Article(id=1241699626231845630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704816000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773973860557, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1725120000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773973860557, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773973860557, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773973860557, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241699613942543237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='260', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973857626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992982583, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=162, endPage=170, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241699626550612752, articleId=1241699626231845630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research on Influence of Water Depth on Explosive Performance under Deep Water, columnId=1240702073851925013, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When conducting blasting under deep water, the explosive will be affected by high water pressure and long-term water immersion conditions due to the long charging time. Only when the performance of the explosive meets the technical requirements can the blasting effect be guaranteed. Taking the waterway regulation project of Liantuo river between the Three Gorges Dam and Gezhouba Dam as the research background, it was found the original emulsion explosives composition was weak in resisting deep water pressure during the reef blasting. The detonation distance was small, and the intensity was insufficient during the construction at a depth of 40 m. The performance of water gel explosives, chemical-sensitized explosives, glass microsphere-sensitized explosives, and perlite-sensitized explosives were studied by experiments in the laboratory adjusted the hydrostatic surface pressure to simulate the deep-water condition by using the deep-water measurement method. A relationship between the explosive performance and immersion time was explored under different water depth conditions. Meanwhile, a relationship between the explosive performance and water depth was built under different immersion time conditions. Comparing the experimental results, the study shows that the performance of glass microsphere-sensitized explosives, chemical-sensitized explosives, perlite-sensitized explosives, and water gel explosives all slightly decrease and meet the engineering requirements when the water depth is 0~20 m. It is recommended to use glass microsphere-sensitized explosives and perlite-sensitized explosives when the water depth is 20~40 m, and the glass microsphere-sensitized explosives are suitable when the water depth is 40~50 m. Besides, the glass microsphere-sensitized explosives have relatively small performance degradation under high pressure and long-term immersion conditions, and it is suitable for underwater drilling and blasting construction in deep water conditions.

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在深水条件下进行水下爆破时,由于装药时间较长,炸药将受到高水压的影响,并且浸泡时间较长,只有当炸药性能达到技术要求时,才能保证爆破效果。结合三峡—葛洲坝两坝间莲沱段航道整治工程,炸礁时发现原乳化炸药成分抵抗深水压力能力较弱,在40 m水深施工时殉爆距离较小,猛度不足。实验室通过采用深水测定法,调整静水表面压力模拟深水条件,对水胶炸药、化学敏化炸药、玻璃微球敏化炸药和珍珠岩敏化炸药的性能变化进行实验,探寻不同水深条件下炸药性能随浸水时间的变化关系和不同浸水时间条件下炸药性能随水深的变化关系。经过实验结果对比,研究表明:当水深为0~20 m时玻璃微球敏化炸药、化学敏化炸药、珍珠岩敏化炸药、水胶炸药的性能下降均较小,这四种炸药都满足工程需求;当水深为20~40 m时推荐使用玻璃微球敏化炸药与珍珠岩敏化炸药;当水深为40~50 m时推荐使用玻璃微球敏化炸药,玻璃微球敏化炸药在高压与长时间浸水条件下,炸药性能下降程度均较小,适用于深水条件下水下钻孔爆破施工。

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李启佳(1988-),女,工程硕士、工程师,从事航道整治工程及水利水电工程的施工管理工作,(E-mail)

LI Qi-jia (1988-), female, Master of Engineering, engineer, engaged in construction management of waterway regulation projects and water conservancy and hydropower projects, (E-mail) .

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李启佳(1988-),女,工程硕士、工程师,从事航道整治工程及水利水电工程的施工管理工作,(E-mail)

LI Qi-jia (1988-), female, Master of Engineering, engineer, engaged in construction management of waterway regulation projects and water conservancy and hydropower projects, (E-mail) .

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李启佳(1988-),女,工程硕士、工程师,从事航道整治工程及水利水电工程的施工管理工作,(E-mail)

LI Qi-jia (1988-), female, Master of Engineering, engineer, engaged in construction management of waterway regulation projects and water conservancy and hydropower projects, (E-mail) .

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figureFileBig=motkU0gfcEZz2nrN+Q1SAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756522724782156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同浸水时间条件下水胶炸药爆速随水深的变化关系, figureFileSmall=s0MAfrOGUc/MOaySuiJ4cw==, figureFileBig=motkU0gfcEZz2nrN+Q1SAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756522817056854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The relationship between the strength of water gel explosives and immersion time under different water depth conditions, figureFileSmall=pghpL6jVTKE7kChqu10a+A==, figureFileBig=Vgi42rUkHIz4jHcsDXhB2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756524389920859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同水深条件下水胶炸药猛度随浸水时间的变化关系, figureFileSmall=pghpL6jVTKE7kChqu10a+A==, figureFileBig=Vgi42rUkHIz4jHcsDXhB2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756524478001251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The relationship between the strength of water gel explosives and water depth under different immersion time conditions, figureFileSmall=8a3uG9zsgE3yb9PplOS4BA==, figureFileBig=atEc6B4fLIXf3LOrrvOYIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756524628996202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同浸水时间条件下水胶炸药猛度随水深的变化关系, figureFileSmall=8a3uG9zsgE3yb9PplOS4BA==, figureFileBig=atEc6B4fLIXf3LOrrvOYIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756524750631029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The relationship between the detonation velocity of glass microsphere sensitized explosives and immersion time under different water depth conditions, figureFileSmall=EZoLapKVtDpe7I/j+aEczQ==, figureFileBig=JhZ8i2BBDT7Xb1RI0OedlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756524901625980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同水深条件下玻璃微球敏化炸药爆速随浸水时间的变化关系, figureFileSmall=EZoLapKVtDpe7I/j+aEczQ==, figureFileBig=JhZ8i2BBDT7Xb1RI0OedlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756524981317762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The relationship between the detonation velocity of glass microsphere-sensitized explosives and water depth under different immersion time conditions, figureFileSmall=pZcUXCzdQQ+sKZvuynD3mA==, figureFileBig=cwPrjT3LFMfOyCG7K+W1xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756525132312716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=CN, label=图6, 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relationship between the detonation velocity of perlite-sensitized explosives and water depth under different immersion time conditions, figureFileSmall=tH491gA/pwo5mzYqKpla/g==, figureFileBig=05Xyx2gGm5nvrIm2+UzBww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756525631434918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同浸水时间条件下珍珠岩敏化炸药爆速随水深的变化关系, figureFileSmall=tH491gA/pwo5mzYqKpla/g==, figureFileBig=05Xyx2gGm5nvrIm2+UzBww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756525765652651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=The relationship between the detonation velocity of chemically sensitized explosives and immersion time under different water depth conditions, figureFileSmall=dfhZzCv97+Kc4umNCpP8FQ==, figureFileBig=QzeZGrq+76g9AcUpgMQr3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756525925036216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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figureFileBig=AjNTX4tY2UX4CFg6khvyvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756526684205295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同浸水时间条件下玻璃微球敏化炸药猛度随水深的变化关系, figureFileSmall=SLf6K/ONSK0+fDoppleJvQ==, figureFileBig=AjNTX4tY2UX4CFg6khvyvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756526776479987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=The relationship between the strength of perlite-sensitized explosives and immersion time under different water depth conditions, figureFileSmall=PYatFaQSNNIR+Nvry90JoQ==, figureFileBig=InB7fcp8ri7BWKX1FnVPmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756526881337593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同水深条件下珍珠岩敏化炸药猛度随浸水时间的变化关系, figureFileSmall=PYatFaQSNNIR+Nvry90JoQ==, 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caption=不同浸水时间条件下化学敏化炸药猛度随水深的变化关系, figureFileSmall=2rxOgGjIsYSoCiQ0awCZBg==, figureFileBig=b4LPFySYwX9YZvkl8cLBhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756529293062452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The degree of decrease in detonation velocity of water gel explosives after immersion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浸水时间/h水深/m
1020304050
40.00750.01590.02100.02670.0324
80.01490.02280.02850.03520.0403
160.02110.02980.03540.04240.0467
240.02950.03830.04390.04830.0530
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529410502970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水胶炸药的浸后爆速下降程度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浸水时间/h水深/m
1020304050
40.00750.01590.02100.02670.0324
80.01490.02280.02850.03520.0403
160.02110.02980.03540.04240.0467
240.02950.03830.04390.04830.0530
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529532137794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Test results of post-immersion strength of water gel explosive

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浸水时间/h水深/m
1020304050
40.04280.08500.11500.14290.1955
80.06430.11860.15540.18380.2489
160.09320.14710.18250.21890.2792
240.12060.15420.21380.26650.3136
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529653772615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

水胶炸药的浸后猛度测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浸水时间/h水深/m
1020304050
40.04280.08500.11500.14290.1955
80.06430.11860.15540.18380.2489
160.09320.14710.18250.21890.2792
240.12060.15420.21380.26650.3136
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529787990350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The degree of decrease in detonation velocity of glass microsphere-sensitized explosives after immersion in water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浸水时间/h水深/m
1020304050
40.00590.00900.01410.01650.0208
80.01040.01430.01890.02540.0278
160.01800.02230.02690.03340.0418
240.02570.02910.03640.04360.0527
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529947373908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

玻璃微球敏化炸药的浸水后爆速下降程度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浸水时间/h水深/m
1020304050
40.00590.00900.01410.01650.0208
80.01040.01430.01890.02540.0278
160.01800.02230.02690.03340.0418
240.02570.02910.03640.04360.0527
), ArticleFig(id=1241756530182254938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The degree of decrease in detonation velocity of perlite-sensitized explosives after immersion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浸水时间/h水深/m
1020304050
40.00760.01340.01890.02390.0294
80.01470.02230.03170.03830.0480
160.02070.02730.04490.05120.0554
240.02790.04690.05270.06500.0672
), ArticleFig(id=1241756530274529633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

珍珠岩敏化炸药的浸后爆速下降程度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浸水时间/h水深/m
1020304050
40.00760.01340.01890.02390.0294
80.01470.02230.03170.03830.0480
160.02070.02730.04490.05120.0554
240.02790.04690.05270.06500.0672
), ArticleFig(id=1241756530375192934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The degree of decrease in detonation velocity of chemically sensitized explosives after immersion in water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浸水时间/h水深/m
1020304050
40.00580.01140.01510.02180.0291
80.01080.01670.00230.03110.0377
160.01920.02630.03170.04090.0518
240.02710.03130.03990.04780.0544
), ArticleFig(id=1241756530488439148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

化学敏化炸药的浸水后爆速下降程度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浸水时间/h水深/m
1020304050
40.00580.01140.01510.02180.0291
80.01080.01670.00230.03110.0377
160.01920.02630.03170.04090.0518
240.02710.03130.03990.04780.0544
), ArticleFig(id=1241756530576519538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Test results of the strength of glass microsphere sensitized explosives after immersion in water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浸水时间/h水深/m
1020304050
40.01270.04010.06610.09410.1192
80.02890.92990.10600.13040.1557
160.03750.08620.12580.15710.1882
240.04920.10290.15670.19380.2308
), ArticleFig(id=1241756530693960057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

玻璃微球敏化炸药的浸水后猛度测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浸水时间/h水深/m
1020304050
40.01270.04010.06610.09410.1192
80.02890.92990.10600.13040.1557
160.03750.08620.12580.15710.1882
240.04920.10290.15670.19380.2308
), ArticleFig(id=1241756530807206270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Test results of post-immersion strength of perlite-sensitized explosives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浸水时间/h水深/m
1020304050
40.06130.09290.13490.17290.2155
80.09190.12260.16530.20380.2589
160.10600.13710.18250.21890.2892
240.12190.15420.20380.26650.3236
), ArticleFig(id=1241756530895286660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

珍珠岩敏化炸药的浸后猛度测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浸水时间/h水深/m
1020304050
40.06130.09290.13490.17290.2155
80.09190.12260.16530.20380.2589
160.10600.13710.18250.21890.2892
240.12190.15420.20380.26650.3236
), ArticleFig(id=1241756530983367050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Test results of the strength of chemically sensitized explosives after immersion in water

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
浸水时间/h水深/m
1020304050
40.02240.04580.06970.11440.1555
80.02750.08260.12530.16380.2080
160.06700.10510.15130.20540.2605
240.08000.13000.18770.25320.3161
), ArticleFig(id=1241756531125973392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699626231845630, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

化学敏化炸药的浸水后猛度测试结果

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浸水时间/h水深/m
1020304050
40.02240.04580.06970.11440.1555
80.02750.08260.12530.16380.2080
160.06700.10510.15130.20540.2605
240.08000.13000.18770.25320.3161
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深水条件下水深对炸药性能影响研究
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李启佳 , 曹福 , 邹永胜 , 冯天平
爆破 | 爆破器材 2024,41(3): 162-170
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爆破 | 爆破器材 2024, 41(3): 162-170
深水条件下水深对炸药性能影响研究
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李启佳 , 曹福, 邹永胜, 冯天平
作者信息
  • 长江重庆航道工程局,重庆 400010
  • 李启佳(1988-),女,工程硕士、工程师,从事航道整治工程及水利水电工程的施工管理工作,(E-mail)

    LI Qi-jia (1988-), female, Master of Engineering, engineer, engaged in construction management of waterway regulation projects and water conservancy and hydropower projects, (E-mail) .

Research on Influence of Water Depth on Explosive Performance under Deep Water
Qi-jia LI , Fu CAO, Yong-sheng ZOU, Tian-ping FENG
Affiliations
  • Changjiang Chongqing Waterway Engineering Bureau, Chongqing 400010, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.020
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在深水条件下进行水下爆破时,由于装药时间较长,炸药将受到高水压的影响,并且浸泡时间较长,只有当炸药性能达到技术要求时,才能保证爆破效果。结合三峡—葛洲坝两坝间莲沱段航道整治工程,炸礁时发现原乳化炸药成分抵抗深水压力能力较弱,在40 m水深施工时殉爆距离较小,猛度不足。实验室通过采用深水测定法,调整静水表面压力模拟深水条件,对水胶炸药、化学敏化炸药、玻璃微球敏化炸药和珍珠岩敏化炸药的性能变化进行实验,探寻不同水深条件下炸药性能随浸水时间的变化关系和不同浸水时间条件下炸药性能随水深的变化关系。经过实验结果对比,研究表明:当水深为0~20 m时玻璃微球敏化炸药、化学敏化炸药、珍珠岩敏化炸药、水胶炸药的性能下降均较小,这四种炸药都满足工程需求;当水深为20~40 m时推荐使用玻璃微球敏化炸药与珍珠岩敏化炸药;当水深为40~50 m时推荐使用玻璃微球敏化炸药,玻璃微球敏化炸药在高压与长时间浸水条件下,炸药性能下降程度均较小,适用于深水条件下水下钻孔爆破施工。

深水条件  /  水下爆破  /  实验对比  /  浸水时间  /  水深  /  炸药性能

When conducting blasting under deep water, the explosive will be affected by high water pressure and long-term water immersion conditions due to the long charging time. Only when the performance of the explosive meets the technical requirements can the blasting effect be guaranteed. Taking the waterway regulation project of Liantuo river between the Three Gorges Dam and Gezhouba Dam as the research background, it was found the original emulsion explosives composition was weak in resisting deep water pressure during the reef blasting. The detonation distance was small, and the intensity was insufficient during the construction at a depth of 40 m. The performance of water gel explosives, chemical-sensitized explosives, glass microsphere-sensitized explosives, and perlite-sensitized explosives were studied by experiments in the laboratory adjusted the hydrostatic surface pressure to simulate the deep-water condition by using the deep-water measurement method. A relationship between the explosive performance and immersion time was explored under different water depth conditions. Meanwhile, a relationship between the explosive performance and water depth was built under different immersion time conditions. Comparing the experimental results, the study shows that the performance of glass microsphere-sensitized explosives, chemical-sensitized explosives, perlite-sensitized explosives, and water gel explosives all slightly decrease and meet the engineering requirements when the water depth is 0~20 m. It is recommended to use glass microsphere-sensitized explosives and perlite-sensitized explosives when the water depth is 20~40 m, and the glass microsphere-sensitized explosives are suitable when the water depth is 40~50 m. Besides, the glass microsphere-sensitized explosives have relatively small performance degradation under high pressure and long-term immersion conditions, and it is suitable for underwater drilling and blasting construction in deep water conditions.

deep water condition  /  underwater blasting  /  experimental comparison  /  immersing time  /  depth of water  /  explosive performance
李启佳, 曹福, 邹永胜, 冯天平. 深水条件下水深对炸药性能影响研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (3) : 162 -170 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.020
Qi-jia LI, Fu CAO, Yong-sheng ZOU, Tian-ping FENG. Research on Influence of Water Depth on Explosive Performance under Deep Water[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (3) : 162 -170 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.020
在深水条件下,炸药的抗水、抗压性能直接影响水下钻孔爆破的效果。但在现行的《爆破安全规程》(GB6722—2014)和《水运工程爆破技术规范》(JTS204—2023)等相关规范中[1,2],均没有考虑深水或大水深条件下水压力对炸药性能和效果的影响,现有的资料也没有给出非常明确的结论,造成在设计及施工过程中存在一定的盲目性。在三峡—葛洲坝两坝间莲沱段航道整治工程中就遇到此问题,在40 m水深炸礁施工时,发现原乳化炸药成分抵抗深水压力能力较弱,爆破效果差。因此,深入探索在深水条件下水下钻孔爆破参数与水深关系的基本规律,具有重大的研究意义与应用价值。
在水下钻孔爆破中,可用的炸药有乳化炸药、水胶炸药、胶质炸药和以塑料外壳作外防水层的高密度铵梯炸药。由于胶质炸药的价格高昂,所以在一般工程中使用较少。而铵梯炸药是依靠塑料壳作外防水层,在施工过程中塑料壳一旦破损,将必定导致炸药失效,因此使用受到了一定的限制。水胶炸药则常用于各种矿山爆破,也不是水下钻孔爆破常用炸药,但其抗水性强,为深入研究乳化炸药的特性,将一同研究。
水深对乳化炸药和水胶炸药性能的影响,主要表现在对炸药爆速和猛度的影响上[3]。已有实验数据显示,随着水深与浸泡时间的增加乳化炸药爆破性能则减弱,在10 m水深中浸泡一段时间后,炸药的爆速将减少11%,同时猛度减少10%;而当水深增加到30 m时,爆速将下降26%,猛度下降33%。水胶炸药在0~10 m,猛度值衰减较明显;10~60 m时,其猛度值衰减较慢,大于60 m后猛度值衰减明显,猛度值低于国标规定水胶炸药的水平,并且随着压力增大炸药密度也会随着变大,起爆感度和传爆感度则会变低[4-13]
浸水时间长短对炸药性能的影响,主要体现在水的渗透导致炸药的含水率增加,从而改变其爆炸性能。水是一种不活泼的化学物质,作为乳化炸药中的钝感剂,炸药爆炸释放的能量部分会被水吸收,导致爆速减小。根据已有资料数据显示:水含量的增加会导致乳化炸药的爆速减小,当水含量在5%~10%的范围内时,乳化炸药的爆速无明显变化,然而随着水含量的继续增加,爆速会明显减弱[3]
实验采用深水测定法更接近深水条件下炸药所处的实际状况。将试样药卷(直径32 mm,长度200 mm,普通牛皮纸包装)垂直地浸入10~50 m深水中,浸泡4 h、8 h、16 h、24 h后取出,观察药卷是否完整有效,然后立即放入特制爆炸用水压力罐中,调整罐中压力(10 m水深对应压力为0.1 MPa,20 m水深对应压力为0.2 MPa,30 m水深对应压力为0.3 MPa,40 m水深对应压力为0.4 MPa,50 m水深对应压力为0.5 MPa)测试其爆轰敏感度和爆速。浸水前做5组实验测试水胶炸药的炸药性能,结果如下:水胶化炸药的爆速实验数据平均值为3890 m/s,猛度实验数据平均值为16.71 mm。
实验装置:压力罐由长度为40 cm的PVC给水管(外径63 mm,壁厚3 mm,耐压1.6 MPa)及配套法兰组成,压力表,三通阀门,充气阀,节气阀,螺纹钢管(外径22 mm,内径15 mm),雷管脚线,爆速测试线,抗水抗压雷管等。
实验方法:每次实验前先进行气密性实验;气密性良好后将试验药卷(重量190 g)放入压力罐中,加注水将药卷淹没;再次检查气密性是否良好;用普通打气筒向罐内增加压力,待达到对应压力后关闭节气阀,卸下加压装置;采用反向起爆方式引爆,最后用测试仪法测试出爆速。每个水深测试3次取平均值,整个测试过程按照国标相关标准进行。
图1可知,当浸水的深度一致时,水胶炸药的爆速随着浸水时间的增加其爆速在逐渐变小,且浸水前4 h的爆速降低速率最大,可推测浸水前4 h炸药的性能下降最为明显,在4~24 h段,爆速降低率较稳定。
图2可知,当浸水时间一致时,随着水深的增大,水胶炸药的爆速在逐渐变小,爆速降低速率大致相似,爆速变化较稳定。
炸药浸后爆速下降程度,用爆速来计算时,用式(1)
式中:D0浸水前炸药爆速,m/s;D浸水后炸药爆速,m/s;n为炸药浸水前后爆炸性能下降程度,变化范围为0~1,在一定条件下,n的数值越小越好。
可得水胶炸药的浸后爆速下降程度,如表1
实验装置:压力罐由长度为40 cm的PVC给水管(外径75 mm,壁厚3.6 mm,耐压1.6 MPa)及配套法兰组成,压力表,三通阀门,充气阀,节气阀,螺纹钢管(外径22 mm,内径15 mm),雷管脚线,抗水抗压雷管,铅柱(直径40±0.2 mm,高60±0.5 mm),钢片(直径41 mm,厚10±0.2 mm)等。
实验方法:每次实验前先进行气密性实验;气密性良好后将试验药卷(重量50 g)、钢片、铅柱用胶布依次固定成一条直线后放入装置中心处,加注水将药卷淹没;再次检查气密性是否良好;用普通打气筒向罐内增加压力,待达到对应压力后关闭节气阀,卸下加压装置;在测试场引爆装置,采用铅柱压缩法测试出猛度。每个水深测试3次取平均值,整个测试过程按照国标相关标准进行。
图3可知,当浸水的深度一致时,水胶炸药的猛度随着浸水时间的增加其在逐渐降低,且浸水前4 h的猛度降低速率最大,4 h之后猛度下降速率在变小,可推测浸水前4 h炸药的性能下降最为明显。
图4可知,当浸水时间一致时,随着水深的增大,水胶炸药的猛度在逐渐变小,而且其猛度变化速率随着水深的增加而增大。可知,水压对此类炸药的性能影响较浸水时间的影响更为明显。
炸药浸水前后爆炸性能下降程度用猛度来计算时,用式(2)。
式中:L0浸水前炸药猛度,mm;L浸水后炸药猛度,mm;m为炸药浸水前后爆炸性能下降程度,变化范围为0~1,在一定的条件下,m数值越小越理想。
可得水胶炸药的浸后猛度下降程度,如表2
乳化炸药按照不同的敏化方式可分为:化学敏化、物理敏化(玻璃微球、珍珠岩)、其他敏化(复合、金属粉、猛炸药等)。本节将展开对化学敏化、玻璃微球敏化和珍珠岩敏化这三种敏化方式的乳化炸药抗水性能实验。
实验采用深水测定法更接近深水条件下炸药所处的实际状况。将试样药卷(直径32 mm,长度200 mm,普通牛皮纸包装)垂直地浸入10~50 m深水中,浸泡4 h、8 h、16 h、24 h后取出,观察药卷是否完整有效,然后立即放入特制爆炸用水压力罐中,调整罐中压力(10 m水深对应压力为0.1 MPa,20 m水深对应压力为0.2 MPa,30 m水深对应压力为0.3 MPa,40 m水深对应压力为0.4 MPa,50 m水深对应压力为0.5 MPa)分别测定其爆轰敏感度和爆速。浸水前先做5组实验测试三种炸药浸水前的炸药性能,结果如下:玻璃微球敏化炸药的爆速实验数据平均值为5388 m/s,猛度实验数据平均值为19.71 mm;化学敏化炸药的爆速实验数据平均值为4980 m/s,猛度实验数据平均值为19.23 mm;珍珠岩敏化炸药爆速实验数据平均值为3810 m/s,猛度实验数据平均值为14.52 mm。
实验装置和过程与前文中静水压力作用下水胶炸药爆速测试一致。
图5可知,当浸水的深度一致时,玻璃微球敏化炸药的爆速随着浸水时间的增加其爆速在逐渐降低,其中10 m和20 m水深条件下其爆速降低速率比较接近,30 m和40 m水深条件下的炸药爆速降低速率相近,且略速率大于10 m和20 m水深条件下的速率,其中在50 m水深条件下炸药爆速降低的速率最大。
图6可知,当浸水时间一致时,随着水深的增大,玻璃微球敏化炸药的爆速在逐渐降低,而且其变化速率都在随着水深的增加而增大,其中8 h浸水条件下其爆速降低速率增大的情况可能是实验误差所致。
图7可知,当浸水的深度一致时,珍珠岩敏化炸药的爆速随着浸水时间的增加其爆速在逐渐变小,且浸水前8 h的爆速降低速率最大,可推测浸水前8 h炸药的性能下降最为明显。
图8可知,当浸水时间一致时,随着水深的增大,珍珠岩敏化炸药的爆速在逐渐变小,而且浸水时间为4 h条件下其变化速率相类似,浸水时间为16 h和24 h条件下爆速降低速率呈现出波动状态。
图9可知,当浸水的深度一致时,化学敏化炸药的爆速随着浸水时间的增加其爆速在逐渐变小,且其炸药爆速降低速率也在逐渐变小,且浸水前8 h的爆速降低速率最大,可推测浸水前8 h炸药的性能下降最为明显。
图10可知,当浸水时间一致时,随着水深的增大,化学敏化炸药的爆速在逐渐变小,而且其爆速变化速率随着水深的增大而变大。可知,水压对此类炸药的性能影响较为明显。
采用上式(1)计算,可得乳化炸药的浸后爆速下降程度。
表1对比表3表4表5,根据爆速下降程度,可知水胶炸药抗水性能与乳化炸药中化学敏化炸药抗水性能大致相似,较玻璃微球敏化炸药抗水性能差。
表3表4表5可得出以下结论:
1)在压力增加和浸水时间延长的情况下,三种乳化炸药的爆炸性能均有所下降,但降幅并不明显,表明这三种敏化方式的乳化炸药,在深水压力作用下仍具备良好的抗水性能。
2)浸水时间或压力一定时,三种炸药爆炸性能从优到劣顺序为玻璃微球敏化炸药、化学敏化炸药、珍珠岩敏化炸药。
实验装置和过程与前文中静水压力作用下水胶炸药猛度测试一致。
图11可知,当浸水的深度一致时,玻璃微球敏化炸药的猛度随着浸水时间的增加其在逐渐降低,且其炸药猛度降低速率也在逐渐变小,且浸水前4 h的猛度降低速率最大,可推测浸水前4 h炸药的性能下降最为明显。
图12可知,当浸水时间一致时,随着水深的增大,玻璃微球敏化炸药的猛度在逐渐变小,而且其爆速变化速率随着水深的增加而基本保持不变。可知,水压对此类炸药的性能影响较为明显。
图13可知,当浸水的深度一致时,珍珠岩敏化炸药的猛度随着浸水时间的增加其在逐渐降低,且其炸药猛度降低速率也在逐渐变小,且浸水前4 h的猛度降低速率最大,可推测浸水前4 h炸药的性能下降最为明显。
图14可知,当浸水时间一致时,随着水深的增大,珍珠岩敏化炸药的猛度在逐渐变小,而且其猛度变化速率随着水深的增加而增大。可知,水压对此类炸药的性能影响较浸水时间的影响更为明显。
图15可知,当浸水的深度一致时,化学敏化炸药的猛度随着浸水时间的增加其在逐渐降低,且其炸药猛度降低速率也在逐渐变小,且浸水前4 h的猛度降低速率最大,可推测浸水前4 h炸药的性能下降最为明显。
图16可知,当浸水时间一致时,随着水深的增大,化学敏化炸药的猛度在逐渐变小,而且其爆速变化速率随着水深的增加而增大。可知,水压对此类炸药的性能影响较浸水时间的影响更为明显。
用上式(2)计算,可得乳化炸药的浸后猛度下降程度。
表2对比表6表7表8,根据猛度下降程度,可知水胶炸药抗水性能与乳化炸药中化学敏化炸药抗水性能大致相似,较玻璃微球敏化炸药抗水性能差。
表6表7表8可看出:
1)在压力增加和浸水时间延长的情况下,三种乳化炸药的爆炸性能也有所下降,在10~20 m水深条件下,猛度下降幅度并不明显,而当水深达到30~50 m时,猛度下降幅度较大。深水压力对炸药猛度的影响较浸水时间的影响更大。
2)浸水时间或压力一定时,三种炸药的炸药猛度从优到劣的顺序依次为玻璃微球敏化炸药、珍珠岩敏化炸药、化学敏化炸药。
玻璃微球敏化方式的乳化炸药、化学敏化方式的乳化炸药、珍珠岩敏化方式的乳化炸药,这三种乳化炸药的爆炸猛度在压力增加和浸水时间延长的情况下均有所下降,在10~20 m水深条件下,猛度下降幅度并不明显,而当水深达到30~50 m时,猛度下降幅度较大。深水压力对炸药猛度的影响较浸水时间的影响更大。
其中采用玻璃微球做敏化剂进行物理敏化的乳化炸药,稳定性较强,可长期保持乳化炸药的各种性能不降低。在水下钻孔爆破施工时,当水深为0~20 m时玻璃微球敏化炸药、化学敏化炸药、珍珠岩敏化炸药、水胶炸药的性能下降均较小,这四种炸药都满足工程需求;当水深为20~40 m时推荐使用玻璃微球敏化炸药与珍珠岩敏化炸药;当水深为40~50 m时推荐使用玻璃微球敏化炸药,玻璃微球敏化炸药在高压与长时间浸水条件下,炸药性能下降程度均较小,适用于深水条件下水下钻孔爆破施工。经三峡—葛洲坝两坝间莲沱段航道整治工程验证,在40 m水深爆破时采用玻璃微球敏化炸药爆破效果最好。
由于实验均在静水压力作用下,通过改变静水表面空气压力模拟深水条件进行实验,但实际工程中深水环境的水流形态多为紊流,后续研究时应全面考虑影响因素,尽量模拟出实际环境状态。
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2024年第41卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.020
  • 接收时间:2024-01-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-10
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    长江重庆航道工程局,重庆 400010
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