Article(id=1241699618975707146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723305600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773973858827, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1726329600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773973858827, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773973858827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773973858827, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241699613942543237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='260', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973857626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992982583, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=16, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241699620515016759, articleId=1241699618975707146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Basic Method of Open-pit Mine Blasting Sharing Control Theory, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Efficient coordination between different processes is crucial in optimizing resource allocation and minimizing energy consumption during blasting operations in open-pit mines. To address these challenges, the theory of blasting sharing control is proposed, which integrates macroscopic ore fragmentation with mesoscopic damage analysis and introduces a novel ore damage model for the shoveling process. By optimizing inter-process connections and considering factors such as wear and depreciation, a comprehensive energy distribution model is developed across drilling, crushing, blasting, shoveling, and transportation processes. Evaluation and control indices are proposed for each process, leading to the establishment of a blasting sharing control model. The results demonstrate that the ore damage model reveals the multi-phase characteristics of rock blasting failure and effectively predicts the crushing energy consumption by regulating fragmentation levels. With a fitting accuracy exceeding 0.8, this model optimizes the crusher operations while reducing energy consumption. Using the blasting sharing control model enables calculation of the optimal solutions for blast parameter design while establishing an optimal comprehensive energy consumption formula under the constraint conditions, thus enabling the accurate adjustment of energy at each link and providing strong support for efficient, safe, and sustainable mine operations.

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XU Zhen-yang (1982-), male, from Luoyang, Henan Province, Ph. D, Professor, mainly engaged in the study of engineering blasting theory and technology, (E-mail) .
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在露天矿山爆破作业中,为充分考虑各工序环节间的衔接,合理配置矿山生产资源、降低总体能耗,提出爆破共享控制理论。结合矿石宏观破碎和细观损伤的关联关系,创新地提出铲运过程的矿石损伤模型。通过优化各工序作业的衔接,考虑生产设备的磨损、折旧等因素,将钻孔、破碎用电(油)、现场装药爆破、铲装、运输等环节的总能耗进行合理分配,提出各工序的评价和控制指标,建立爆破共享控制模型。结果表明:矿石损伤模型揭示了岩石爆破破坏过程的多阶段特性,通过调控破碎量对破碎能耗进行有效预测,拟合精度达到0.8以上,能够实现破碎机运行效率的优化和破碎能耗的降低。通过爆破共享控制模型,计算得到爆破参数设计的最优解,建立约束条件下最优综合能耗公式,能够实现各环节能量的精准调整,为矿山作业的高效、安全和可持续发展提供了有力支持。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
徐振洋(1982-),男,河南洛阳人,博士、教授,主要从事工程爆破理论与技术的研究,(E-mail)
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李萍丰(1966-),男,江西萍乡人,博士、正高级工程师,主要从事工程爆破技术和管理方面研究,(E-mail)

LI Ping-feng (1966-), male, born in Pingxiang, Jiangxi Province, Ph. D, is a senior engineer, mainly engaged in engineering blasting technology and management research, (E-mail) .

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李萍丰(1966-),男,江西萍乡人,博士、正高级工程师,主要从事工程爆破技术和管理方面研究,(E-mail)

LI Ping-feng (1966-), male, born in Pingxiang, Jiangxi Province, Ph. D, is a senior engineer, mainly engaged in engineering blasting technology and management research, (E-mail) .

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李萍丰(1966-),男,江西萍乡人,博士、正高级工程师,主要从事工程爆破技术和管理方面研究,(E-mail)

LI Ping-feng (1966-), male, born in Pingxiang, Jiangxi Province, Ph. D, is a senior engineer, mainly engaged in engineering blasting technology and management research, (E-mail) .

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figureFileBig=IgfzNBEI7s9XuLZ2vs4hBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756536133972441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618975707146, language=CN, label=图6, caption=破碎量与破碎电耗拟合, figureFileSmall=MvYQZ3GuKzRygaqsAKW7IA==, figureFileBig=IgfzNBEI7s9XuLZ2vs4hBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756536234635741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618975707146, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Energy consumed by each process, figureFileSmall=lx7WsiNRJtxdwTj7gt7HOg==, figureFileBig=HcSkTTotNlD68f1v3hCvew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756537782333925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618975707146, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各工序消耗的能量, figureFileSmall=lx7WsiNRJtxdwTj7gt7HOg==, figureFileBig=HcSkTTotNlD68f1v3hCvew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756537899774440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618975707146, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Production cost analysis of a mine

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类型钻孔爆破铲装运输破碎磨矿
吨成本(元/t)0.5641.9621.2341.8393.99037.542
占比(%)1.204.162.623.908.4779.65
), ArticleFig(id=1241756538017214957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618975707146, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

某矿山生产成本分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型钻孔爆破铲装运输破碎磨矿
吨成本(元/t)0.5641.9621.2341.8393.99037.542
占比(%)1.204.162.623.908.4779.65
), ArticleFig(id=1241756538126266866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618975707146, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correspondence between blasting parameters and boulder yield of a mine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号爆破参数 爆堆矿石块度/cm
炸药单耗/(kg·m-3孔距/m排距/m孔数/个台阶高度/m平均X50平均X80
10.455.84.34913.236.4068.79
20.495.84.34412.829.3555.78
30.475.84.34112.036.7266.72
40.415.84.84312.534.6576.14
50.385.84.89812.547.0082.34
60.495.84.33811.835.5381.69
70.465.84.36212.037.7670.31
80.465.84.36212.035.8864.16
90.485.84.36312.535.3060.59
100.475.84.33512.028.0662.77
), ArticleFig(id=1241756538231124470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618975707146, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

某矿山爆破参数与爆堆块度对应关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号爆破参数 爆堆矿石块度/cm
炸药单耗/(kg·m-3孔距/m排距/m孔数/个台阶高度/m平均X50平均X80
10.455.84.34913.236.4068.79
20.495.84.34412.829.3555.78
30.475.84.34112.036.7266.72
40.415.84.84312.534.6576.14
50.385.84.89812.547.0082.34
60.495.84.33811.835.5381.69
70.465.84.36212.037.7670.31
80.465.84.36212.035.8864.16
90.485.84.36312.535.3060.59
100.475.84.33512.028.0662.77
), ArticleFig(id=1241756538361147900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618975707146, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The corresponding relationship between feed fragmentation and crushing energy consumption in a mine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号入料矿石块度破碎量/t破碎电耗/(kW·h-1耗量比/(kW·h·t-1
平均X50平均X80
127.51046.85600.1533305.55
224.89059.25439.9421694.93
321.58045.12481.6522504.67
423.28044.65775.1338404.95
515.30028.831012.1637203.68
621.77034.54670.7221003.13
721.35036.90994.1437803.80
822.66036.93719.3130004.17
919.85036.131069.9239003.65
1022.91040.731035.3642604.11
1123.73037.81930.7234803.74
1225.58046.12434.8814403.31
1317.09040.82354.7119205.41
1423.18552.05265.1012004.53
1518.49036.381026.8730002.92
1618.23042.171605.2751903.23
1717.32048.69949.9330303.19
1820.59040.13167.036303.77
), ArticleFig(id=1241756538440839678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618975707146, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

某矿山入料块度与破碎能耗对应关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号入料矿石块度破碎量/t破碎电耗/(kW·h-1耗量比/(kW·h·t-1
平均X50平均X80
127.51046.85600.1533305.55
224.89059.25439.9421694.93
321.58045.12481.6522504.67
423.28044.65775.1338404.95
515.30028.831012.1637203.68
621.77034.54670.7221003.13
721.35036.90994.1437803.80
822.66036.93719.3130004.17
919.85036.131069.9239003.65
1022.91040.731035.3642604.11
1123.73037.81930.7234803.74
1225.58046.12434.8814403.31
1317.09040.82354.7119205.41
1423.18552.05265.1012004.53
1518.49036.381026.8730002.92
1618.23042.171605.2751903.23
1717.32048.69949.9330303.19
1820.59040.13167.036303.77
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露天矿山爆破共享控制理论的基本方法
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李萍丰 1, 2 , 徐振洋 3, 4 , 王雪帆 2, 5 , 郭润泽 3, 4 , 姜立春 6
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024,41(3): 16-25
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2024, 41(3): 16-25
露天矿山爆破共享控制理论的基本方法
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李萍丰1, 2 , 徐振洋3, 4 , 王雪帆2, 5, 郭润泽3, 4, 姜立春6
作者信息
  • 1.宏大爆破工程集团有限责任公司,广州 510623
  • 2.非煤露天矿山安全智能开采国家矿山安全监察局重点实验室,肇庆 526530
  • 3.辽宁科技大学 矿业工程学院,鞍山 114051
  • 4.辽宁省金属矿产资源绿色开采工程研究中心,鞍山 114051
  • 5.中国地质大学(北京),北京 100083
  • 6.华南理工大学,广州 510640
  • 李萍丰(1966-),男,江西萍乡人,博士、正高级工程师,主要从事工程爆破技术和管理方面研究,(E-mail)

    LI Ping-feng (1966-), male, born in Pingxiang, Jiangxi Province, Ph. D, is a senior engineer, mainly engaged in engineering blasting technology and management research, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

徐振洋(1982-),男,河南洛阳人,博士、教授,主要从事工程爆破理论与技术的研究,(E-mail)
Basic Method of Open-pit Mine Blasting Sharing Control Theory
Ping-feng LI1, 2 , Zhen-yang XU3, 4 , Xue-fan WANG2, 5, Run-ze GUO3, 4, Li-chun JIANG6
Affiliations
  • 1.Hongda Blasting Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510623, China
  • 2.Safety Intelligent Mining of Non-Coal Open-Pit Mines Key Laboratory of National Mine Safety Supervision Bureau, Zhaoqing 526530, China
  • 3.School of Mining Engineering, Liaoning University of Science and Technology, Anshan 114051, China
  • 4.Liaoning Province Metal Mineral Resources Green Mining Engineering Research Center, Anshan 114051, China
  • 5.China University of Geosciences Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 6.South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
出版时间: 2024-09-15 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.003
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在露天矿山爆破作业中,为充分考虑各工序环节间的衔接,合理配置矿山生产资源、降低总体能耗,提出爆破共享控制理论。结合矿石宏观破碎和细观损伤的关联关系,创新地提出铲运过程的矿石损伤模型。通过优化各工序作业的衔接,考虑生产设备的磨损、折旧等因素,将钻孔、破碎用电(油)、现场装药爆破、铲装、运输等环节的总能耗进行合理分配,提出各工序的评价和控制指标,建立爆破共享控制模型。结果表明:矿石损伤模型揭示了岩石爆破破坏过程的多阶段特性,通过调控破碎量对破碎能耗进行有效预测,拟合精度达到0.8以上,能够实现破碎机运行效率的优化和破碎能耗的降低。通过爆破共享控制模型,计算得到爆破参数设计的最优解,建立约束条件下最优综合能耗公式,能够实现各环节能量的精准调整,为矿山作业的高效、安全和可持续发展提供了有力支持。

露天矿山  /  爆破  /  破碎  /  能耗  /  控制

Efficient coordination between different processes is crucial in optimizing resource allocation and minimizing energy consumption during blasting operations in open-pit mines. To address these challenges, the theory of blasting sharing control is proposed, which integrates macroscopic ore fragmentation with mesoscopic damage analysis and introduces a novel ore damage model for the shoveling process. By optimizing inter-process connections and considering factors such as wear and depreciation, a comprehensive energy distribution model is developed across drilling, crushing, blasting, shoveling, and transportation processes. Evaluation and control indices are proposed for each process, leading to the establishment of a blasting sharing control model. The results demonstrate that the ore damage model reveals the multi-phase characteristics of rock blasting failure and effectively predicts the crushing energy consumption by regulating fragmentation levels. With a fitting accuracy exceeding 0.8, this model optimizes the crusher operations while reducing energy consumption. Using the blasting sharing control model enables calculation of the optimal solutions for blast parameter design while establishing an optimal comprehensive energy consumption formula under the constraint conditions, thus enabling the accurate adjustment of energy at each link and providing strong support for efficient, safe, and sustainable mine operations.

open-pit mine  /  blasting  /  crushing  /  energy  /  control
李萍丰, 徐振洋, 王雪帆, 郭润泽, 姜立春. 露天矿山爆破共享控制理论的基本方法. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (3) : 16 -25 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.003
Ping-feng LI, Zhen-yang XU, Xue-fan WANG, Run-ze GUO, Li-chun JIANG. Basic Method of Open-pit Mine Blasting Sharing Control Theory[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (3) : 16 -25 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.003
长期以来,爆破破岩是露天矿山开采最有效的方式。然而在当前露天矿山爆破作业中,仍存在利用经验化、框架式思维制定爆破设计参数的现象,使得矿石爆后块度尺寸分布不均匀,造成后续铲装、运输和选矿环节等破磨工序的资源浪费较多,不利于矿山总体生产资源的合理配置。基于矿石破碎总能耗,结合前后工序对爆堆块度分布制定目标范围,是提高资源利用率,合理配置矿山生产资源的有效手段。
在矿山生产过程中,岩石破碎主要分为两个阶段,第一阶段是采用机械掘进机法和钻爆法进行岩石开挖,第二阶段是开挖后的矿石在破碎机中进行破碎。随着全球能源紧缺和环保意识的日益增强,露天矿山在提高炸药单耗、减少总能耗方面取得了显著进展。2023年,我国工业炸药消耗量超过450万吨,炸药破岩技术以其经济高效的突出优势,在岩石开挖中仍将长期占据绝对主导地位[1]。在露天矿山爆破开采中,钻爆法作为一种经济、高效的破岩手段而得到广泛应用,大部分学者认为目前爆炸破碎岩石的能量利用率仅有5%~25%,绝大部分能量转变成热能、振动和噪声等无用且有害的不良效应[1,2]。因此,通过有效手段控制爆破能量传递,进而实现对爆破能量的更多利用十分重要。
在矿山生产中,爆破环节的效果将直接影响到破碎环节的破碎效率与能耗,其中主要取决于矿石在爆堆中的分布和爆破后的矿石损伤程度等因素,爆破块度是衡量爆破效果的重要指标,爆破后岩石块度的分布和级配对于后续的挖掘、装载、运输等工作都有着重要的影响[3]。在20世纪90年代初,国外率先提出了基于采选总成本的联合优化理念[4]。国内学者针对爆破能耗和破碎能耗提出了“以爆代破”的概念,其核心思想是通过爆破手段代替传统的机械破碎方法,通过提高炸药单耗降低矿石的机械破碎能耗。然而,当前研究仅考虑到爆破与机械破碎的关联关系,对于其他各环节的关联关系的考虑还远远不够,相关研究表明[5]:机械破碎耗电量与进入破碎机械的岩石块度分布密切相关。如何综合联系矿山钻孔、爆破、铲装、运输和破碎等环节,有效降低矿石破碎的总体能耗是目前矿山亟待解决的问题。
综上所述,在露天矿山开采过程中,各个工序的协同作业和有序衔接是至关重要的。研究爆破能量共享与控制理论,对降低矿山总能耗、提高矿山生产效率具有重要意义。研究围绕矿山开采各工序之间的高效衔接、能耗调控理论等方面,系统提出爆破共享控制理论的概念,建立爆破共享模型,对矿山工序衔接具有较大应用价值。
爆破共享控制理论就是采用精准爆破和科学调配,降低岩石块度以及矿山全产业链综合能耗的控制方法,这一理论对于矿山作业的钻进、爆破、铲装、运输和机械破碎等多个关键环节的能效提升均发挥了显著作用。爆破共享控制理论结合地质条件、生产资源等因素,合理优化钻进参数,通过对爆破过程的高效、精确控制,实现钻进能耗降低;合理安排起爆点的位置和起爆时间,精确控制起爆顺序,使炸药能量在时间和空间上得到合理分配,确保爆破能量均匀分布,降低爆破能耗;合理分配不同爆堆铲装、运输的顺序,降低爆后矿石孔隙度,提高铲装的满斗率,提高铲运环节工作效率;精准控制破碎机械进口矿石块度分布,有效降低机械破碎能耗;爆破共享控制理论实现了对矿山爆破作业全流程和矿石破碎的精准控制,有效达到降低矿山全生产链总能耗的目标,为矿山作业的高效、安全和可持续发展提供了有力支持。随着技术的不断进步和应用的深入,该理论将在矿山作业中发挥重要的作用。露天矿山各工序间的关系如图1所示。
岩石是一种成分组成复杂的自然材料,具有明显的非线性和各向异性力学行为,且内部包含各种形状尺寸的裂纹和空隙,细观裂纹形成与发展形式是描述岩石损伤的一种方式[6,7]。这些损伤可能是由于岩石在地质历史过程中受到的应力、温度、化学作用等因素造成的,这些岩石内部的初始损伤会影响岩石的物理力学性质及损伤演化规律等[8,9]。这些损伤在岩石受到外界作用时会进一步发展和扩大,影响岩石的破坏效率,因此损伤分析是研究岩石破碎效率时的一个重要的内容。岩石损伤理论的研究始于20世纪中叶,早期的研究主要集中在岩石损伤的宏观表现上,通过观察岩石的破坏形态和力学性能变化,提出了一些基本的损伤概念和模型[10]。随着研究深入和模拟手段的进步,学者对岩石损伤的细观机制开始进一步研究。
岩石损伤的实质是微裂纹的形成、扩展和连接,细观损伤通常通过力学描述体现微裂纹的状态。为避免繁琐计算,采用平均化思想,忽略微观物理过程来描述岩石的细观损伤演化过程的几何和物理特征,同时反映岩石的宏观力学行为。众多学者通过建立孔壁压力与细观裂纹的关系,描述爆炸应力波与准静态爆生气体共同作用下的岩石损伤,提出了考虑各项条件与裂纹之间相互作用的方法[11-16],对不同类型初始损伤对岩石破坏的影响,以及岩石损伤评价方法上做了大量研究:根据岩石内部损伤的数量、种类以及组合形式对于岩石力学性质、损伤变形、破坏模式的影响,证明了不同类型初始损伤对岩石破坏特征影响密切;根据细观损伤力学理论,从细观损伤力学中微裂纹体的有效模量角度出发,通过有效模量计算方法建立了微裂纹体与损伤分布特征的关系。随着技术的不断进步和应用的深入,岩石损伤理论在矿山作业中发挥着越来越重要的作用。通过对岩石损伤的研究,对岩石的初始损伤进行定义,可以预测矿山的稳定性和安全性,制定合理的开采方案,避免或减少矿山事故的发生。同时,岩石损伤理论还可以指导爆破作业的设计和优化,提高爆破效果和经济效益。
岩石的初始细观损伤与后续钻孔、爆破工序存在决定性的联系。目前最常用的方法是定义岩石的损伤因子,主要通过细观材料参数间接地对损伤程度进行表征。根据细观物理力学参数可建立如下岩石损伤因子D的关系见式(1)[17]
式中:φ为声速衰减率;CC0为岩石爆前与爆后的声速;KW为岩石的常规系数,表示岩石的完整程度;EE0为岩石爆前与爆后的弹性模量。
当岩石处于完整状态时,内部没有受到损伤,此时D=0。引入参数φ用于判断岩石受到爆破作用影响而产生的损伤,考虑到爆破损伤对岩石产生的影响,φ>10%时可判定岩石受到爆破损伤的影响,此时对应的岩石损伤阈值为0.19。
在地质勘探中,加强岩石损伤微观机制的研究,深入分析岩石损伤的细观过程,以岩石损伤因子为指标对岩石进行评价,探索多因素耦合作用下岩石损伤的演化规律,为复杂环境下的工程设计提供理论指导。针对岩石的初始损伤对爆破参数进行调整,为工程实践提供有力支持。
岩石钻进过程的实质是通过钻头侵入岩石,使岩石受力破坏,从而达到破岩的目的。该过程不仅包括钻头在钻机动力系统提供的轴向压力和扭矩力作用下对岩石的压碎与切削破坏,还存在钻头表面与岩石接触面之间的摩擦力作用下造成的磨损破坏[18]。目前国内外学者对钻进过程中的岩石破碎过程进行了许多研究,通过理论分析推导相关公式和建立数学模型,深入了解钻头与岩石之间的相互作用、岩石的受力状态以及破岩过程的动力学特性;利用室内试验模拟不同地层条件和钻进参数下的钻进过程,记录并分析钻头的破岩效率、岩石的破碎形态以及钻进过程中的力学响应特征;采用有限元、离散元模拟方法,分析钻进过程中的岩石变形、裂纹扩展以及破碎过程,对比模拟与实验结果,验证理论分析的准确性,进一步优化钻进参数,提高钻进效率,降低钻进能耗。
岩石在钻头侵入过程的应力-应变曲线如图2所示,岩石损伤程度可分为初始损伤、线弹性损伤、弹塑性损伤、材料软化行为四个阶段。随着应力的增大,岩石内部应变也随之增大,最终岩石损伤不断累积直至到达材料的临界损伤值时,岩石彻底破坏,标志着钻进过程完成。其中σcc为材料初始损伤临界值,σci为损伤演化临界值,σcd为裂纹损伤临界值,σpeak为材料的临界损伤值。
爆炸能量对岩石的压缩和拉伸作用是造成岩石破碎的主要原因,研究爆破能量的分布特征对研究岩石爆破破坏机理具有重要意义[19]。学者普遍认为岩石的破碎主要由炸药爆炸产生的爆轰波的动压缩荷载和爆生气体的静压缩荷载综合作用造成[20,21]。当冲击力大于岩石抗压强度,岩石内部就会产生断裂和损伤。
炸药在岩石中爆炸时,周围岩石受到多种荷载的综合作用。在台阶爆破中,岩石表面往往会被炸裂成不规则的块状岩石,对于后续铲装环节影响巨大。炸药对于岩石的破坏主要分为爆炸冲击波对岩石的压缩、冲击波反射引起自由面岩石掉落、爆生气体楔入裂隙进一步破坏岩石三个阶段。其中第一、二阶段主要受到爆炸冲击波作用,当炸药爆炸产生的冲击波携带的应力大于岩石的动态抗压强度时,岩石就会产生损伤,表现为径向与环向的裂纹不断扩展;第三阶段主要由炸药爆轰产生的爆生气体在应力波冲击形成的裂纹之间膨胀造成裂隙扩展与碎石的抛出。因此在进行台阶爆破作业时,需要考虑岩石残块的大小和形状对后续工作的影响,合理安排爆破参数,以降低后续作业的难度和成本。
综上所述,岩石爆破破碎机理及岩石抛掷受到多种因素的影响,包括岩石性质、炸药类型、装药结构以及爆破参数等。岩石性质如强度、硬度、韧性等会影响其抵抗破碎的能力;炸药类型和装药结构决定了爆炸能量的释放方式和作用时间,对岩石的破碎效果具有重要影响;此外,爆破参数如孔距、排距、装药密度等也会对破碎效果产生显著影响。综合考虑爆破环节各因素的影响,合理设计爆破参数,使矿石爆后块度分布在合理范围内,对爆后能量的合理分配、后续铲装等环节的合理进行至关重要。
为使得钻孔、爆破环节相互联系,结合岩石初始细观损伤,合理分配钻孔、爆破能量,提出爆后块度作为指标评价爆破效果[22],爆后炸药单耗作为指标评价爆破能耗:平均破碎尺寸(d50)、大块破碎尺寸(d90)和最大块度(dmax)。d50值越小破碎后块度平均值越小,d90值越大,破碎后大块块度越大;dmax值越大破碎后大块块度越大;炸药单耗表示1 kg炸药爆破岩石的质量(体积),单位kg/t(kg/m3),单耗越低,代表每千克炸药破碎的岩石越多,破岩效果越好。
碎磨作业是矿山生产中能耗最高的作业单元,碎磨能耗与碎磨方法、碎磨设备以及矿石性质等诸多因素有关[23],一般认为占矿山总能耗的30%~50%,因此控制碎磨作业能耗十分重要。考虑到实际入料矿石非爆破原始块度级配,以矿石块度为关键参数,分别联系采场爆破参数与爆堆块度数据、破碎工段入料块度与破碎能耗数据;同时考虑生产设备的磨损、折旧等成本,作为碎磨矿环节的评价指标。某生产线破碎矿石能耗公式见式(2)
式中:E0为破碎矿石能耗比;d1d2分别为矿石在碎磨环节前后的粒径尺寸。
将爆破参数-能耗数据关系对应,使用超前钻孔确定矿石种类、硬度、完整性来优化爆破参数的设计;根据爆堆矿石种类、块度与能耗的关系,按照指标在采场二次破碎环节增加设备数量和控制对大块的破碎程度。生产设备的磨损、折旧等会导致钻孔困难、爆后大块率高、根底、铲装不便、运输滞后、破碎效率低下等问题的出现,严重影响了各环节的高效运转。因此综合考虑生产设备的成本,对露天矿山爆破过程加以控制。
以费用和爆破方量来计算凿岩钻孔(C1)和爆破(C2)的吨成本;统计月均原矿出矿量和费用支出,并按采剥比1∶3计算出铲装(C3)和运输(C4)的吨成本;分别统计月均入破量、入磨量、设备维修次数和成本及电耗计算出破碎(C5)和磨矿(C6)吨成本。各环节吨矿成本及占比如表1图3所示。
岩石在损坏和变形过程中,能量起着至关重要的作用。岩石内部所蕴含的能量超过了其最大承受限度,导致出现无法挽回的能量耗散,这是岩石毁坏的根本原因[24-26]。Wang等在对经历冻融循环的红砂岩进行冲击实验后[27],研究了样品的能量变化曲线和能量标准,通过比较四个时期的能量消耗和损伤积累来评估材料的性能表现。根据动能损耗理论,Wang等提出了一种评估岩石破裂能力的强度标准[28],并研究了不同压力条件下砂岩能量变化的规律。Xie等提出了基于能量消耗的岩石强度减退和变形损坏规则[29]。Liu等通过对两种典型石材进行单向循环压力和卸压试验[30],提出了一种考虑能耗因素的损伤修复模型,以验证该理论。综上所述,岩石的损伤破坏与其内部的能量分布情况关系密切相关,研究各环节的能量消耗,对于岩石内部的能量控制以及破岩效果十分重要。
研究岩石在钻进和爆破中的能量耗散问题至关重要。在钻孔过程中主要存在压力做功WY和扭矩做功WN,总能量的一部分会转化为摩擦破坏岩石时所消耗的热量ER和压缩破坏岩石时所消耗的热量EY,为方便计算,忽略其他钻进过程中消耗的能量,由此得到钻进过程的能量方程
其中,压力做功可表示为
扭矩做功可表示为
式中:F为作用于岩石的压力;v为钻头下压速度;n为钻头的转速;N为钻头的扭矩;t为钻头作用时间。
其中,摩擦破坏岩石时所消耗的热量EM包括底部摩擦能量Ed、侧向摩擦能量Ec以及水的摩擦能量EsEd可表示为
式中:μ=0.21,μ为摩擦系数;R为钻头半径,其他参数与上式相同。
Ec可表示为
式中:μc=0.2;Kc=0.23,Kc为轴向压力的侧向转换因子。
Es包括轴向能量Ez和环向能量Eh
环向能量Eh作用与水的能量Es相同
综合可得,岩石研磨破碎所需能量EC
定义研磨单位体积岩石消耗的能量为ηe,可表示为
钻进能耗与地质条件、炸药特性等因素有关,由爆破孔的数量、孔径、孔深、装药量等参数控制。对爆破设计的优化能够实现钻进能耗的降低,以及影响后续爆破环节的装药及布孔设计等参数,对于施工生产环节意义重大。
现场爆破施工多采用柱状乳化炸药,柱状炸药在爆破过程中主要包含五部分能量[31]:冲击波扩展爆腔(W1)、应力波扩展岩石裂隙(W2)、应力波引起岩石弹性变形(W3)、爆生气体扩展岩石爆腔(W4)、爆生气体扩展岩石裂隙(W5)五个部分。
(1)W1的计算公式为
式中:rbR1分别为炮孔与爆腔半径,m;Pd为爆炸荷载最开始作用于岩石径向的应力值,MPa;ρ0为采用炸药的密度,kg/m3D为炸药的爆速,m/s;γ=3,γ为爆轰产物膨胀绝热指数;ρm为岩石的密度,kg/m3Cp为岩石爆后应力波传播的声速,m/s。
式中:R1为爆腔半径,m;Rc为粉碎区半径,m;A为粉碎区半径,m;σcd为岩石单轴动态抗压强度;α为压力衰减系数;λ为应力波对岩石的侧向压力系数;μ为岩石的静泊松比。
(2)W2的计算公式为
式中:n1为径向裂隙数量;RT为裂隙区半径,m;σtd为岩石动态抗拉强度;E为动态弹性模量;β为荷载衰减系数。
(3)W3W4W5的计算公式分别为
式中:ΔE为单位体积的岩石产生的变形能;P0为爆生气体的初始压力,MPa;R2为爆腔瞬时半径,m;PsPk分别为当前压力与临界压力,MPa;L为裂隙长度;K1为应力强度因子。
综上所述,爆破总能量Eb
某矿山爆破参数与爆堆块度对应关系见表2,该爆区矿石性质基本一致,由表看出随着炸药单耗等炸药参数,排距、布孔数、台阶高度等爆破参数发生变化,爆堆矿石块度也随之改变。炸药单耗越大,排距越大,爆堆矿石块度越小;台阶高度越大,爆堆矿石块度越大,爆破过程中的爆破能耗也受到影响。由此可知爆破能耗被炮孔半径等爆破参数,岩石密度等岩石参数,炸药密度、炸药爆速等炸药参数影响,爆破能耗在被钻进条件影响的同时,也将对后续铲装、运输、破碎环节产生影响,如何精确控制爆破,实现炸药能量的合理分配,对于实现炸药单耗的提升和爆破环节能耗的降低十分重要。
无论化学能或是机械能,为了将矿石破碎均需要消耗能量;将单位体积的矿石破碎成特定尺寸,所需消耗的最小能量是确定的,称之为断裂能,主要由岩石的断裂面积决定,定义为矿石单位面积断裂所消耗的能量,断裂能定义为表面自由能的两倍[32]
假设将体积为V的矿石破碎为形状为边长为d的立方体小块,破碎后得到的块体数量为n,可表示为
单个块体表面积表示为
定义块体总表面积为
联立式(23)~式(26),得到破碎矿石到小块消耗的能量为
假设某矿石的体积为1 m3,断裂能为100 J/m2,计算在破碎矿石到不同尺寸时对应消耗的能量,绘制二者关系图如图4所示。发现在破碎中矿石尺寸逐渐减小时,所消耗的能量增大,当目标尺寸非常小时,消耗的能量增多的程度更大。
岩石强度随尺寸的减小会增高,可表示为
式中:σd为岩石在任意尺寸时的强度;σw为无限延伸岩石的强度;σa为特定情况下的岩石强度;dx为特定情况下的岩石尺度。
联系能量角度得到
式中:Gd为岩石在任意尺寸时的断裂能;Gw为无边界延伸岩石的能量;Ga为特定情况下使得岩石发生断裂所消耗的能量。
代入式(31)到式(29)中得到消耗能量为
假设某矿石的体积为1 m3,断裂能为100 J/m2,特征断裂能为200 J/m2,特征尺寸为0.2 m,计算破碎尺寸与破岩能耗关系变化如图5所示。
矿石破碎时存在一定的尺寸分布,并不是尺寸单一均匀的块体,常通过R-R曲线进行表征
式中:R为规定尺寸下的块体总量;d为块体尺寸;dx为特征尺寸,表示R=63.21%时的块体尺寸;n为不均匀指数。
求导式(33)得到函数为
随着不均匀系数n的减小,小尺寸的块度比例会增加;而随着n的增大,大尺寸的块度比例会减少。特征尺寸越小,概率密度就会越高,特别是当非均匀度指标n小于1时。随着不平衡系数n的增加,特征规模的扩大会导致概率密度先上升后下降。此外,随着n的增加,概率密度达到最高点时的特征增加。
根据式(34),破碎块体的尺寸从xx+dx对应的破碎体积为
根据式(35)可得,破碎块体消耗的总能量可表述为
将式(34)代入式(36),可得
式中,dmindmax为受到破碎后的岩石块体的尺寸分布最小值与最大值。
在现实破碎工况下的破碎能耗为
某矿山入料块度与破碎能耗对应关系见表3,看出破碎量与破碎电耗之间呈正相关关系,破碎量越大,破碎电耗越高;入料矿石块度尺寸对破碎过程耗量比也存在影响,入料矿石块度的平均块度尺寸与大块率越小,耗量比越低,破碎能耗更小。绘制破碎量与破碎电耗拟合图如图6所示,得到破碎量的变化与破碎过程中消耗的电能之间成正相关关系,拟合精度高于0.8,表示破碎机能耗效率较稳定。可以通过控制破碎量有效预测破碎能耗,制定更为精确的能耗预算和成本控制模型。其次通过调整破碎量,可以优化破碎机的运行效率,降低能耗,提高经济效益。
矿石经过爆破挖掘后,被铲装搬运至目的地,随后需经过初步破碎处理,再进行筛分分离工序,方可完成处理。开展爆破全过程综合能耗控制,关键是根据采场的地质条件等因素,调整各项影响爆破成本的条件,最终实现最佳露天矿山开采总成本,各工序消耗的能量如图7所示。
在进行工程建设时,必须考虑各种费用支出。需要对不同爆破块度分布进行统计分析,以发现爆破参数与爆破块度分布之间的关系。通过消除对结果影响不大的参数,最终可以利用一个公式来描述它们之间的联系。
式中:Xb为爆破作用后爆堆块体块度;n1n2n3,…,nn分别为爆破参数决策变量。
研究各个阶段所需的能量,并建立一个能耗与爆破效果之间的函数关系
式中:wxyz为爆破过程中通过数据拟合得到的参数;Xx为爆破作用后爆堆块体块度的平均值。基于得到的参数建立有关能量耗散程度最低的相关函数为
式中:总成本为Q;钻孔成本为Qc;爆破成本为Qb;铲装成本为Qt;运输成本为Qh;破碎成本为Qd。为保证模型运算的准确性,对于模型的求解过程还需要增加三个对参数的约束,分别是爆破大块率、粉矿率和爆破振动
式中:Xm为实际爆破振动值;[X]为爆破振动控制标准;Vm为实际大块率;[V]为大块率控制标准;Pfine为实际粉矿率;[P]为粉矿率控制标准。在约束条件下,得到了最优综合能耗的公式
联立式(41)和式(42),表示通过优化模型的计算,能够得到爆破参数设计的最优解,实现矿山爆破各环节能耗在总能耗中的最优占比,实现了矿石产出总能耗的分配模型及铲运过程的矿石损伤模型的建立,能够对爆破过程各环节能量进行精准调整,为矿山作业的高效、安全和可持续发展提供了有力支持。
在露天矿山爆破作业中,以总能耗为基础,综合分析各生产环节生产能源成本,考虑生产设备的磨损、折旧等因素,将钻进、爆破、铲装、运输和破碎工序环节联系起来,提出通过优化爆破参数,建立各工序的评价与控制指标,实现矿山各工序协同作业和有序衔接的新方法。根据爆破过程中矿石的宏细观损伤特性及其关联,创新地提出了铲运过程的矿石损伤模型,通过调整矿石破碎量,对破碎电耗的变化进行分析,拟合二者精度高达0.84,证明通过破碎量预测破碎阶段能耗的手段具备可行性。通过公式计算爆破过程各工序能耗的最优解,联合各参数得到最优综合能耗公式,建立了爆破共享控制模型,实现了对各工序环节总能量的调控,对降低矿山总能耗、提高矿石破碎效率具有较大应用价值。
  • 辽宁兴辽英才(XLYC2203173)
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2024年第41卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.003
  • 接收时间:2024-08-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-11
基金
Liaoning Xingliao Yingcai(XLYC2203173)
辽宁兴辽英才(XLYC2203173)
作者信息
    1.宏大爆破工程集团有限责任公司,广州 510623
    2.非煤露天矿山安全智能开采国家矿山安全监察局重点实验室,肇庆 526530
    3.辽宁科技大学 矿业工程学院,鞍山 114051
    4.辽宁省金属矿产资源绿色开采工程研究中心,鞍山 114051
    5.中国地质大学(北京),北京 100083
    6.华南理工大学,广州 510640

通讯作者:

徐振洋(1982-),男,河南洛阳人,博士、教授,主要从事工程爆破理论与技术的研究,(E-mail)
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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