行为与能量演化特征和TDPB实验下类砂岩材料的应变波演化与动力损伤破裂行为机理。该实验课程设计合理、内容丰富，教学实践效果表明：通过采用SHPB和TDPB实验课程与爆破工程理论课程相结合的教学模式，锻炼了学生的理论实践能力，提升了学生的科研探索水平，增进了学生的团队协同互助意识，实现了爆破工程课程教学目标。更重要的是，学生在学习过程中体会到冲击动力学实验对爆破工程设计施工与创新研发的重要意义，激发了学生对爆破工程领域的学习兴趣和科研热情。
基金
收起
  • 安徽理工大学校级教育教学改革研究项目(2023xjjy12)
  • 安徽省高等学校自然科学研究重点项目(2023AH051167)
  • 安徽理工大学高层次引进人才科研启动基金(2022yjrc84)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52074009; 52274071)
文献
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2024年第41卷第3期
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文章信息
doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.029
  • 接收时间：2023-12-22
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-12-22
基金
Research Project of School-level Education and Teaching Reform in Anhui University of Science and Technology(2023xjjy12)
安徽理工大学校级教育教学改革研究项目(2023xjjy12)
Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Educational Committee(2023AH051167)
安徽省高等学校自然科学研究重点项目(2023AH051167)
Scientific Research Foundation for High-level Talents of Anhui University of Science and Technology(2022yjrc84)
安徽理工大学高层次引进人才科研启动基金(2022yjrc84)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52074009; 52274071)
国家自然科学基金(52074009; 52274071)
作者信息
    a.安徽理工大学　土木建筑学院，淮南　232001
    b.安徽理工大学　深部煤矿采动响应与灾害防控国家重点实验室，淮南　232001

通讯作者:

徐颖（1965-），男，博士、教授、博士生导师，主要研究领域为爆破技术与工程，（E-mail）。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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