Article(id=1241699622033347221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697212800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773973859556, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1725120000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773973859556, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773973859556, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773973859556, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241699613942543237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='260', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973857626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992982583, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=189, endPage=204, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241699622322754205, articleId=1241699622033347221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research Review on Blast Vibration Intensity, Waveform and Spectrum: Prediction and Active Control, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rock drilling and blasting inevitably produce blasting vibration effects and hazards. The accurate analysis and prediction of blasting vibrations and effective active control methods are thus of great practical significance. This paper summarises the achievements in the prediction and active control of blast vibration velocities over the past 40 years. In terms of predicting the peak value of the blasting vibration velocity (PPV), empirical model prediction methods are very convenient, but their prediction accuracy and effectiveness are poor. By introducing probability and statistical theory into empirical model prediction methods, the accuracy of PPV predictions can be improved. The fundamental wave superposition prediction method can comprehensively predict the vibration velocity, frequency, and duration. However, this method requires high testing accuracy for fundamental vibration waves, which requires the establishment of a regular calibration and verification mechanism for blasting vibration data acquisition devices in the blasting industry. Artificial intelligence prediction methods can significantly improve the accuracy of PPV predictions and provide new ideas for predicting blasting vibration effects under the influence of multiple factors. However, these methods are all based on massive amounts of real and effective measured data, and a substantial database of vibration testing data samples is currently lacking. Theoretical PPV prediction models and numerical simulation prediction methods have also been proposed. However, the widespread application of these methods in engineering practice is limited owing to the requirements for professional knowledge and numerical simulation technology. In terms of the active control of blasting vibration velocity, reasonable delay time determination methods for reducing the PPV are first discussed based on the superposition interference effect of vibration waveforms. However, the recommended delay time values proposed by most current methods are only suitable for protecting a single target structure. Then, a method for actively changing the delay time to regulate the frequency components of blasting vibration is discussed from the perspective of adjusting the spectral structure of blasting vibration, which can avoid the natural vibration frequency band and reduce blast vibration hazards to buildings (structures). However, this method currently remains at the theoretical level or under model experimental-scale conditions and lacks large-scale on-site application examples for verification. Finally, several key future research directions for the prediction and control of blasting vibrations are discussed.

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YIN Lin (1999-), female, master's degree student, engaged in research on vibration prediction, (E-mail) .
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岩石钻孔爆破不可避免地会产生爆破振动效应及危害,准确预测爆破振动效应并进行主动控制具有极大的现实意义。论文综述了近40年来,国内外研究人员在爆破振动预测及主动控制方面取得的研究成果。在爆破振动速度峰值(PPV)预测方面,经验模型预测方法体现出了较大的便捷性,但预测精度与效果较差,将概率统计理论引入经验模型预测方法,提高了PPV预测精度;而基波叠加预测方法可实现对振速、频率和持续时间的综合预测,但是该方法对振动基波的测试精度要求较高,同时亟须在行业内建立对爆破振动采集设备的定期标定与校核机制;人工智能预测方法极大提高了PPV预测精度,同时为多因素影响下的爆破振动效应预测提供了新思路,但需要建立在海量真实有效实测数据的基础上,目前还缺乏充实的振动测试样本数据库;PPV预测理论模型及数值模拟预测法对理论与专业知识、数值模拟技术等要求高,限制了两种方法在工程的普遍应用。在爆破振动速度主动控制上,可以确定合理的延期时间,采用毫秒延迟干扰减振法来降低PPV,但目前多为单一防护对象所提出的延期时间建议值;从调整爆破振动频谱结构的角度,通过主动改变延期时间调控爆破振动频率成分,可避开建(构)筑物自振频带,减小爆破振动危害,然而目前仅仅停留在理论层面或模型试验尺度条件下,缺乏大规模的现场应用实例。最后,对未来爆破振动预测及控制方面重点研究内容进行了展望。

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殷琳(1999-),女,硕士研究生,从事振动预测方面的研究,(E-mail)
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何理(1986-),男,博士、副教授,从事工程爆破方面的研究,(E-mail)

HE Li (1986-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, engaged in research on engineering blasting, (E-mail) .

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何理(1986-),男,博士、副教授,从事工程爆破方面的研究,(E-mail)

HE Li (1986-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, engaged in research on engineering blasting, (E-mail) .

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何理(1986-),男,博士、副教授,从事工程爆破方面的研究,(E-mail)

HE Li (1986-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, engaged in research on engineering blasting, (E-mail) .

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Research and application of blasting vibration frequency control technology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241756570858607559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699622033347221, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=41, issue=2, pageStart=397, pageEnd=404, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[119], rfOrder=182, authorNames=陈建龙, 卢文波, 孙鹏昌, journalName=岩土工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈建龙, 卢文波, 孙鹏昌, 等. 毫秒延时爆破作用下岩体的受迫振动分析[J]. 岩土工程学报, 2019, 41(2): 397-404., articleTitle=毫秒延时爆破作用下岩体的受迫振动分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241756570925716424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699622033347221, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=41, issue=2, pageStart=397, pageEnd=404, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[119], rfOrder=183, authorNames=CHEN Jian-long, LU Wen-bo, SUN Peng-chang, journalName=Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Jian-long, LU Wen-bo, SUN Peng-chang, et al. 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articleId=1241699622033347221, language=CN, label=图6, caption=ANN模型结构示意图

(注:修正权重参数w和偏置参数b

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Empirical models of vibration velocity prediction adopted by various countries

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
学者经验公式公式说明
DUVALL et al[5] 其中R为爆心距;Q为单响药量;K为与岩石性质和地质结构相关的系数;α为地震波衰减系数。
Langefors et al[6] 式中符号意义同前。
汪旭光等[7] 式中符号意义同前。
Indian Standard Institute[8] 式中符号意义同前。
Ghosh et al[9] 考虑地震波传播过程中能量的非弹性衰减,提出PPV以指数形式衰减。其中β为地震波非弹性衰减因子。
Gupta et al[10] 式中符号意义同前。
Bilgin et al[11] 考虑抵抗线大小对振动速度的影响。其中B为抵抗线,其余符号意义同前。
Murmu et al[12] 式中符号意义同前。
Roy et al[13] 在考虑地震波的弹性衰减和非弹性衰减的情况下,式中符号意义同前。
Yilmaz et al[14] 通过对振动监测数据进行多元线性回归分析,可以得到相关方程。式中符号意义同前。
), ArticleFig(id=1241756542668690155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699622033347221, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各国学者采用的振速预测经验模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
学者经验公式公式说明
DUVALL et al[5] 其中R为爆心距;Q为单响药量;K为与岩石性质和地质结构相关的系数;α为地震波衰减系数。
Langefors et al[6] 式中符号意义同前。
汪旭光等[7] 式中符号意义同前。
Indian Standard Institute[8] 式中符号意义同前。
Ghosh et al[9] 考虑地震波传播过程中能量的非弹性衰减,提出PPV以指数形式衰减。其中β为地震波非弹性衰减因子。
Gupta et al[10] 式中符号意义同前。
Bilgin et al[11] 考虑抵抗线大小对振动速度的影响。其中B为抵抗线,其余符号意义同前。
Murmu et al[12] 式中符号意义同前。
Roy et al[13] 在考虑地震波的弹性衰减和非弹性衰减的情况下,式中符号意义同前。
Yilmaz et al[14] 通过对振动监测数据进行多元线性回归分析,可以得到相关方程。式中符号意义同前。
), ArticleFig(id=1241756542794519279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699622033347221, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

PPV prediction models considering elevation difference

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
学者经验公式公式说明
周同岭等[15] 结合现场多次爆破振动实测资料提出,可反映正、负高程差对振速的影响。其中H为高程差;β为高程差因子,正高差时取正值,负高差时取负值;其余符号意义同前。
朱传统等[16] 基于量纲理论分析得到,实践应用效果良好。其中符号意义同前。
宋光明等[17] 结合现场多次爆破振动实测资料提出,其中D为水平爆心距,其余符号意义同前。
刘美山等[18] 提出了适用于小湾水电站高边坡爆破振动传播规律的振速计算公式,其中符号的意义与之前相同。
唐海等[19] 得出了能够准确反映凸形地貌正高差放大效应的爆破振动速度公式。
何理等[20] 引入了边坡相对坡度项(H/D),能够更准确地预测坡面质点振动速度的峰值,并体现了坡度角对爆破振动速度高程放大效应的影响。其中γ为坡度影响因子,其余符号意义同前。
), ArticleFig(id=1241756542911959796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699622033347221, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

考虑高程差因素的PPV预测模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
学者经验公式公式说明
周同岭等[15] 结合现场多次爆破振动实测资料提出,可反映正、负高程差对振速的影响。其中H为高程差;β为高程差因子,正高差时取正值,负高差时取负值;其余符号意义同前。
朱传统等[16] 基于量纲理论分析得到,实践应用效果良好。其中符号意义同前。
宋光明等[17] 结合现场多次爆破振动实测资料提出,其中D为水平爆心距,其余符号意义同前。
刘美山等[18] 提出了适用于小湾水电站高边坡爆破振动传播规律的振速计算公式,其中符号的意义与之前相同。
唐海等[19] 得出了能够准确反映凸形地貌正高差放大效应的爆破振动速度公式。
何理等[20] 引入了边坡相对坡度项(H/D),能够更准确地预测坡面质点振动速度的峰值,并体现了坡度角对爆破振动速度高程放大效应的影响。其中γ为坡度影响因子,其余符号意义同前。
), ArticleFig(id=1241756543041983221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699622033347221, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

PPV prediction model considering geological discontinuity and frequency mutation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
学者经验公式公式说明
Hakan et al[21] 考虑了频率突变对振速的影响。式中λ为间断频率值;η为频率突变因子;其余符号意义同前。
Simangunsong et al[22] 考虑了煤层数量和传播方向对振速的影响。式中θi为地震波入射角;Nc为煤层数;其余符号意义同前。
Kumar et al[23] 考虑岩石参数对振速的影响。式中Fc为岩石单轴抗压强度;δ为岩体重度;GSI为岩体地质强度指标;其余符号意义同前。
), ArticleFig(id=1241756543163618039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699622033347221, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

考虑地质不连续面和频率突变因素的PPV预测模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
学者经验公式公式说明
Hakan et al[21] 考虑了频率突变对振速的影响。式中λ为间断频率值;η为频率突变因子;其余符号意义同前。
Simangunsong et al[22] 考虑了煤层数量和传播方向对振速的影响。式中θi为地震波入射角;Nc为煤层数;其余符号意义同前。
Kumar et al[23] 考虑岩石参数对振速的影响。式中Fc为岩石单轴抗压强度;δ为岩体重度;GSI为岩体地质强度指标;其余符号意义同前。
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爆破振动强度、波形与频谱研究综述:预测及主动控制
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何理 1, 2 , 殷琳 1 , 钟冬望 1 , 张鑫玥 1 , 赵永明 1 , 熊海涛 1 , 陈莎莎 1 , Bruno NJAMBA 1
爆破 | 安全与管理 2024,41(3): 189-204
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2024, 41(3): 189-204
爆破振动强度、波形与频谱研究综述:预测及主动控制
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何理1, 2 , 殷琳1 , 钟冬望1, 张鑫玥1, 赵永明1, 熊海涛1, 陈莎莎1, Bruno NJAMBA1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉科技大学 冶金工业过程系统科学湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430065
  • 2.江汉大学 爆破工程湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430056
  • 何理(1986-),男,博士、副教授,从事工程爆破方面的研究,(E-mail)

    HE Li (1986-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, engaged in research on engineering blasting, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

殷琳(1999-),女,硕士研究生,从事振动预测方面的研究,(E-mail)
Research Review on Blast Vibration Intensity, Waveform and Spectrum: Prediction and Active Control
Li HE1, 2 , Lin YIN1 , Dong-wang ZHONG1, Xin-yue ZHANG1, Yong-ming ZHAO1, Hai-tao XIONG1, Sha-sha CHEN1, Bruno NJAMBA1
Affiliations
  • 1.Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Systems Science in Metallurgical Process, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
  • 2.Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.023
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岩石钻孔爆破不可避免地会产生爆破振动效应及危害,准确预测爆破振动效应并进行主动控制具有极大的现实意义。论文综述了近40年来,国内外研究人员在爆破振动预测及主动控制方面取得的研究成果。在爆破振动速度峰值(PPV)预测方面,经验模型预测方法体现出了较大的便捷性,但预测精度与效果较差,将概率统计理论引入经验模型预测方法,提高了PPV预测精度;而基波叠加预测方法可实现对振速、频率和持续时间的综合预测,但是该方法对振动基波的测试精度要求较高,同时亟须在行业内建立对爆破振动采集设备的定期标定与校核机制;人工智能预测方法极大提高了PPV预测精度,同时为多因素影响下的爆破振动效应预测提供了新思路,但需要建立在海量真实有效实测数据的基础上,目前还缺乏充实的振动测试样本数据库;PPV预测理论模型及数值模拟预测法对理论与专业知识、数值模拟技术等要求高,限制了两种方法在工程的普遍应用。在爆破振动速度主动控制上,可以确定合理的延期时间,采用毫秒延迟干扰减振法来降低PPV,但目前多为单一防护对象所提出的延期时间建议值;从调整爆破振动频谱结构的角度,通过主动改变延期时间调控爆破振动频率成分,可避开建(构)筑物自振频带,减小爆破振动危害,然而目前仅仅停留在理论层面或模型试验尺度条件下,缺乏大规模的现场应用实例。最后,对未来爆破振动预测及控制方面重点研究内容进行了展望。

爆破振动  /  基波叠加  /  干扰减振  /  频谱控制  /  延期时间

Rock drilling and blasting inevitably produce blasting vibration effects and hazards. The accurate analysis and prediction of blasting vibrations and effective active control methods are thus of great practical significance. This paper summarises the achievements in the prediction and active control of blast vibration velocities over the past 40 years. In terms of predicting the peak value of the blasting vibration velocity (PPV), empirical model prediction methods are very convenient, but their prediction accuracy and effectiveness are poor. By introducing probability and statistical theory into empirical model prediction methods, the accuracy of PPV predictions can be improved. The fundamental wave superposition prediction method can comprehensively predict the vibration velocity, frequency, and duration. However, this method requires high testing accuracy for fundamental vibration waves, which requires the establishment of a regular calibration and verification mechanism for blasting vibration data acquisition devices in the blasting industry. Artificial intelligence prediction methods can significantly improve the accuracy of PPV predictions and provide new ideas for predicting blasting vibration effects under the influence of multiple factors. However, these methods are all based on massive amounts of real and effective measured data, and a substantial database of vibration testing data samples is currently lacking. Theoretical PPV prediction models and numerical simulation prediction methods have also been proposed. However, the widespread application of these methods in engineering practice is limited owing to the requirements for professional knowledge and numerical simulation technology. In terms of the active control of blasting vibration velocity, reasonable delay time determination methods for reducing the PPV are first discussed based on the superposition interference effect of vibration waveforms. However, the recommended delay time values proposed by most current methods are only suitable for protecting a single target structure. Then, a method for actively changing the delay time to regulate the frequency components of blasting vibration is discussed from the perspective of adjusting the spectral structure of blasting vibration, which can avoid the natural vibration frequency band and reduce blast vibration hazards to buildings (structures). However, this method currently remains at the theoretical level or under model experimental-scale conditions and lacks large-scale on-site application examples for verification. Finally, several key future research directions for the prediction and control of blasting vibrations are discussed.

blasting vibration  /  fundamental waveform superposition  /  vibration reduction through waveform interference  /  vibration spectrum control  /  delay time interval
何理, 殷琳, 钟冬望, 张鑫玥, 赵永明, 熊海涛, 陈莎莎, Bruno NJAMBA. 爆破振动强度、波形与频谱研究综述:预测及主动控制. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (3) : 189 -204 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.023
Li HE, Lin YIN, Dong-wang ZHONG, Xin-yue ZHANG, Yong-ming ZHAO, Hai-tao XIONG, Sha-sha CHEN, Bruno NJAMBA. Research Review on Blast Vibration Intensity, Waveform and Spectrum: Prediction and Active Control[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (3) : 189 -204 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.023
40多年来,随着我国各项建设事业的蓬勃发展,在矿山开采、水电工程施工、建筑(构筑物)拆除、城市地下空间开发利用和水下炸礁清淤等领域,工程爆破技术作为一种经济高效的破岩手段被广泛应用,是国民经济建设发展必不可少的支撑技术。然而在爆破破岩过程中,难以避免产生爆破有害效应,例如爆破振动、飞石、冲击波、噪音及毒气等,调查研究表明,爆破振动、爆破飞石和噪声消耗炸药爆炸总能量的80%,仅仅20%左右能量用于岩石爆破破碎[1]。在这些次生灾害中,爆破振动被公认为最严重的爆破有害效应,如果控制不当,会对周围建筑结构造成一定程度的影响,严重的还会引起结构物的失稳和破坏,进而引起重大的安全事故。质点峰值振动速度(PPV)和爆破振动频率是建(构)筑物振动响应特征的主要影响因素,如果仅仅将PPV作为衡量爆破振动对建(构)筑物影响的唯一标准,则难以准确评估爆破振动危害。当爆破振动频率与建筑物固有频率接近或相同时,共振现象可能发生,从而导致建筑结构产生较大振动响应或严重损坏[2]。目前,世界各地倾向于将PPV和频率作为爆破振动安全控制标准。
为确保公民人身财产及邻近建(构)筑物安全,设计合理的爆破施工方案,并选择合适的爆破参数,从而有效控制PPV水平尤为重要。然而,目前我国现行爆破设计规范中对PPV影响因素的指南有限,研究人员分析了各种因素对PPV的影响,以提高PPV预测的准确性,同时已经提出了各种不同形式的PPV经验模型公式,但均是只考虑了少数参数的影响。此外,所提出的经验模型公式不统一,适用范围极为有限,导致预测结果与实际结果存在较大偏差。同时,鉴于振动频率是衡量爆破振动危害不可忽视的因素,研究人员建立了大量振动主频与主要影响因素间的经验方程,然而由于振动频率具有极大离散性[3],因此相较于PPV研究而言,频率预测及控制研究成果相对较少。本文主要从爆破振动强度预测及爆破振动主动控制两方面,对工程爆破理论及技术进行总结,并对未来亟需重点研究的内容进行了展望,以期进一步促进工程爆破科学技术发展,推动工程爆破行业向着更为绿色、安全、智能、高效的方向迈进。
国内外大量研究与实践表明[4],爆破振动的峰值速度与建筑物的受损程度具有最高的相关性。因此,通常采用爆破振动的峰值速度(Peak Particle Velocity,PPV)作为评判建筑物安全的控制指标。针对爆破振动强度的预测主要包括经验模型预测法、智能预测法、基波叠加预测法及其他方法。
爆破振动强度与炸药量、爆心距及传播介质力学性质等因素密切相关,爆破振动强度计算的经验模型可统一表示为
式中:A为描述爆破振动强度的物理量;Q为炸药质量,kg;R为爆心距,m;kmn为与爆破方式、场地及地质条件相关的系数。
世界各国研究人员结合爆破开挖方式、主要装药结构及地质条件等影响因素,提出了一系列PPV经验预测模型,如表1所示。
然而表1中经验模型仅仅涵盖了炸药量与爆心距对PPV的影响,并未充分考虑地形地貌差异造成的振速突变问题。相关学者结合特定施工环境,通过量纲分析理论或爆破振动实测数据回归分析,提出了系列考虑高程差因素的PPV预测模型[15-20],大幅提高了存在极大正负高程地形时的振动速度预测精度,如表2所示。
此外,还有研究人员考虑了地质不连续面和频率突变对PPV的影响,提出的PPV经验预测模型如表3所示。
爆破振动速度的经验模型预测方法具有简单的公式形式,而且使用振动实测数据进行回归分析较为方便,目前仍然是爆破工程作业人员首选的方法之一。然而经验模型方法考虑振速影响因素较为局限,导致其预测精度普遍不高。同时,国内外爆破施工现场多采用毫秒延时爆破技术,邻近段别爆破振动波形易产生干扰叠加现象,另外,因雷管延时误差的影响,导致同一段炮孔的起爆时间具有离散性。即同段别多个炮孔齐发爆破时,由于起爆雷管延时误差导致各炮孔实际起爆时刻存在先后(较小的时间间隔),因此难以准确确定实际单响药量,对爆破网路实际单响药量取值、振速回归分析及PPV预测造成了困难。已有学者提出了短毫秒延时起爆条件下等效段药量的取值方法[24-27],然而借助经验模型预测方法对实测数据进行回归分析的相关性并不高,并未有效解决PPV计算误差大的问题[28]。此外,何理、杨仁树等通过将单孔药包均分为M个装药单元[29],并建立群孔齐发爆破振速计算模型,如图1所示。综合考虑雷管延时误差、各炮孔爆心距与地震波传播路径差异因素,提出利用缩比因子折算炮孔数目计算齐发爆破等效药量,解决了炮孔起爆时刻离散效应引起的段药量取值困难问题。
图1中:a为孔距,mb为排距,mR1R2RM分别为各炮孔距离监测点的距离,m。
同时,提出了非电毫秒延时起爆网路PPV的修正比例距离预测模型
式中:Φ为振波叠加因子,cm/s;其余符号意义同前。
在前述研究成果基础上,研究人员利用概率理论分析了雷管延期误差对毫秒延时爆破分段振动叠加的影响规律[30],建立了相邻n排炮孔同时起爆概率的计算方法。并提出了非电起爆网路修正单响药量的概念和计算方法,工程实例应用结果表明,通过修正单响药量回归爆破振动速度模型,可以获得良好PPV预测效果。图2为非电起爆网路炮孔实际起爆时刻的概率分布图,图3为相邻n排炮孔同时起爆概率的计算方法。
自20世纪80年代开始,Anderson[31]、Blair[32,33]、Hinzen[34]、卢文波[35]、YANG[36]、杨年华[37]、钟冬望及何理、谢先启等人先后通过将实测单孔爆破地震波形作为种子基波[38,39],以不同段间延期时间叠加模拟毫秒延时爆破振动波形进而预测PPV,这些均是基于地震波线性叠加原理得到的。基于种子基波的线性叠加模型预测得到的爆破振动速度历程曲线vt)可统一表示为[35]
式中:an为炮孔药包影响系数,受炸药种类和单孔药量的影响;N为一次起爆的炮孔个数;vst)为种子基波;tn为孔(段)间延期时间;Ht)为Heaviside函数,其定义为
式(3)表明,该模型假设在特定监测点,单孔爆破振动波形可以复现,可以将群孔毫秒延时爆破振动波形视为振动基波在不同的时空条件下的组合形式[36]。然而却并未考虑爆心距的影响,以及爆破过程非线性关系导致的不同炮孔振动波形的差异因素。对此,Blair提出了基于比例药量定律的线性叠加模型[32],但仅仅利用爆心距的幂函数无法准确表征爆心距对振速波形的影响。
Iwano通过现场试验验证了短毫秒延时爆破振动波形峰值速度服从Weibull分布[40],提出利用比例距离公式计算Weibull参数,并通过Weibull分布反函数生成服从该分布函数的随机数,然后根据随机数对单孔爆破振动波形进行缩扩调整作为种子基波,最后考虑隧道掌子面炮孔位置及振波传播时间差异因素,实现不同延期时间下的振动波形模拟。实践证明,线性叠加模型预测PPV,结果一般要比实测值大[41]。Blair为了解决振速预报线性叠加模型的不足[41],提出了两种非线性叠加模型:一种基于装药量,一种基于岩体损伤程度。其中,基于岩体损伤程度的非线性叠加模型能够更准确地预测振动幅值和振动包络线形状,与实测结果更加接近。非线性叠加模型考虑了先爆炮孔造成的传播介质性质改变对后爆炮孔爆破地震波传播的影响[42],振速预测精度高于线性叠加模型。Liu[43]、孙玉平拟将爆破震源与监测点之间的岩土介质视为一个非线性体系[44],利用Volterra函数来刻画爆破震源与监测点土体的非线性特性。通过构建群孔毫秒延时爆破的脉冲序列函数作为非线性系统的输入,建立了基于Volterra泛函级数的群孔毫秒延时爆破振动预测模型。然而该方法对非线性系统的精确识别还存在困难,并且在Volterra非线性系统参数识别时需要借助较多次独立的单孔爆破试验,方法应用成本较高。考虑到药量相同时不同单孔爆破振动波形差异性因素,Yang[45]、Xie提出了多组种子基波振动叠加模型[46]。建议监测单孔爆破振动波形,模拟群孔毫秒延时爆破振动波形时,根据实际测点到爆心距离选取距离差最小的振动监测波形作为种子基波,如图4所示。通过转化方程计算,可以得到由距离差(图5δR1δR2δR3)引起的波形特征变化。该模型综合考虑了频率随距离改变导致的爆破振动三要素的变化,以及先爆孔破碎岩石对后爆孔振动传播的屏蔽效应。
除此之外,有学者将基波叠加方法与数值模拟相结合建立了新的振动波形预测方法。Azizabad提出了一种波形叠加与离散元数值模拟相互耦合的方法[47],首先在特定爆心距处监测得到单孔爆破振动基波,并采用波形叠加法模拟生产爆破地震波时程,然后将模拟地震波时程作为输入,借助离散元程序(UDEC)预测爆破振动。Blair考虑局部岩体内节理数量、间距以及走向因素[48],提出了各向异性岩体爆破振动的近似预测模型,该模型包括两部分,第一部分是动态有限元模型(DFEM),用于模拟特定地质条件下单孔爆破振动波形;第二部分是蒙特卡罗波形叠加模型(MCWSM),用于模拟单孔爆破振波在不同起爆顺序与延期时间叠加下的爆破振动时程。Blair同时指出[48],在短毫秒延时起爆条件下,炮孔爆破推进方向与岩体节理走向间的夹角对PPV有显著影响。基波叠加预测法属于爆破振动全历程预测方法,可实现对振速、频率与持时的综合预测。研究表明[49-51],线性叠加模型想要获得比较理想的效果就要控制雷管延时误差小于1~3 ms。电子雷管在爆破振动效应控制和改善岩石破碎效果方面具有较大优势,同时契合国家对民爆器材精准管控需求,基波叠加预测法在爆破振动预测及控制方面将发挥愈趋重要的作用。然而,该方法注重振动基波的精确拾取,由于监测波形覆盖了传播介质在爆破过程中的振动特性[3,38],极大影响基波叠加模型的预测精度。因此,如何保证爆破振动采集设备的准确性和周期性校准校验是保证其有效性的关键[52]
PPV影响因素间存在显著的非线性关系[53],很难得到PPV与各参数间的确定性关系。随着计算机科学的飞速发展,出现了各类人工智能预测方法。其中,人工神经网络(ANN)不需要事先假设数据或变量遵循某种规律与内在联系,只用对输入、输出变量进行加权学习,对处理强随机性、模糊性及不确定性的PPV预测问题适应性较强,其结构图如图6所示。目前,与人工神经网络相结合的各种人工智能预测模型中,模糊神经网络(FNN)[54-56]、BP(Back Propagation)神经网络模型在PPV预测中应用较多[57-60];但是,这两类模型在网络学习过程中极易陷入局部极小,且具有较低的收敛速率和泛化能力,无法在实际工程中得到推广应用[53,61]。Amiri将ANN和最近邻算法(K-nearest Neighbors,KNN)相结合[62],构建了PPV预测的ANN-KNN模型,该模型表现出更好的预测性能,同时计算速度更快。
SVM具有较强的局部泛化能力及全局寻优能力,广泛应用于样本少、非线性、影响因子多的物理量预测中[53,63]。支持向量回归方法(Support Vector Regression,SVR)是支持向量机的一种,其机制是将特征向量映射到高维特征空间,然后进行回归。Hasanipanah在考虑药量和爆心距两个影响因素的条件下[64],设计开展了SVR模型和经验预测方程在不同地质条件下PPV预测的应用研究,模型结果表明SVR模型的预测效果较好。Khandelwal[65]、Mohamadnejad等人提出了利用SVM模型预测地面振动速度[66],通过比较PPV预测值与实测值相关性系数,发现支持向量机模型的预测结果与实际测量值更为吻合。最小二乘支持向量机(Least Squares Support Vector Machine,LS-SVM)基于支持向量机(LS-SVM)的思想,通过将支持向量机中的不等式约束转换为等价约束,有效解决了支持向量机的二次规划问题[67,68],提高了算法的计算效率和精度。然而,SVM对非线性问题往往没有通解,因此在选择核函数时需格外谨慎。
CART模型能够在不假定样本的前提下,有效克服数据样本中存在的非线性问题,特别适用于处理数据与被测变量间的关联关系,模型结构示意图见图7。CART模型使用基尼系数对根节点的属性进行分类,直到分区后每个样本完全纯化后才停止构建树。在一种决策树中,假定样本集合D具有K种类别,其中一个类别隶属于第K种类别的概率是Pk,那么可用基尼系数来衡量数据集合D的纯度[69]
Khandelwal等考虑QR两个因素[70],采用CART模型对PPV进行预测,对比得出CART模型比经验方程和多元回归模型具有更高的预测能力。Hasanipanah等通过选择与Khandelwal等人不同的根节点参数[71],建立的CART模型,PPV预测值与实测值R2达到0.95;在此基础上,选取适当的决策树最大深度和最小样本数,对CART模型进行了简化,避免了树增长过快、过拟合等问题。为了尽可能获取更高的PPV预测精度,研究人员通过反复试验确定合适的最大树深和节点数[70,71],统计结果表明使用CART算法预测PPV的性能相对较好。然而,与其他算法相比,CART模型所需要的输入参数有限,一定程度上导致其预测性能下降。同时,CART算法忽略了参数之间的相互关联关系,使得预测结果差强人意。
基于人工智能算法的预测模型,较传统经验公式其预测精度均有显著提高,但仍难满足预测误差阈值控制的要求。例如,LS-SVM的正则化参数及核函数宽度系数通常依据经验来选择,这对预测精度有较大影响。针对这一问题,岳中文[61],何理等人将粒子群优化(PSO)引入到该领域[72],建立了基于PSO-LSSVM的爆破振动效应预测模型,应用结果表明与BP神经网络、LS-SVM模型相比,PSO-LSSVM模型在泛化能力、预测准确率等方面均有较大提高。另外,利用概率算法[73]、遗传算法[74,75]、模糊推理系统(ANFIS)[76,77]、基因表达编程(GEM)等智能算法[78,79],在一定程度上改善了预测效果,为多因素作用下的爆破振动效应预报提供了新的思路。
卢文波等提出了基于柱面波理论、长柱状药包中子波理论以及短柱状药包激发应力波场Heelan解[80],推导了PPV预测的理论模型
式中:r为炮孔半径;P0为孔内爆生气体初始压力;ρ为岩石介质密度;Cp为岩石纵波速度;其余符号意义同前。
与传统的经验公式模型相比,式(6)具有更清晰的物理含义,可以更好地体现炸药的种类和性质、孔径、装药结构和岩性等对PPV的影响。
Starfield将柱状药包分解成多个球状药包[81],采用球状药包叠加法来模拟柱形装药的爆破振动场。而蒋进军则认为[82],多个球状药包的叠加并不能代表竖直柱状药包的辐射形态。徐全军等人在等效爆炸源模型的基础上[83],建立柱形药包应力场的计算公式,并将拉氏变换和轨迹积分法相结合,获得柱形药包的位移场与射程之间的关系。刘小鸣和陈士海以等效空洞理论为基础[84,85],提出了一种球形装药在爆炸过程中地面振动时程的计算方法;考虑岩土介质黏弹性与地质弱面因素,借助Blair非线性叠加理论,建立了群孔毫秒延时爆破振动波形时程函数。但是该方法在应用时两次涉及到对场地条件系数与衰减系数的修正,并且修正过程较为复杂。此外,Chen[86]、Liu等通过UDEC研究了节理岩体对爆炸应力波传播的衰减规律[87]。Torano等在考虑岩体介质非均匀性的基础上[88],采用有限元法对不同条件下的爆破振动效应进行了数值模拟研究。Wu等通过LS-DYNA模拟了爆炸应力波的传播衰减规律[89]。虽然数值模拟方法可再现各种复杂爆破施工工况,可以针对具体工程进行具体分析,并对爆区任意点处振速进行分析预测,但是往往对理论与专业知识、数值模拟技术等要求高,限制了其在工程的广泛应用。娄建武等首先从振动加速度响应谱中提取出振动信号功率谱[90],然后采用均匀分布的随机数对所研究的频率进行仿真,然后将各频率的谐波函数进行叠加,得到相应的振动波形。该方法可以综合分析爆破振动速度、频率与持续时间对结构物的振动损毁作用,然而未考虑到振动信号的随机和不确定性[42]。宋光明和娄建武提出了基于小波包分析的爆破振动预测模型[91,92],但该模型的模拟准确度较大依赖于传播场地衰减系数值。
工程爆破实践中主要分为主动控制与被动防护两种爆破振动控制技术,主动控制是通过优化延期时间、调整孔网参数、改变装药结果和爆破推进方向等方式控制爆破振动,而被动防护是针对特定保护对象通过开挖减振沟槽、钻取密集空孔、结构物加固等方式实现的。由于爆破振动主动控制技术具有灵活经济、可操作性强等优点,目前广泛应用于实际工程。随着高精度数码电子雷管的快速普及与推广应用,爆破设计方案的调整空间进一步拓宽,使得爆破振动主动控制技术得到了长足发展。考虑到我国现行爆破安全规程(GB 6722—2014)采用振速-主频双指标控制标准,以下主要从毫秒延时干扰减振法、爆破振动频谱控制法两方面进行论述。
以往确定毫秒延时爆破最优延期时间进行减振的思路,一种是根据爆源和岩石性质及孔网参数,利用经验公式确定孔(排)间最优延期时间[93];另一种是尽可能减小单响药量并增大段间延期时间,避免分段地震波主震相叠加[94]。不同于前述两种减振思路,兰格福斯等人通过研究振动波形叠加干涉效应[95],提出了通过设置延期时间等于二分之一波形主振周期实现干扰降振的理念。张光雄、杨军提出主振周期为T的两列地震波[96],当延期时间满足kT+T/3<Δt<kT+2T/3时(其中k为正整数),则可使两列地震波在一定程度上互相抵消。
基于分段振波叠加干扰减振理念,李顺波[97]、钟冬望等针对不同炮孔与监测点位置情况(图8[98],提出了合理孔间延期时间的计算公式(式(7)~式(9)),并分别给出了模型试验尺度下特定监测点处的合理延期时间建议值。
图8中:监测点距离炮孔1和炮孔2的距离为R1R2,距离差
R1>R2时,孔间合理延期时间Δt
R1<R2时,孔间合理延期时间Δt
R1=R2时,孔间合理延期时间Δt
式(7)~(9)中:n为正整数;kf为频率系数,kf=0.01~0.02;CS为岩体横波速度;其余符号意义同前。
张丹通过现场试验研究得到毫秒延时爆破PPV随延期时间增加逐渐降低[99],直到达到最优延期时间时出现最小值,而后又随延期时间增加出现增大现象,最终当分段振波不存在叠加现象时稳定在单段爆破PPV水平。可见爆破振动波形在叠加时并不总是产生干扰相消与错峰减振效果,也会出现峰峰叠加导致的振速增强现象,薛孔宽等从概率的角度对此问题进行了分析[27],认为n段毫秒延时爆破振动增强的概率约为0.5n-1。郭华杰结合隧道爆破实践研究指出[100],在考虑半周期做延期时间的情况下,仍需通过多次试爆并借助波形分析确定合理延期时间,才能达到干扰错峰减振的目的。由于爆破振动波形频率成分复杂,随传播距离增加各谐波分量衰减速度存在较大差异,爆破地震波传播过程中振动主频并非线性衰减。同时,爆破振动波形周期随距离变化近似按照三次多项式形式逐渐增大,但要做到准确预测爆破振动波形主振周期则极为困难[101]。因此,延期时间优选应考虑爆心距因素,这使得通过设置延期时间Δt=T/2(T为主振周期)实现干扰减振的技术仅仅停留在理论层面,实践中较难实现。此外,凌同华通过准确识别毫秒延时爆破各段别实际起爆时刻[102],借助时-频转换技术成功分离出各分段振动波形,并基于线性叠加原理将分段振波以不同延期时间进行叠加,分析得到了PPV随延期时间的变化。钟冬望、何理等通过现场监测不同保护物处爆破振动波形[38],依据线性叠加原理计算出不同爆心距处合理延期时间值,结果表明合理延期时间是一个或多个时间区间,并且不同距离处的合理延期时间值不同,如图9所示。
陈士海根据一次测量的爆破振动数据[103],对不同延期时间的叠加信号进行了时频特性分析,发现其主要频率随着延期时间的增加而呈现出锯齿状的阶梯状分布;单段激振特征值越接近,干扰叠加降振的效果就越显著。魏晓林、郑炳旭则主张采用以双孔为组[104],组内爆破地震波时移半周期起爆,提出了孔内短延时干扰减振和组间长延时起爆的思想。Gou和Shi等人基于蒙特卡罗方法的爆炸损伤模型[105],通过叠加分析优化延期时间,以减轻爆破振动,该方法适用于短毫秒延时爆破情况,并未考虑炮孔方位导致的爆心距差异因素。为了更加便捷高效地利用干扰减振方法控制爆破振动,Aldas开发了一套基于该理念的控制系统[106],通过实测获取目标点处子波信号与传播场地面波速度,考虑各孔爆心距差异将子波以不同延期时间叠加模拟群孔毫秒延时爆破,选取目标点处合理延期时间值。
国内外学者采用理论分析、数值模拟和实验研究相结合的手段[107-114],系统研究了爆源因子、起爆模式、传播介质和地质条件等因素对爆破振动频率的影响规律。研究发现:爆破荷载上升时间对频谱范围的影响较大,而加载时间、装药结构和装药量等因素对频率谱的高低频分量所占的比重和频率的衰减速率有较大的影响;随着炮孔间距、装药量和爆心距的增大,爆破振动频谱逐步向低频偏移;随着爆心距的增大,爆破振动主频并非严格衰减,在一定范围内发生了局部突变,然而其质心频率呈现显著的衰减趋势;主频与岩石品质因子、岩体弹模及纵波速度成正比,与装药半径、装药长度呈反比;构造软弱面上如裂缝和节理均有高频滤波作用,对频率高、波长短的爆破应力波易于滤除;由于自由面的存在,使爆源的振动频率和高频能量所占的比例增大,而爆源与自由面之间的距离愈近,则振动频率愈高;通过改变起爆模式和减少单个起爆点引爆装药段长度,可以使爆破振动主频得到提高。可以看出,这些结论多是针对爆破振动主频及频谱结构相关规律的定性描述,并且由于炸药爆炸过程的复杂特性、传播介质及地质条件等因素的不可控性,使得爆破振动频谱主动控制研究较为困难。
很多学者提出通过调整延期时间控制爆破振动频谱结构,Blair较早提出若孔间延期时间为定值[33],则爆破振动频谱在该延期时间倒数值处会出现突峰值。Andrews[115]、Anderson研究指出[116],通过主动调整延期时间,实现对爆破振动的频谱组成进行调节,从而规避建筑物自振频段,降低爆破振动的危害性。Blair通过定义结构振动因子FV来表征爆破振动在结构物自振频带内的相对能量比值[32],其计算公式如下
式中:f1~f2为建(构)筑物的自振频带范围;fu为爆破振动频率上限值;Pfx)为关于参数x的群孔爆破振动功率谱,例如延期时间、延迟段数或孔间距等。
当式(10)中结构振动因子FV大于1时,表明建(构)筑物在爆破振动作用下较大概率出现共振,不利于振动安全控制;通过研究结构振动因子FV与延期时间的变化关系从而确定最优延期时间值。
Yang提出采用合理延期时间引导振动主频偏移到潜在偏移频率[117],避免建(构)筑物产生共振损坏。施富强提出采用毫秒延时技术控制强迫振动形成基频[118],调整炮孔推进方向形成多普勒效应实现频率偏移。陈建龙、卢文波开展了爆破振动频率偏移机制的数值实验研究[119],揭示了多普勒效应对爆破振动频率的影响机理,并绘制出了爆源周围频率分布椭圆。Li通过动力有限元计算获取单孔爆破时边坡不同测点处振动波形[120],并考虑爆破振动速度的高程放大效应,对归一化波形进行幅值调整作为种子基波,而后通过叠加方法模拟群孔爆破振动时程曲线,得到PPV及结构振动因子随延期时间[32]、测点高程的变化关系,最终确定合理延期时间值,实现了对溪洛渡大坝坝肩边坡爆破振动频谱的有效控制。然而该方法未考虑岩石破裂、节理及爆破损伤区域的振动屏蔽效应。
可以看出,目前针对爆破振动频谱控制,主要还是体现在孔(段)间延期时间的优化上,并且很多研究成果仅仅停留在理论层面或模型试验尺度条件下,缺乏大规模的现场应用实例进行验证,爆破振动频谱主动调控研究有待进一步加强。
工程爆破行业要朝着更加绿色、安全、低碳、智能、高效、和谐的方向发展,亟需广泛吸收相关学科领域先进研究成果与技术方法,顺应信息化时代潮流,发展爆破新理念,革新爆破新技术,研发爆破新装备,实现爆破振动的准确预测及精确控制。在系统梳理爆破振动强度预测与主动控制相关理论及技术的基础上,对未来需要重点研究的几个方面内容进行展望:
(1)制定爆破振动监测国家标准规范,建立全国范围内的爆破振动监测数据共享云平台,借助先进信息处理技术构建“工程特征-设计参数-振动幅值”数据库,为复杂环境下爆破振动强度预测提供支撑。
(2)实测爆破地震波时程蕴含着丰富的关联爆源参数、传播介质力学性质、场地地形条件、建(构)筑物动态响应的特征信息,将先进成熟的信号分析技术与机器学习算法进行有效融合,揭示地震波时程蕴含的内在细节特征,找到信号处理结果的确切物理意义,深入挖掘爆破振动时频域特征信息。
(3)现有的非线性叠加模型没有考虑不同炮孔振动波形的差异。由于爆破过程中非线性关系的影响,有必要进一步研究每个炮孔的振动波形特征,推导出更完善的非线性模型来预测爆破振动全历程,进而实现爆破振动三要素的综合预测。
(4)现有振动控制方法多是针对某一特定目标进行保护,难以实现施工现场不同距离处的多目标振动控制。深入开展新型爆破装备和数据采集设备研发工作,强化爆破振动预报方法研究,形成基于多目标防护的爆破振动控制技术。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52274136; 51904210)
  • 爆破工程湖北省重点实验室基金项目(BL2021-11)
  • 湖北省重点研发计划项目(2020BCA084)
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2024年第41卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.023
  • 接收时间:2023-10-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-14
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52274136; 51904210)
国家自然科学基金项目(52274136; 51904210)
Key Laboratory Fund Program of Blasting Engineering in Hubei Province(BL2021-11)
爆破工程湖北省重点实验室基金项目(BL2021-11)
Hubei Provincial Key R&D Program Projects(2020BCA084)
湖北省重点研发计划项目(2020BCA084)
作者信息
    1.武汉科技大学 冶金工业过程系统科学湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430065
    2.江汉大学 爆破工程湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430056

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殷琳(1999-),女,硕士研究生,从事振动预测方面的研究,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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