Article(id=1241699618208150522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1689004800000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773973858643, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1725120000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773973858643, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773973858643, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773973858643, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241699613942543237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2024', volume='41', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='260', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773973857626, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773992982583, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241779829880721844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241699613942543237, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=179, endPage=188, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241699618493362181, articleId=1241699618208150522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Effect of Aluminium Powder Particle Size on Performance of CO2 Phase Change Explosion Excitation Agents, columnId=1240702073851925013, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the effect of aluminum powder particle size on the performance of CO2 phase change explosion exciters, the changes in the thermal decomposition characteristics, safety, temperature resistance, and reaction heat were investigated by the calorimetric method (TG), ignition test, temperature resistance test, and reaction heat test. The results show that the thermal decomposition characteristics of the excitation agent did not change significantly after adding 40、80 and 120 μm aluminum powders. However, the apparent activation energy of the activator was significantly different. The apparent activation energy of the excitation agent containing 40 μm aluminum powder decreased by 52.92 kJ/mol. Still, the apparent activation energy of the excitation agent containing 80 μm and 120 μm aluminum powders increased by 55.21 and 57.53 kJ/mol, respectively. After adding different particle sizes of aluminum powder, each sample can be ignited in the air, and the combustion process is accompanied by white smoke. A-mong them, the excitation agent with 120μm aluminum powder burns more violently than that without aluminum powder and that with 40 and 80μm aluminum powder. The experimental results show that the excitation agents containing different particle sizes of aluminum powder can be excited by the electric primer, but the sample is not completely ignited. When these excitation agents are in a closed environment and under a certain pressure (greater than or equal to 0.2 MPa), they can be reliably ignited without an obvious explosion phenomenon, indicating that their safety is good. After holding at 70℃for 48 h, the overall excitation agent added with aluminum powder did not change significantly, and the temperature index Ts was about 70℃, indicating that its temperature resistance was good. When the mass percentage of aluminum powder with different particle sizes is the same, the increase in reaction heat is about 12%, indicating that the particle size has little effect on the reaction heat of the excitation agents.

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为了研究铝粉粒径对CO2相变爆炸激发药剂性能的影响,通过热量法(TG)、引燃试验、耐温试验和反应热试验,研究其热分解特性、安全性、耐温性和反应热的变化。结果表明:加入40、80和120 μm的铝粉后,激发药剂的热分解特性无明显变化,含40 μm铝粉激发药剂表观活化能降低52.92 kJ/mol,含80 μm和120 μm铝粉激发药剂表观活化能分别增加55.21 kJ/mol和57.53 kJ/mol。加入不同粒径铝粉后,各试样均能在空气中被引燃,燃烧过程均伴随着白烟产生。其中,加入120 μm铝粉的激发药剂与不含铝粉以及含40、80 μm铝粉的激发药剂相比燃烧更剧烈。实验结果表明,含不同粒径铝粉的激发药剂均能被电引火药头激发,但试样未被完全引燃。这些激发药剂在封闭环境和一定压力下(大于或等于0.2 MPa)时,能够被可靠引燃且无明显爆炸现象,表明其安全性良好。在70 °C保温48 h后,加入铝粉的激发药剂整体并未发生明显变化,温度指数Ts在70 °C左右,表明其耐温性能良好。当不同粒径的铝粉质量百分数相同时,反应热提高均为12%左右,表明粒径对激发药剂反应热影响很小。

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杜明燃(1987-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事炸药性能和爆破技术的教学与研究,(E-mail)

DU Ming-ran (1987-), Male, Ph. D, Associate Professor, mainly engaged in the teaching and research of explosives performance and blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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杜明燃(1987-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事炸药性能和爆破技术的教学与研究,(E-mail)

DU Ming-ran (1987-), Male, Ph. D, Associate Professor, mainly engaged in the teaching and research of explosives performance and blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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杜明燃(1987-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事炸药性能和爆破技术的教学与研究,(E-mail)

DU Ming-ran (1987-), Male, Ph. D, Associate Professor, mainly engaged in the teaching and research of explosives performance and blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on the heat resistance of epoxy resin based on DMA technology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241756543494976084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=29, pageEnd=30, 38, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=55, authorNames=黄胜松, journalName=化工管理, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄胜松. 混装乳化炸药爆轰参数理论计算[J]. 化工管理, 2020(1): 29-30, 38., articleTitle=混装乳化炸药爆轰参数理论计算, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241756543591445077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=29, pageEnd=30, 38, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=56, authorNames=HUANG S S, journalName=Chemical Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG S S. Theoretical calculation of blast parameters for mixed emulsion explosives[J]. Chemical Management, 2020(1): 29-30, 38. 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journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Sealed tube construction diagram, figureFileSmall=7Edf3E1vbEWYfeiv7rt+gA==, figureFileBig=9bEoyJkRh+zOn0ZYEB5Sug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756525509800096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=CN, label=图2, caption=爆破管结构图

1-空气压缩机;2-发爆器;3-起爆线;4-引火药头;5-激发药剂;6-泄气阀;7-压力表

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1-木桶;2-量热桶;3-搅拌桨;4-爆热弹体;5-保温桶;6-温度计;7、8、9-盖;10-电极接线柱;11-接线口;12-电雷管;13-药柱;14-内衬桶;15-垫块;16-支撑螺栓;17-底托

, figureFileSmall=h8Zetz3jHvPGequi2dPgmA==, figureFileBig=N3/K708c2oSTyOMCcXJHeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756525908258997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=TG curves of samples, figureFileSmall=reg7UcFlbzKM3PLdkYRR2w==, figureFileBig=r9V+sd16jE7Kd03AgkQsVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756526034088127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=CN, label=图4, caption=试样的TG曲线, figureFileSmall=reg7UcFlbzKM3PLdkYRR2w==, figureFileBig=r9V+sd16jE7Kd03AgkQsVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756526185083083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=DTG curves of samples, figureFileSmall=ek5A+MLgJ5VljERLyEJQrQ==, figureFileBig=BPm4+JwrTP3As3K3c0mrjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756526331883736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=CN, label=图5, caption=试样的DTG曲线, figureFileSmall=ek5A+MLgJ5VljERLyEJQrQ==, figureFileBig=BPm4+JwrTP3As3K3c0mrjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756526436741341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The agent is ignited in the tube, figureFileSmall=blMvfsa4e/65Z5j/PF8hAA==, figureFileBig=rtC03+0CvoH+Q9GLQNOa7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756526533210338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=CN, label=图6, caption=药剂在管内被引燃, figureFileSmall=blMvfsa4e/65Z5j/PF8hAA==, figureFileBig=rtC03+0CvoH+Q9GLQNOa7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756526650650859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Before and after test status of each sample, figureFileSmall=6rPh5IhDFoIhOYCD+ESUmA==, figureFileBig=HLRZega2u3QPTxlAmRRBtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756526747119857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各样品实验前后状态图, figureFileSmall=6rPh5IhDFoIhOYCD+ESUmA==, figureFileBig=HLRZega2u3QPTxlAmRRBtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756526851977461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Hess's law diagram, figureFileSmall=Z4EPrBL+zPECAjR9HTt9Lg==, figureFileBig=qOLHZb3a/lw6KP31vFArCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756526944252158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=CN, label=图8, caption=盖斯定律示意图, figureFileSmall=Z4EPrBL+zPECAjR9HTt9Lg==, figureFileBig=qOLHZb3a/lw6KP31vFArCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241756527078469896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sample formulations of excitation agents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品KClO4/%C7H6O3/%C2H8N2O4/%铝粉粒径/μm
1#63.49.327.3 
2#62.37.026.740
3#62.37.026.780
4#62.37.026.7120
), ArticleFig(id=1241756527187521808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

激发药剂样品配方表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品KClO4/%C7H6O3/%C2H8N2O4/%铝粉粒径/μm
1#63.49.327.3 
2#62.37.026.740
3#62.37.026.780
4#62.37.026.7120
), ArticleFig(id=1241756527325933848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sealing tube parameter table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管长/mm管外径/mm泄气阀排放压力/MPa压力表额定压力/MPa
123050≤1.651.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241756528835883290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

爆破管参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
管长/mm管外径/mm泄气阀排放压力/MPa压力表额定压力/MPa
123050≤1.651.2
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529016238373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Experimental materials and conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验材料和条件备注
雷管8号电雷管
氮气GB8978—88
金属丝已知燃烧热
坩埚陶瓷坩埚
试样质量30 g
内桶15 min内水温变化≤0.003 ℃
外桶1 h内水温变化≤0.01 ℃
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529146261806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

实验材料和实验条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验材料和条件备注
雷管8号电雷管
氮气GB8978—88
金属丝已知燃烧热
坩埚陶瓷坩埚
试样质量30 g
内桶15 min内水温变化≤0.003 ℃
外桶1 h内水温变化≤0.01 ℃
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529297256757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Reaction temperatures at different heating rates and conversion rates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
β/(℃·min-1 α/%
样品1020304050607080
51#97.674169.950209.670223.529227.034230.625234.900240.201
2#117.082177.180200.700211.559218.057222.930226.863230.198
3#109.330169.750209.670223.520227.030230.620234.900240.201
4#96.730167.18190.270200.188206.510211.300215.400219.590
101#96.990168.630213.782224.726227.975231.651235.841240.800
2#124.179187.702209.930219.852226.436230.880234.302236.950
3#150.170168.630213.782224.720227.970231.650235.840240.800
4#94.510194.880218.140227.200231.900234.640236.430238.570
151#90.474166.928181.036218.570226.090229.770233.276237.038
2#131.104193.430213.269222.84029.080233.270235.840238.260
3#102.460166.920181.030218.570226.090229.770233.270237.030
4#84.160198.390221.390230.180234.470237.120239.260241.560
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529427280188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同升温速率和转化率下的反应温度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
β/(℃·min-1 α/%
样品1020304050607080
51#97.674169.950209.670223.529227.034230.625234.900240.201
2#117.082177.180200.700211.559218.057222.930226.863230.198
3#109.330169.750209.670223.520227.030230.620234.900240.201
4#96.730167.18190.270200.188206.510211.300215.400219.590
101#96.990168.630213.782224.726227.975231.651235.841240.800
2#124.179187.702209.930219.852226.436230.880234.302236.950
3#150.170168.630213.782224.720227.970231.650235.840240.800
4#94.510194.880218.140227.200231.900234.640236.430238.570
151#90.474166.928181.036218.570226.090229.770233.276237.038
2#131.104193.430213.269222.84029.080233.270235.840238.260
3#102.460166.920181.030218.570226.090229.770233.270237.030
4#84.160198.390221.390230.180234.470237.120239.260241.560
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529523749184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Kinetic parameters obtained by Ozawa method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
α/%1#1#1#1#
E1/(kJ·mol-1 r2 E2/(kJ·mol-1 r2 E3/(kJ·mol-1 r2 E4/(kJ·mol-1 r2
1082.890.93792.410.99564.170.93697.940.982
2095.080.90752.690.89682.370.971126.740.998
3077.030.92757.850.867107.140.998161.150.986
40161.360.96962.090.945215.030.999192.080.985
50159.840.95767.570.934282.590.998193.980.979
60151.350.96274.650.865276.010.998209.060.976
70142.060.93483.830.975222.580.866227.230.954
80135.240.92390.320.965196.590.934256.920.950
average125.60 72.68 180.81 183.13 
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529616023877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

Ozawa法算得各样品的动力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
α/%1#1#1#1#
E1/(kJ·mol-1 r2 E2/(kJ·mol-1 r2 E3/(kJ·mol-1 r2 E4/(kJ·mol-1 r2
1082.890.93792.410.99564.170.93697.940.982
2095.080.90752.690.89682.370.971126.740.998
3077.030.92757.850.867107.140.998161.150.986
40161.360.96962.090.945215.030.999192.080.985
50159.840.95767.570.934282.590.998193.980.979
60151.350.96274.650.865276.010.998209.060.976
70142.060.93483.830.975222.580.866227.230.954
80135.240.92390.320.965196.590.934256.920.950
average125.60 72.68 180.81 183.13 
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529750241612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Experimental results of ignition of CO2 cracking tube are shown in table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样爆破管内充装压力/MPa
0.10.20.30.40.50.6
1#拒燃可燃可燃可燃可燃可燃
2#拒燃可燃可燃可燃可燃可燃
3#拒燃可燃可燃可燃可燃可燃
4#拒燃拒燃可燃可燃可燃可燃
), ArticleFig(id=1241756529838322001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

CO2致裂管引燃实验结果说明表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样爆破管内充装压力/MPa
0.10.20.30.40.50.6
1#拒燃可燃可燃可燃可燃可燃
2#拒燃可燃可燃可燃可燃可燃
3#拒燃可燃可燃可燃可燃可燃
4#拒燃拒燃可燃可燃可燃可燃
), ArticleFig(id=1241756530073203032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Comparison of theoretical and measured values of reaction heat

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品反应热理论值/(kJ·kg-1反应热实测值/(kJ·kg-1偏差/%
1#496352034.61
2#551758625.88
3#551758746.07
4#551758716.02
), ArticleFig(id=1241756530186449244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241699618208150522, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

反应热的理论值和实测值对比

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铝粉粒径对CO2相变爆炸激发药剂性能影响研究
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杜明燃 1 , 陈宇航 1 , 胡赏赏 1 , 王尹军 2 , 王任松 1 , 曹稳 1 , 王天照 1 , 陈智凡 1
爆破 | 爆破器材 2024,41(3): 179-188
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爆破 | 爆破器材 2024, 41(3): 179-188
铝粉粒径对CO2相变爆炸激发药剂性能影响研究
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杜明燃1 , 陈宇航1, 胡赏赏1, 王尹军2, 王任松1, 曹稳1, 王天照1, 陈智凡1
作者信息
  • 1.安徽理工大学 化学工程学院,淮南 232001
  • 2.矿冶科技集团有限公司,北京 100160
  • 杜明燃(1987-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事炸药性能和爆破技术的教学与研究,(E-mail)

    DU Ming-ran (1987-), Male, Ph. D, Associate Professor, mainly engaged in the teaching and research of explosives performance and blasting technology, (E-mail) .

Study on Effect of Aluminium Powder Particle Size on Performance of CO2 Phase Change Explosion Excitation Agents
Ming-ran DU1 , Yu-hang CHEN1, Shang-shang HU1, Yin-jun WANG2, Ren-song WANG1, Wen CAO1, Tian-zhao WANG1, Zhi-fan CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
  • 2.Mining and Metallurgy Technology Group Limited, Beijing 100160, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.022
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为了研究铝粉粒径对CO2相变爆炸激发药剂性能的影响,通过热量法(TG)、引燃试验、耐温试验和反应热试验,研究其热分解特性、安全性、耐温性和反应热的变化。结果表明:加入40、80和120 μm的铝粉后,激发药剂的热分解特性无明显变化,含40 μm铝粉激发药剂表观活化能降低52.92 kJ/mol,含80 μm和120 μm铝粉激发药剂表观活化能分别增加55.21 kJ/mol和57.53 kJ/mol。加入不同粒径铝粉后,各试样均能在空气中被引燃,燃烧过程均伴随着白烟产生。其中,加入120 μm铝粉的激发药剂与不含铝粉以及含40、80 μm铝粉的激发药剂相比燃烧更剧烈。实验结果表明,含不同粒径铝粉的激发药剂均能被电引火药头激发,但试样未被完全引燃。这些激发药剂在封闭环境和一定压力下(大于或等于0.2 MPa)时,能够被可靠引燃且无明显爆炸现象,表明其安全性良好。在70 °C保温48 h后,加入铝粉的激发药剂整体并未发生明显变化,温度指数Ts在70 °C左右,表明其耐温性能良好。当不同粒径的铝粉质量百分数相同时,反应热提高均为12%左右,表明粒径对激发药剂反应热影响很小。

CO2相变爆炸  /  激发药剂  /  热分解特性  /  安全性  /  耐温性  /  反应热

To study the effect of aluminum powder particle size on the performance of CO2 phase change explosion exciters, the changes in the thermal decomposition characteristics, safety, temperature resistance, and reaction heat were investigated by the calorimetric method (TG), ignition test, temperature resistance test, and reaction heat test. The results show that the thermal decomposition characteristics of the excitation agent did not change significantly after adding 40、80 and 120 μm aluminum powders. However, the apparent activation energy of the activator was significantly different. The apparent activation energy of the excitation agent containing 40 μm aluminum powder decreased by 52.92 kJ/mol. Still, the apparent activation energy of the excitation agent containing 80 μm and 120 μm aluminum powders increased by 55.21 and 57.53 kJ/mol, respectively. After adding different particle sizes of aluminum powder, each sample can be ignited in the air, and the combustion process is accompanied by white smoke. A-mong them, the excitation agent with 120μm aluminum powder burns more violently than that without aluminum powder and that with 40 and 80μm aluminum powder. The experimental results show that the excitation agents containing different particle sizes of aluminum powder can be excited by the electric primer, but the sample is not completely ignited. When these excitation agents are in a closed environment and under a certain pressure (greater than or equal to 0.2 MPa), they can be reliably ignited without an obvious explosion phenomenon, indicating that their safety is good. After holding at 70℃for 48 h, the overall excitation agent added with aluminum powder did not change significantly, and the temperature index Ts was about 70℃, indicating that its temperature resistance was good. When the mass percentage of aluminum powder with different particle sizes is the same, the increase in reaction heat is about 12%, indicating that the particle size has little effect on the reaction heat of the excitation agents.

CO2 phase change explosion  /  excitation agent  /  thermal decomposition properties  /  safety  /  temperature resistance  /  heat of reaction
杜明燃, 陈宇航, 胡赏赏, 王尹军, 王任松, 曹稳, 王天照, 陈智凡. 铝粉粒径对CO2相变爆炸激发药剂性能影响研究. 爆破, 2024 , 41 (3) : 179 -188 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.022
Ming-ran DU, Yu-hang CHEN, Shang-shang HU, Yin-jun WANG, Ren-song WANG, Wen CAO, Tian-zhao WANG, Zhi-fan CHEN. Study on Effect of Aluminium Powder Particle Size on Performance of CO2 Phase Change Explosion Excitation Agents[J]. Blasting, 2024 , 41 (3) : 179 -188 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.022
CO2相变爆炸技术是一种物理爆破技术,由于该技术成本低廉,且可以有效减少爆破中的粉尘和噪声,在20世纪50年代被英美等国家广泛应用于煤矿领域[1-3]。我国在20世纪末引用该技术并用于煤层增透,21世纪以来,随着科技的发展,该技术已被广泛应用于矿山开采、煤矿、铁路隧道、震源勘探和水利水电等领域中[4-6]。CO2相变爆炸技术与传统爆炸技术相比,二者在破碎岩石时所发生的反应不同[7-10]。在传统爆破技术中,炸药在极短时间内发生剧烈的化学反应,产生冲击波和大量的爆生气体,通过冲击波和爆生气体的准静态膨胀对岩石产生破坏作用。而液态CO2相变爆炸技术属于物理爆炸,主要通过CO2由液态转换成气态时产生的超高压力作用在炮孔周围的岩石,在岩石上产生应力波,使岩石产生裂隙,以此形成破碎区。原生裂隙与上述裂隙在静态膨胀压力的作用下向离炮孔较远处岩石区贯通和延伸,从而达到爆破目的[11-15]。此外,在整个液态CO2相变爆炸过程中,没有像传统爆炸过程中产生的强烈冲击波和岩石破碎带,大大提高了破岩能量的转化率[16]
杨海斌等研究了CO2相变爆炸激发药剂的爆炸性和安全性[17,18],发现草酸铵对燃烧反应有一定的抑制作用,精确控制其含量,可以得到有较高安全性的激发药剂。郭超等对三种激发药剂发热材料的危险性进行了探究[19],发现含铝和三氧化二铁类激发药剂产热量大但其爆炸威力小,有较好的安全性。朱宽等对影响CO2相变爆炸技术不同步的主要因素进行分析[20],发现激发药剂与液态二氧化碳的质量比为1:8时,可以使得气体相变时压力一致,从而提高爆破同步性。王国强等对含高氯酸钾复合推进剂的热分解行为和耐温性进行研究[21],发现在180℃下48 h内各项性能变化很小。崔钿利用Ozawa法对含铝粉的激发药剂进行TG-DTA实验和储存性能测试[22],发现激发药剂中加入铝粉可以提高激发药剂的爆热,其存储性能并不会受到较大影响。谭惠平等采用热分析方法研究了高氯酸钾(KP)的热分解特性以及一些过渡金属氧化物(TMO)对KP热分解反应的催化作用[23],发现钴氧化物、铜氧化物和铁氧化物对KP的热分解反应均有催化作用。黄鲁湘等通过激发药剂抗爆性能实验和工程实验[24],发现其安全性能及药剂的配方有着密切的关系,并认为该激发药剂足够钝感。由上述研究可见,目前国内针对含能添加剂粒径对CO2相变爆炸激发药剂配方优化及热化学安全性的研究几乎没有。而激发药剂能否释放足够的热量,使得CO2相变爆炸致列管中的液态CO2被有效激发,是该技术在实践中防拒爆的关键。含能添加剂可以有效提高激发药剂的反应热,但一定程度上也会增加激发药剂的活泼性,因此通过研究不同粒径的铝粉对激发药剂相关性能影响,提高激发药剂反应热的同时保证其安全性是有必要的,可以为激发药剂的生产、存储和使用提供理论依据和参考。
选用英国经典配方高氯酸钾(KClO4)、水杨酸(C7H6O3)和草酸铵(C2H8N2O4)混合而成的激发药剂作为原材料,在该激发药剂中添加相同质量分数不同粒径的铝粉,通过热分析实验、引燃试验、耐温性能试验和反应热实验研究不同粒径的铝粉对激发药剂热稳定性、引燃可靠性、安全性、耐温性和反应热的影响。
激发药剂由高氯酸钾、水杨酸和草酸铵组成,由河北云山化工集团提供;铝粉(粒径分别为40、80和120 μm),由河北罗鸿科技有限公司提供。通过向基础配方激发药剂中添加相同质量分数不同粒径的铝粉,同时设置不含铝粉的基础配方作为空白对照组,并通过改变水杨酸的含量使激发药剂的氧平衡接近零氧平衡,以减少实验过程中反应产生的有害气体,配方各组分质量百分数如下表1所示。
实验仪器选用梅特勒托利多TGA2,由英国THT公司提供。每组测试样品的质量约为5 mg,升温速率分别为5、10和15 ℃/min,试验温度为25~400 °C,样品容器为氧化铝敞开式坩埚,带盖,非密闭状态,N2气氛,气氛流速为50 mL/min。对添加不同粒径铝粉的激发药剂试样进行实验,得到了各试样的实验结果。
从明火引燃试验、电引火药头引燃试验和管内引燃试验分别来验证所研究配方的引燃可靠性。
(1)明火引燃试验。将激发药剂试样裸露在空气中,用明火灼烧激发药剂试样,观测激发药剂能否被引燃,以探究含铝粉的激发药剂在储存、运输和实际运用中遇明火的危险性。
(2)电引火药头引燃试验。在爆炸碉堡(见图1)中,使用电引火药头引燃含铝粉的激发药剂药卷,测试激发药剂在一般环境下能否直接被电引火药头引燃。试验前将试样安置在爆炸碉堡中,通过起爆线连接发爆器,起爆前检查线路,检查无误后,关闭爆炸碉堡,起爆器通电5 s后起爆。每组试样进行三次实验。
(3)管内引燃试验。为了真实模拟激发药剂在管内所受到压力,通过将激发药剂置于自行设计的爆破管内(见图2),施加不同梯度的压力测试含铝粉的激发药剂的引燃可靠性。具体为将插入电引火药头的药剂放置在管内,通过管口的电极和起爆线连接试样和起爆器,利用空气压缩机向爆破管内充装空气,使管内压力达到测试所需的压力,充装完成待压力表示数稳定5 min后,利用发爆器引燃电引火药头从而引燃激发药剂,通过声音和泄气阀泄气情况判断激发药剂燃烧状态。充装压力范围为0.1~0.6 MPa,每组试样测试三次。表2为自行设计的爆破管相关参数。
实验仪器为DHGXIX系列鼓风干燥箱,试样质量为20 g左右。参照WJ/Z90324—2002试验方法测试激发药剂耐温性能[25],具体为将干燥箱温度设置为定值70℃,等待温度达到设定值后,将制备好的试样放在石英皿中并置于沙盘中间位置,将沙盘放置在干燥箱内48 h后,观测试样的变化。
在爆热弹的真空环境中引燃激发药剂,通过已知热值的苯甲酸作为量热标准,标定爆热量热仪的热容量。测温介质为蒸馏水,根据爆热量热仪的热容量和蒸馏水的水温变化,即可测得单位质量激发药剂的反应热。实验仪器有绝热式爆热量热仪(西安近代化学研究所研制,见图3);蒸馏水;陶瓷坩埚;8号电雷管;二号岩石乳化炸药;陶瓷坩埚等。
制备30 g测试样品放入陶瓷坩埚中,在测试样品上方放置20 g二号岩石乳化炸药,电雷管插入炸药中,制成测试药柱,利用电雷管引爆炸药,进而利用炸药爆炸产生的高温高压引燃激发药剂;将上述药柱放置在爆热弹中并对爆热弹进行密封,抽真空使爆热弹达到无氧状态,起爆电雷管。蒸馏水作为测温介质可提前准备并控制其温度略高于室温,以减少测温系统温度的稳定时间。试验设置空白对照组,用以测试电雷管引爆20 g二号岩石乳化炸药所产生的爆热。在测试过程中,每组试样测试两次,反应热值取试验结果的平均值。测试样品反应热计算公式为
式(1)中:Q为测试样品反应热;Q1为测试药柱反应热;Q2为空白组爆热。实验材料和实验条件见表3
为了研究相同质量分数不同粒径(40、80和120 μm)的铝粉对激发药剂热分解特性的影响,对激发药剂样品进行了热分解特性实验,所得TG曲线和DTG曲线结果如图4图5所示。
从上述曲线中能够看出,加入铝粉后,激发药剂的起始分解温度提前,以升温速率为5 ℃/min为例,2#、3#、4#相较于1#,分解温度提前了10 ℃左右,且加入铝粉粒径最大的4#分解温度最早。在不同升温速率下,激发药剂的受热分解都可大致分为三个阶段。
第一阶段在TG曲线上温度范围大致为25~80 ℃,此时激发药剂约失重10%,加入铝粉后,该阶段的失重率稍微减小,对应DTG曲线上的第一个明显的质量损失峰。这一阶段主要由于激发药剂内水分受热蒸发和草酸铵晶体脱水引起的[26]
第二阶段在TG曲线对应温度为80~150 ℃,此阶段激发药剂质量变化较小,四组试样在TG曲线上并无较大区别。
第三阶段在TG曲线对应温度为150~250 ℃,从图中可以看出此阶段激发药剂质量损失很大,约为80%。此阶段激发药剂分解反应剧烈,草酸铵分解生产草酸,草酸大量升华并分解产生CO2等。随着升温速率的增大,各试样DTG曲线向低温方向有所偏移。此变化也反映出铝粉粒径对激发药剂的作用程度。
为了进一步探究激发药剂的热分解动力学参数,利用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法计算得到表观活化能,Flynn-Wall-Ozawa方程如下[27]
式(2)中:β为升温速率,℃/min;A为表观指前因子,min-1E为表观活化能,kJ/mol;R为摩尔气体常数,8.314 J/(mol·K);Gα)为反应机理函数;α为转化率,%;Tpi为分解峰温,K。
对于已经确定的转化率α,反应机理函数Gα)为确定值,在不同的升温速率下,lg β和1/T就形成了线性关系,此时斜率的值即为,通过等式变换即可得到表观活化能E的值。
通过提取TG曲线上各试样不同转化率αi所对应的温度Ti,得到的不同升温速率和转化率下的反应温度及其动力学参数见表4。根据(2)式和表4中所列数据,利用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法对lg βi和1/T进行线性回归分析,得出各转化率下表观活化能如表5所示(其中r为剩余标准差)。
表5数据分析可知,加入粒径为40 μm的铝粉后,激发药剂活化能降低较明显,热稳定性降低,分析其原因认为铝粉为高热值的金属粉末,且粒径越小其比表面积越大,表观活性也较高,使其不稳定性增加,进一步使得激发药剂对温度变得更加敏感,促进其分解反应的进行,使反应速率加快,另一方面可能是由于铝粉的空间约束力和催化作用造成的。但加入粒径为80 μm和120 μm的铝粉后,激发药剂的活化能增大,分析认为是随着反应程度的增加,铝粉与激发药剂反应产物发生反应,铝粉被氧化生成氧化铝覆盖在铝粉表面,使铝粉不再继续参与反应,失去了催化作用,表面覆盖了氧化铝的铝粉掺杂在试样中,使激发药剂表观活化能提高[28]
明火燃烧试验中各试样均在空气中被引燃,实验过程中,燃烧时都伴随着白烟产生,但各样品的燃烧程度不同,1#、2#、3#的燃烧较剧烈,产生的白烟较多,但相较于1#、2#和3#,4#的燃烧更剧烈,并且燃烧结束后都发现有熔融状残留物形成和少量残留药剂剩余。
根据上述现象,分析认为可能是激发药剂存在水杨酸等可燃组分,明火燃烧提供给激发药剂反应的能量,进而转换成燃烧。加入铝粉后,燃烧反应更明显,分析认为是由于铝粉与激发药剂分解后产物发生化学反应,从而提供了更多的能量。铝粉粒径不同,其比表面积就不同。根据试验结果推断,铝粉粒径越小,其与产物发生的反应更完全,提供的能量更多。
试验中,引火药头均被激发但试样未被完全引燃,仅有与引火药头接触的激发药剂表面被引燃,并在引火药头顶端形成了熔融包覆结构。分析认为可能是草酸铵在95℃脱水,加热至高温才会分解,高氯酸钾在610℃高温下分解,水杨酸在300℃少量分解,完全分解温度需要800℃,而引火药头被激发后释放的热量不足以使激发药剂产生分解作用;而仅有与引火药头接触的激发药剂表面被引燃可能是由于各组分之间装药紧密,当引火药头被激发后导致周围区域的温度迅速升高,形成了局部“热点”,从而使得组分之间发生氧化还原反应,由于药卷具有一定的封闭性,进而转为燃烧,但由于反应生成物的导热性较差且药卷封闭效果有限,燃烧无法继续传递,导致熄灭。
引燃试验过程中,激发药剂被电引火药头激发后,大量白烟通过泄气阀冒出(见图6),这是由于激发药剂燃烧后释放大量热,管内温度上升,管内气体受热膨胀,使得管内压力达到泄气阀开阀压力所致。在实际CO2相变爆破施工中要求激发药能够使得爆破管内高压气体释放,且爆破管不会发生爆炸[29],在本次试验中试样在引燃直至白烟释放过程中,均未听到爆炸声响,判定为未发生爆炸,符合施工要求,试验结果如表6所示。
表6可知:当管内压力小于0.2 MPa时,试样均未被引燃,当压力大于或等于0.2 MPa时,试样大部分均被引燃。因此,此试验表明激发药剂在封闭环境和一定压力下(大于或等于0.2 MPa)时,能够被可靠引燃且没有爆炸的危险。另外,加入铝粉后,激发药剂的引燃试验现象更为明显,铝粉粒径越小,对激发药剂的分解促进作用更强。
为测试含相同质量分数不同粒径激发药剂的耐温性,将试样放置在干燥箱中保温48 h后,试样保温前后的状态见图7
试验过程中各试样均未发生自燃现象,试验结束后各试样颜色均有细微变化,且各试样表面均出现了“小颗粒”,分析认为小颗粒是草酸铵长期处于70 ℃受热分解生成的草酸结晶。保温前后的质量损失很小,满足“热失重率不大于3%”的性能要求[21]
为了更全面地表征铝粉对激发药剂的耐温性能的影响,通过参考经验公式计算其温度指数[30],采用的公式见下式
式中:TS代表温度指数,为样品的长期使用温度,T1代表质量损失为5%时的温度,℃;T2代表质量损失为30%时的温度,℃。
参考图4图5T1分别取76.2、139.5和75.8 ℃,T2分别取213.8、241.6和221.7 ℃,计算得出2#、3#和4#的温度指数TS分别为77.8、98.3和80.0 ℃,该结果表明加入相同质量分数、不同粒径的铝粉后的激发药剂的长期使用温度在70 ℃以上,耐温性能良好。
反应热的计算可参考爆热的计算。由盖斯定律可知:反应的热效应与变化的途径并无关系,只与系统的始末状态有关[31]。生成热分为定压生成热(Qp)和定容生产热(Qv),利用爆热量热仪测出的爆热值与定容爆热相近,利用化学手册的数据计算的爆热则是定压爆热。其两者之间存在一定换算关系。图8为盖斯定律示意图,反应热计算公式见式(4)、式(5)。
式(4)、式(5)中:Qp为定压生成热,kJ/kg;Q1,2为原组分的定容生成热之和,kJ/kg;Q1,3为产物组分的定容生成热之和,kJ/kg;T取25 ℃,Δn为系统内气态摩尔数的差值;R为摩尔气体常数,J/(mol·K)。
根据B-W规则,含高能添加剂的激发药剂反应方程式可表示为
根据式(4)和式(5)可求得反应热的理论值。表7为激发药剂反应热理论值与实测值的对比。
表7数据能够发现,加入高能添加剂铝粉后,激发药剂反应热实测值与理论值都明显增加,且反应热实测值均大于理论值,这是由于盖斯定律和B-W规则计算的反应热值本身就有一定的误差与仪器误差导致的。加入一定质量分数的铝粉后,激发药剂反应热增加约12%,这是由于铝粉与激发药剂反应产物发生二次反应释放更多能量。但相同含量、不同粒径的铝粉对激发药剂的反应热影响不大。
(1)加入相同质量分数不同粒径的铝粉对激发药剂的热分解无明显影响,加入粒径为40 μm的铝粉后,激发药剂活化能降低较明显,加入粒径为80 μm和120 μm的铝粉后,激发药剂的活化能增大。
(2)含相同质量分数不同粒径铝粉的激发药剂能在露天环境下能够被明火可靠引燃,表明铝粉能促进激发药剂的燃烧;在一般环境下,所研究配方激发药剂不能够被电引火药头可靠激发,但在管内通过施加0.2 MPa压力及以上时能被可靠引燃。
(3)含相同质量分数不同粒径铝粉的激发药剂在高温下保温48 h后,激发药剂颜色改变,但质量无明显变化,其耐温指数均在70℃以上,表明研究激发药剂配方耐温性能良好。
(4)加入铝粉可以明显提高激发药剂的反应热,反应热增大10%左右,而铝粉的粒径对激发药剂反应热的影响基本一致,在数值上无明显差异。
  • 安徽省高校科学研究项目(KJ2021A0431)
  • 广西重点研发计划(桂科AB22035001)
  • 安徽省自然科学基金(1908085QA33)
  • 安徽理工大学引进人才科研启动基金项目(11881)
  • 广西重点研发计划(防科AB21014001)
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2024年第41卷第3期
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文章信息
doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2024.03.022
  • 接收时间:2023-07-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-11
基金
Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Educational Committee(KJ2021A0431)
安徽省高校科学研究项目(KJ2021A0431)
Research on combined structure and construction key technology of underwater blast bubble shock wave protective curtain(桂科AB22035001)
广西重点研发计划(桂科AB22035001)
Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(1908085QA33)
安徽省自然科学基金(1908085QA33)
Scientific Research Foundation for High-level Talents of Anhui University of Science and Technology(11881)
安徽理工大学引进人才科研启动基金项目(11881)
Guangxi Key Research and Development Program(防科AB21014001)
广西重点研发计划(防科AB21014001)
作者信息
    1.安徽理工大学 化学工程学院,淮南 232001
    2.矿冶科技集团有限公司,北京 100160
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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