Article(id=1241699621592945296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705420800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773973859451, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1725120000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773973859451, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773973859451, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773973859451, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241699613942543237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='260', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973857626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992982583, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=104, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241699621920101010, articleId=1241699621592945296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Ore Loss and Dilution Control based on Blast Movement Monitoring System, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To reduce the loss and dilution of ore in Husab Mine, a blasting movement monitoring (BMM) system was introduced and tested in three production blocks with 177 mm diameter drilling holes and a 7.5 m step height. During the field test, 6, 8, and 5 monitoring holes were arranged in each test block. Two displacement monitoring balls were placed in each monitoring hole at a 3.5 m and 9m depth to record the rock body's vertical and horizontal movement after blasting. The results show that the movement of the ore body due to blasting can be detected by BMM, and the average horizontal displacement of the upper ore body of the three test blocks is 6.55 m, 6.97 m, and 9.24 m, respectively. The average horizontal displacement of the lower ore body is 3.2 m, 3.9 m, and 4.0 m, respectively. The average vertical displacement of the upper ore body is 4.1 m, 2.0 m, and 3.2 m, respectively. The average vertical displacement of the bottom ore body is 0.72 m, 0.98 m, and 0.84 m, respectively. The ore body always moves in the direction with the least resistance during blasting. Whether horizontal or vertical displacement, the displacement of the upper ore body is always more significant than that of the lower ore body. In addition to changes in the boundaries between the ore and rock due to horizontal displacement, vertical displacement also has a significant influence on the loss and dilution of ore, and the bottom ore body may also move to the middle or the upper part of the ore body, and vice versa. The blast zone of open pit mines often consists of a variety of rocks, and both horizontal and vertical displacements of the ore body after completing the blast design based on geological information are the leading causes of ore grade reduction. Using the post-blast rock boundaries obtained from the BMM system monitoring to guide the excavation and transportation operations, the average ore dilution rate has been reduced by 1.2%. The average loss rate has been reduced by 1.5%, which can create more than 10 million RMB of economic benefits cumulatively over the entire life of the Husab Uranium Mine. This technology can accurately define the ore-rock boundary after blasts, which is an important technical means to reduce the ore dilution rate, ore loss rate and ore grade classification errors in open pit mines.

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LIU Yu-long (1983-), male, from Yan'an, Shaanxi Province, Ph. D, senior engineer, mainly engaged in technical research related to engineering blasting and uranium mining, (E-mail) .
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为了降低矿石的损失和贫化,湖山矿引入了爆破运动检测系统(BMM),并在炮孔直径为177 mm,台阶高度为7.5 m的3个生产区块中进行了试验。现场试验时,在各试验区块分别布置6、8、5个监测孔,并在各监测孔分别放置2个位移监测球,埋置深度为3.5 m、9 m,来记录爆破后岩体的垂直和水平移动。试验结果显示:爆破导致矿石的移动可以被BMM系统检测到,三个试验区块上部矿体的平均水平位移分别为6.55 m、6.97 m和9.24 m;下部矿体的平均水平位移分别为3.2 m、3.9 m和4.0 m;上部矿体平均垂直位移分别为4.1 m、2.0 m和3.2 m;底部矿体平均垂直位移分别为0.72 m、0.98 m、0.84 m。爆破时矿体总是倾向于向阻力最小的方向移动。无论是水平位移还是垂直位移,上部矿体的位移总是大于下部矿体;除水平位移导致的矿岩边界变化外,垂直位移对矿石的损失和贫化也有很大影响,底部矿体也可能移动至中部或上部,反之亦然。露天矿山爆区往往由多种岩石构成,根据地质信息完成爆破设计后,爆后矿体的水平位移和垂直位移均是导致矿石品位降低的主要原因。采用BMM系统监测得到的爆后矿岩边界指导挖运作业后,矿石平均贫化率降低了1.2%,平均损失率降低了1.5%,在湖山铀矿全寿期内可以累积创造超过1000万人民币的经济效益。该技术可准确界定爆后矿岩边界,根据准确的爆后矿岩体边界指导挖运作业是降低露天矿山矿石贫化率、损失率、减少矿石品位分类错误的重要技术手段,是准确控制矿石品位以实现资源回收和经济效益双重目标的技术保障,在提高湖山矿爆破精细化水平的同时,也可为国内外同类矿山爆破提供参考。

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刘玉龙(1983-),男,陕西延安人,正高级工程师、博士,主要从事工程爆破与铀矿开采相关技术研究,(E-mail)
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谢烽(1988-),男,湖南常德人,高级工程师、博士,主要从事工程爆破研究,(E-mail)

XIE Feng (1988-), male, from Changde, Hunan Province, senior engineer, Ph. D, mainly engaged in engineering blasting research, (E-mail) .

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谢烽(1988-),男,湖南常德人,高级工程师、博士,主要从事工程爆破研究,(E-mail)

XIE Feng (1988-), male, from Changde, Hunan Province, senior engineer, Ph. D, mainly engaged in engineering blasting research, (E-mail) .

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谢烽(1988-),男,湖南常德人,高级工程师、博士,主要从事工程爆破研究,(E-mail)

XIE Feng (1988-), male, from Changde, Hunan Province, senior engineer, Ph. D, mainly engaged in engineering blasting research, (E-mail) .

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Ghana Mining Journal, 2003: 27-36., articleTitle=Measurement and modelling of blast movement to reduce ore losses and dilution at ahafo gold mine in ghana, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241756515967750857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699621592945296, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241756515984528074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699621592945296, companyId=1241756515967750857, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.North Blasting Technology Co., LTD., Beijing 100097, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241756515997110987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699621592945296, companyId=1241756515967750857, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北方爆破科技有限公司,北京 100097)]), 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articleId=1241699621592945296, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Blasting designed parameters of test blocks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产区块钻孔直径/mm孔距/m排距/m孔深/m超深/m填塞高度/m炸药单耗/(kg·m-3延期间隔/ms
试验区块一177559.01.53.50.85孔42,排75,孔内500
试验区块二177559.01.53.50.85孔42,排75,孔内500
试验区块三177559.01.03.50.85孔42,排100,孔内500
), ArticleFig(id=1241756522703802500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699621592945296, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各试验区块爆破设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生产区块钻孔直径/mm孔距/m排距/m孔深/m超深/m填塞高度/m炸药单耗/(kg·m-3延期间隔/ms
试验区块一177559.01.53.50.85孔42,排75,孔内500
试验区块二177559.01.53.50.85孔42,排75,孔内500
试验区块三177559.01.03.50.85孔42,排100,孔内500
), ArticleFig(id=1241756522900934797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699621592945296, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Displacement data of displacement balls for each block

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区块名称位移球编号初始埋置深度/m水平位移/m垂直位移/m
试验区块一11-红3.53.12.0
11-橙9.02.20.7
12-绿3.513.66.1
12-黄9.06.80.6
13-橙3.53.41.5
13-红9.02.40.6
14-黄3.58.33.8
14-绿9.05.10.4
15-红3.56.13.5
15-橙9.05.71.5
16-绿3.54.82.2
16-黄9.02.40.5
试验区块二21-橙3.58.64.2
21-红9.02.20.8
22-红3.57.74.5
22-橙9.02.40.6
23-黄3.510.35.1
23-绿9.03.11.2
24-绿3.59.23.7
24-黄9.02.81.2
25-橙3.51.92.2
25-红9.00.42.3
26-黄3.57.94.3
26-绿9.02.50.7
27-绿3.57.14.5
27-黄9.02.00.9
28-红3.53.12.8
28-橙9.00.90.2
试验区块三31-红3.58.23.9
31-橙9.03.81.2
32-绿3.510.14.1
32-黄9.011.21.3
33-黄3.56.93.3
33-绿9.03.30.8
34-橙3.56.34.2
34-红9.02.70.4
35-黄3.57.64.5
35-绿9.02.30.5
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各区块位移球位移数据

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区块名称位移球编号初始埋置深度/m水平位移/m垂直位移/m
试验区块一11-红3.53.12.0
11-橙9.02.20.7
12-绿3.513.66.1
12-黄9.06.80.6
13-橙3.53.41.5
13-红9.02.40.6
14-黄3.58.33.8
14-绿9.05.10.4
15-红3.56.13.5
15-橙9.05.71.5
16-绿3.54.82.2
16-黄9.02.40.5
试验区块二21-橙3.58.64.2
21-红9.02.20.8
22-红3.57.74.5
22-橙9.02.40.6
23-黄3.510.35.1
23-绿9.03.11.2
24-绿3.59.23.7
24-黄9.02.81.2
25-橙3.51.92.2
25-红9.00.42.3
26-黄3.57.94.3
26-绿9.02.50.7
27-绿3.57.14.5
27-黄9.02.00.9
28-红3.53.12.8
28-橙9.00.90.2
试验区块三31-红3.58.23.9
31-橙9.03.81.2
32-绿3.510.14.1
32-黄9.011.21.3
33-黄3.56.93.3
33-绿9.03.30.8
34-橙3.56.34.2
34-红9.02.70.4
35-黄3.57.64.5
35-绿9.02.30.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241756524486381723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699621592945296, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Dilution and loss rates for each test block using displacement balls to guide excavation and transportation

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 贫化率/%损失率/%
试验区块一14.212.5
试验区块二14.611.9
试验区块三15.713.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241756524654153895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699621592945296, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

采用位移球监测指导挖运时各试验区块的贫化率和损失率

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 贫化率/%损失率/%
试验区块一14.212.5
试验区块二14.611.9
试验区块三15.713.0
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基于爆破位移监测的矿石损失及贫化控制研究
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谢烽 1 , 黄磊 2 , 张书鹏 1 , 刘玉龙 2 , 张怀峰 2 , 杨威 1
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024,41(3): 104-110
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2024, 41(3): 104-110
基于爆破位移监测的矿石损失及贫化控制研究
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谢烽1 , 黄磊2, 张书鹏1, 刘玉龙2 , 张怀峰2, 杨威1
作者信息
  • 1.北方爆破科技有限公司,北京 100097
  • 2.中广核铀业发展有限公司,北京 100029
  • 谢烽(1988-),男,湖南常德人,高级工程师、博士,主要从事工程爆破研究,(E-mail)

    XIE Feng (1988-), male, from Changde, Hunan Province, senior engineer, Ph. D, mainly engaged in engineering blasting research, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

刘玉龙(1983-),男,陕西延安人,正高级工程师、博士,主要从事工程爆破与铀矿开采相关技术研究,(E-mail)
Study on Ore Loss and Dilution Control based on Blast Movement Monitoring System
Feng XIE1 , Lei HUANG2, Shu-peng ZHANG1, Yu-long LIU2 , Huai-feng ZHANG2, Wei YANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.North Blasting Technology Co., LTD., Beijing 100097, China
  • 2.CGNPC Uranium Resources Co., LTD., Beijing 100029, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.013
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为了降低矿石的损失和贫化,湖山矿引入了爆破运动检测系统(BMM),并在炮孔直径为177 mm,台阶高度为7.5 m的3个生产区块中进行了试验。现场试验时,在各试验区块分别布置6、8、5个监测孔,并在各监测孔分别放置2个位移监测球,埋置深度为3.5 m、9 m,来记录爆破后岩体的垂直和水平移动。试验结果显示:爆破导致矿石的移动可以被BMM系统检测到,三个试验区块上部矿体的平均水平位移分别为6.55 m、6.97 m和9.24 m;下部矿体的平均水平位移分别为3.2 m、3.9 m和4.0 m;上部矿体平均垂直位移分别为4.1 m、2.0 m和3.2 m;底部矿体平均垂直位移分别为0.72 m、0.98 m、0.84 m。爆破时矿体总是倾向于向阻力最小的方向移动。无论是水平位移还是垂直位移,上部矿体的位移总是大于下部矿体;除水平位移导致的矿岩边界变化外,垂直位移对矿石的损失和贫化也有很大影响,底部矿体也可能移动至中部或上部,反之亦然。露天矿山爆区往往由多种岩石构成,根据地质信息完成爆破设计后,爆后矿体的水平位移和垂直位移均是导致矿石品位降低的主要原因。采用BMM系统监测得到的爆后矿岩边界指导挖运作业后,矿石平均贫化率降低了1.2%,平均损失率降低了1.5%,在湖山铀矿全寿期内可以累积创造超过1000万人民币的经济效益。该技术可准确界定爆后矿岩边界,根据准确的爆后矿岩体边界指导挖运作业是降低露天矿山矿石贫化率、损失率、减少矿石品位分类错误的重要技术手段,是准确控制矿石品位以实现资源回收和经济效益双重目标的技术保障,在提高湖山矿爆破精细化水平的同时,也可为国内外同类矿山爆破提供参考。

爆炸力学  /  矿岩移动  /  矿石损失  /  矿石贫化  /  爆破移动监测

To reduce the loss and dilution of ore in Husab Mine, a blasting movement monitoring (BMM) system was introduced and tested in three production blocks with 177 mm diameter drilling holes and a 7.5 m step height. During the field test, 6, 8, and 5 monitoring holes were arranged in each test block. Two displacement monitoring balls were placed in each monitoring hole at a 3.5 m and 9m depth to record the rock body's vertical and horizontal movement after blasting. The results show that the movement of the ore body due to blasting can be detected by BMM, and the average horizontal displacement of the upper ore body of the three test blocks is 6.55 m, 6.97 m, and 9.24 m, respectively. The average horizontal displacement of the lower ore body is 3.2 m, 3.9 m, and 4.0 m, respectively. The average vertical displacement of the upper ore body is 4.1 m, 2.0 m, and 3.2 m, respectively. The average vertical displacement of the bottom ore body is 0.72 m, 0.98 m, and 0.84 m, respectively. The ore body always moves in the direction with the least resistance during blasting. Whether horizontal or vertical displacement, the displacement of the upper ore body is always more significant than that of the lower ore body. In addition to changes in the boundaries between the ore and rock due to horizontal displacement, vertical displacement also has a significant influence on the loss and dilution of ore, and the bottom ore body may also move to the middle or the upper part of the ore body, and vice versa. The blast zone of open pit mines often consists of a variety of rocks, and both horizontal and vertical displacements of the ore body after completing the blast design based on geological information are the leading causes of ore grade reduction. Using the post-blast rock boundaries obtained from the BMM system monitoring to guide the excavation and transportation operations, the average ore dilution rate has been reduced by 1.2%. The average loss rate has been reduced by 1.5%, which can create more than 10 million RMB of economic benefits cumulatively over the entire life of the Husab Uranium Mine. This technology can accurately define the ore-rock boundary after blasts, which is an important technical means to reduce the ore dilution rate, ore loss rate and ore grade classification errors in open pit mines.

blast mechanics  /  ore rock movement  /  ore loss  /  ore dilution  /  blast movement monitoring
谢烽, 黄磊, 张书鹏, 刘玉龙, 张怀峰, 杨威. 基于爆破位移监测的矿石损失及贫化控制研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (3) : 104 -110 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.013
Feng XIE, Lei HUANG, Shu-peng ZHANG, Yu-long LIU, Huai-feng ZHANG, Wei YANG. Study on Ore Loss and Dilution Control based on Blast Movement Monitoring System[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (3) : 104 -110 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.013
湖山铀矿位于西南非洲纳米比亚境内的沙漠地区,其铀储量位列世界第三,年开采剥离量约为1.4亿t。主要由1号带和2号带组成,矿床走向北东-西南,长度近6 km,倾向东南,埋深达400 m。采矿设计沿走向把矿体分为1号坑和2号坑同时开采,排土场位于两个矿坑东部,矿山整体布局见图1
目前湖山铀矿采用爆前法建立矿石分布边界,来指导爆后挖运作业,但是爆破会导致岩石移动,爆前描绘的矿石区域和废石区域位置和边界在爆后将产生变化[1-3]。采用爆前确定的矿岩边界来指导挖运作业,忽略爆破导致的矿岩移动是导致爆后的矿石损失、贫化和矿石品类错误分类的主要原因,不仅会影响采矿企业的开采收益,也使爆破前期投入的大量品位控制钻探、分析和矿体建模变得毫无意义,给企业带来巨大经济损失[4-6]。因此,准确测量爆破后的岩石运动可以最大限度地减少矿石损失和贫化,提高经济效益。
露天矿山开采宗旨是以最少的成本生产最佳的矿石,最大限度地提高经济效益。Little和Van Rooyen是最早将爆炸引起的品位降低确定为一个矿岩边界控制问题[7]。Yang和Kavetsky开发了一个二维的简单运动学模型来预测爆堆形状[8]。该模型可以通过爆破参数直接获取结果,结果可用于分析优化方案爆破设计,并在此基础上对模型进行扩展,产生了台阶爆破中爆堆形成和矿岩边界运动的三维模型。Adam和Thornton使用JKMRC电子爆破运动监测器[9],通过监测器获取的3维运动矢量,调整爆破台阶中的矿块边界,以补偿测量到的移动和矿石回收率,现场应用证明该系统可靠、易于使用并可预测爆炸运动。
2005年,爆破运动监测(BMM)由Placer Dome Inc.在Porcupine矿进行[10]。设计BMM孔时的主要考虑因素是区块的大小和形状、矿石的数量和位置以及爆炸的方向。BMM几乎在每次含有矿石的爆破中都定期使用。结果显示:运动的方向具有相当的可预测性,但运动的距离总是变化显著。昆士兰大学的研究促成了主动爆炸运动标记的开发[11-13],随后由爆炸运动技术(BMT)实现了商业化。在加纳Engmann等人在Newmont Ghana Gold Ltd,Ahafo Mine验证了BMM系统预测矿岩移动的可行性[14]
在纳米比亚湖山铀矿采用爆破运动检测(BMM)对爆后矿岩运动规律进行了研究,通过BMM监测结果获取爆后真实的矿岩边界,根据新的矿岩边界指导挖运作业,现场应用效果良好。研究结果验证了该技术在预测矿岩边界移动方面的作用,该技术可以降低矿山开采贫化率、损失率、矿石品位错误分类情况,有效提高企业经济效益。
本次试验选择了三个区块作为现场试验地点。各试验区块炮孔直径为177 mm,台阶高度为7.5 m。所选各试验区块炮孔排数为15~21排,单个区块的爆破量为36~53万t。各试验区块具体爆破设计参数如表1所示。
本次试验采用爆破位移监测系统(BMM)监测试验区块矿体的水平和垂直位移。如图2所示,爆破位移监测系统(BMM)包含五个部分:爆破位移球(传感器),爆破位移激活器,GP5200爆破位移探测器,测量设备(GPS、全站仪等),BMM Explorer软件。BMM监测孔的爆前规划、设计都是通过爆炸运动监测软件—BMM Explorer软件完成的。
在规划监测孔时,首先要避免与区块炮孔重叠,其次要考虑爆前物探所确定矿石位置以及爆破区域边界。爆破位移球的直径为98 mm,其探测精度为0.1~0.2 m,精度受深度影响。爆前位移球发出信号后,其位置信息可以被记录并存储在BMM检测器中。
试验开始时,在回填BMM监测孔之前激活位移球并发射信号,位移球的深度和位置记录都被记录在BMM记录表中。监测孔回填完成后,即可进行爆破。爆后12 h内拾取位移球并重新发射信号,记录爆后的位移球位置信息。然后将爆前爆后的位移球位置信息输入到BMM Explorer软件中,即可得到所有区块的位置移动信息。
本次在三个试验区块中,各布置6个、8个、5个监测孔,钻孔深度9 m,孔径177 mm,每个爆破监测孔中放置2个位移球,位移球埋置深度为3.5 m、9 m,监测炮孔中上部和底部的位移情况。试验过程中,在爆前爆后分别使用BMM检测器记录一次位置信息。监测孔布置及上部位移球移动情况如图3所示。
在三个试验区块中分别布置检测孔6、8、5个,并在每个监测孔安装两个位移球,位移球埋置深度分别为3.5 m、9 m,爆后所有的位移球信号均被检测拾取。
三个区块矿体上部位移球的平均水平位移分别为6.55 m、6.97 m和9.24 m。其中最大的水平位移是试验区块一中的13.6 m,最小的水平位移是试验区块二中的1.9 m。各试验区块监测孔位移球移动情况如表2所示。
表2可知,各试验区块底部位移球平均水平位移分别为3.2 m、3.9 m、4.0 m。以孔底为参考平面,将各试验区块上部和底部位移球平均水平位移和平均垂直位移绘制于图4中,分析位移球运动方向。
图4可知,上部位置位移球的水平位移显著大于底部位移球的水平位移,这主要是因为上部覆盖层较弱,位移球水平移动的阻力相对较小。在试验区块三中,上部位移球水平位移最大的是32号监测孔,且32号监测孔底部水平位移大于上部水平位移,这可能是由于监测孔的位置在自由面附近,对孔底的夹制作用较小造成的。
三个试验区块中,所有位移球信号均被检测拾取。三个试验区块矿体上部矿体平均垂直位移分别为4.1 m、2.0 m和3.2 m,底部矿体平均垂直位移分别为0.72 m、0.98 m、0.84 m。
垂直运动趋势如表2图4所示,最大垂直位移大多出现在各试验区域监测孔的上部位移球。其中上部位移球的最大的垂直位移是试验区块一中的6.1 m,最小的垂直位移是试验区块一中的1.5 m,而底部位移球的最大垂直位移是试验区块一中的1.5 m,最小的垂直位移是试验区块二中的0.2 m。
这是因为与上部矿体相比,矿体在底部受到的夹制作用更强,阻力更大,从而限制了底部矿体的移动。另一方面,在三个试验区块的位移球中也存在个别异常数据。例如试验区块二中的25号检测孔,底部位移球垂直位移要大于上部位移球垂直位移。这是由于炸药主要影响最底层的矿体,上部矿体很少直接被爆破能量所影响。在爆炸作用下,底部的矿体被推动到中上部。反之亦然,上部矿体也有可能由于挤压、摩擦等原因从上部移动到底部。
贫化率反映了采出矿石的质量,是评价矿床开采过程中矿石内混入废石或低品位的矿石而使矿石质量降低的指标。损失率反映了目标资源的回收利用情况,是评定矿石开采质量和指导生产的重要指标。合理控制贫化率和损失率指标,使得二者达到均衡,是实现资源回收和经济效益双重目标的重要举措。爆破总是先于实际采矿过程,因此,准确界定爆后矿岩边界始终是采矿作业的关键与前提。
通过对比各试验区块爆前、爆后的矿岩边界移动情况,对矿石的损失、贫化情况进行分析。图5是爆前爆后矿岩的边界变化情况,其中虚线为爆前边界,实线为爆后边界,红色区域为矿石损失,褐色区域为矿石贫化区域,绿色为矿石分类错误区域。
图5可以看出,爆后矿石边界发生了明显移动。使用位移球监测数据所绘制爆后矿岩边界,使用爆后真实的矿岩边界指导挖运作业,并根据业主扫描站提供的实际矿石品位与品位控制模型数据进行对比后,得到各试验区块的贫化率和损失率。各试验区块的贫化率和损失率如表3所示。
2021年第四季度各爆破区块平均贫化率为16%。采用位移球监测的三个试验区块平均贫化率为14.8%,与2021年第四季度爆破区块平均贫化率相比降低1.2%,说明在矿岩混合的爆破区块中,采用爆破位移球监测数据获取爆后真实矿岩边界来指导挖运作业的方法,要优于通过爆前物探确定的矿岩边界指导挖运方法,爆破导致的矿岩边界移动产生的矿石损失、贫化问题得到有效改善。
2021年第四季度爆破区块的平均损失率为14%,采用位移球监测的三个试验区块损失率分别为12.5%、11.9%、13.0%,平均约12.5%,相较于使用爆前物探确定的矿岩边界来指导挖运,采用爆破位移球监测数据确定的爆后真实矿岩边界来指导挖运时,爆破区块平均损失率降低约1.5%。
采用爆破位移球监测系统(BMM)确定爆后的真实矿岩边界指导挖运作业,考虑了爆破导致的矿岩边界移动产生的矿岩混合,可以有效降低矿岩混合爆破区块的矿石贫化率、损失率和矿石品位错误分类。相比于2021年第四季度,采用BMM系统后,矿石平均贫化率降低1.2%,平均损失率降低1.5%,在湖山铀矿全寿期内可以累积创造超过1000万人民币的经济效益。该技术在提高湖山铀矿爆破精细化水平的同时,也可为国内外同类矿山爆破提供参考。
采用爆后真实的矿岩边界指导挖运作业,考虑了爆破导致的矿岩边界移动产生的矿岩混合,是降低矿石贫化率、损失率、减少矿石品位分类错误的重要手段,是准确控制矿石品位,以实现资源回收和经济效益双重目标的技术保障。采用BMM技术对爆破前后的矿岩边界变化进行研究后,得出以下结论:
(1)BMM技术可以监测到爆破导致的矿石移动。三个试验区块上部矿体的平均水平位移分别为6.55 m、6.97 m和9.24 m;下部矿体的平均水平位移分别为3.2 m、3.9 m和4.0 m;上部矿体平均垂直位移分别为4.1 m、2.0 m和3.2 m;底部矿体平均垂直位移分别为0.72 m、0.98 m、0.84 m。
(2)爆破时,矿体移动总是偏向阻力最小的方向。除极个别孔外,上部矿体的水平位移和垂直位移均大于底部矿体的移动。
(3)除水平位移会导致矿岩移动外,垂直位移对矿石的损失和贫化也有显著影响,底部的矿体可能进入中部或上部,反之亦然,这是爆破导致矿石品位变化的主要原因。
(4)采用根据BMM系统监测结果确定的爆后矿岩边界线指导挖运作业后,矿石平均贫化率降低了1.2%,平均损失率降低了1.5%,在湖山铀矿全寿期内可以累积创造超过1000万人民币的经济效益。该技术在提高湖山矿爆破精细化水平的同时,也可为国内外同类矿山爆破提供参考。
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2024年第41卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.013
  • 接收时间:2024-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-17
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    1.北方爆破科技有限公司,北京 100097
    2.中广核铀业发展有限公司,北京 100029

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刘玉龙(1983-),男,陕西延安人,正高级工程师、博士,主要从事工程爆破与铀矿开采相关技术研究,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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