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Article(id=1241687548527964390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1677513600000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773970981007, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1693497600000, pubDateStr=2023-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773970981007, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773970981007, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970981007, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241687532522492319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773970977192, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773971036114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=101, endPage=107, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241687548930617598, articleId=1241687548527964390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Effect of Stemming on Mixed Emulsion in Open-pit Blasting, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the widespread use of mixed emulsion explosives, there exists the situation that the stemming materials penetrate into emulsion explosives in open-pit blasting construction, which indirectly changes the stemming length and reduces the blasting effect. To study the influence of stemming on mixed emulsion explosives, stemming simulation tests, numerical simulation tests and field blasting tests were carried out successively. Firstly, four kinds of PVC pipes with common hole diameters were used to simulate the blasting holes, and the rock chips were used to simulate the stemming materials. They were used to systematically study the infiltration of rock chips into the explosives on top of the explosive column during the filling process of stemming. Secondly, the numerical simulations of single-hole blasting were conducted with the LS-DYNA software, and the influence of the stemming mixture at the top of the explosive column on the explosive power was investigated by observing the changes of stress values at the measurement points. Finally, the stemming filling process was improved by setting physical isolation during the charging process based on the bench blasting in the Jinduicheng open pit mine. And the effect of stemming on the mixed emulsion was analyzed by comparing the blasting effect before and after the physical isolation. The results show that the phenomenon of explosive overflow appears on the top of the explosive column in the explosive charging process. Then, the rock chips gradually infiltrate into the emulsion explosive due to the influence of gravity after the charging is completed, and the infiltration length of rock chips increases with the increase of hole diameter in the same time. The numerical simulation results show that the stresses of different monitoring points have decreased, and the infiltration of stemming reduces the explosive power of the top explosive. The fragmentation analysis of the top rock after improvements shows that the main fragment size distribution of rocks decreases from 20~40 cm to 0~20 cm, and the proportion of rocks over 60 cm decrease from 6.13% to 1.81%, compared with the conventional charging process. In summary, the stemming has a significant impact on the power of emulsion explosive and blasting effect, and it can effectively improve the blasting effect by taking physical isolation to separate the stemming and explosive.

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HUANG Gang (1986-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in mining, blasting and other aspects of teaching and research work, (E-mail) .
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随着现场混装乳化炸药的广泛应用，露天爆破施工中存在着堵塞物渗入乳化炸药，间接改变堵塞长度，降低爆破效果的情况。为研究露天爆破堵塞物对混装乳化炸药影响，先后开展了填塞模拟试验、数值模拟试验及现场爆破试验。首先，采用4种常用孔径的PVC管模拟炮孔，使用钻孔岩屑模拟炮孔堵塞，系统研究了填塞过程中炸药药柱顶部岩屑渗入炸药情况；其次，借助LS-DYNA软件进行单孔爆破数值模拟，通过观察测点的应力值变化，探究了药柱顶部混入堵塞物对爆炸威力产生的影响；最后，以金堆城露天台阶爆破为工程背景，在装药过程中设置物理隔离改善堵塞工艺，通过对比物理隔离前后的爆破效果分析堵塞物对混装乳化炸药的影响。结果表明：在乳化炸药填塞过程中，药柱顶部首先出现炸药上溢现象，在填装完成后受重力影响岩屑逐渐渗入乳化炸药，且随着孔径的增大，相同时间内岩屑的渗入长度不断增大；数值模拟结果表明，不同监测点位的应力值均有所下降，堵塞物的渗入降低了顶部炸药的爆炸威力；对现场爆破后的顶部岩石进行块度分析发现，对比常规装药过程，采取堵塞隔离措施后，爆区内岩石主要块度分布从20~40 cm降低为0~20 cm，且超过60 cm的岩石占比由6.13%降低至1.81%。综上，堵塞物渗入对乳化炸药的威力及爆破效果影响显著，通过采取物理隔离手段分离堵塞物与炸药可以有效改善爆破效果。

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黄刚（1986-），男，博士、副教授，主要从事采矿与爆破等方面的教学和科研工作，（E-mail）。
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邹成铭（1997-），男，硕士研究生，（E-mail）。

ZOU Cheng-ming (1997-), male, postgraduate, (E-mail) .

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邹成铭（1997-），男，硕士研究生，（E-mail）。

ZOU Cheng-ming (1997-), male, postgraduate, (E-mail) .

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邹成铭（1997-），男，硕士研究生，（E-mail）。

ZOU Cheng-ming (1997-), male, postgraduate, (E-mail) .

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orderNo=3, keyword=爆破块度), Keyword(id=1241687557310837469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548527964390, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=数值模拟), Keyword(id=1241687557382140649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548527964390, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=现场试验)], refs=[Reference(id=1241687561731634095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548527964390, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=16, pageEnd=18, 15, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=罗勇, 沈兆武, journalName=工程爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=罗勇, 沈兆武. 炮孔填塞对爆破作用效果的研究[J]. 工程爆破, 2006(1): 16-18, 15., articleTitle=炮孔填塞对爆破作用效果的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687561807131569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548527964390, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=1, 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figureFileBig=4X09zBoa7sMrYdd0IEOE2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241687561031185279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548527964390, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters before and after explosive impact

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孔径/mm初始炸药长度/cm堵塞后炸药长度/cm堵塞增加长度/cm堵塞增加比/%
12081.477.04.41.10
15054.852.52.30.58
20049.047.02.00.50
25055.654.01.60.40
), ArticleFig(id=1241687561106682758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548527964390, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

炸药堵塞前后参数

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孔径/mm初始炸药长度/cm堵塞后炸药长度/cm堵塞增加长度/cm堵塞增加比/%
12081.477.04.41.10
15054.852.52.30.58
20049.047.02.00.50
25055.654.01.60.40
), ArticleFig(id=1241687561182180234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548527964390, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Change of stemming material inside the explosive

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔径/mm岩屑渗入长度/cm堵塞增加比/%
1206.51.625
15012.33.075
20020.65.150
25039.49.850
), ArticleFig(id=1241687561253483407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548527964390, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

炸药内部堵塞物变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔径/mm岩屑渗入长度/cm堵塞增加比/%
1206.51.625
15012.33.075
20020.65.150
25039.49.850
), ArticleFig(id=1241687561354146710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548527964390, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Block size distribution after blasting for two groups of tests

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试验区块度尺寸/cm最大块度/cm
0~2020~4040~60≥60
隔离区32.3440.1221.416.1378.56
未隔离区48.0726.8423.281.8164.42
), ArticleFig(id=1241687561438032794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548527964390, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两组试验爆破后块度分布

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试验区块度尺寸/cm最大块度/cm
0~2020~4040~60≥60
隔离区32.3440.1221.416.1378.56
未隔离区48.0726.8423.281.8164.42
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露天爆破堵塞物对混装乳化炸药影响研究
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邹成铭 1 , 黄刚 1 , 张建华 1 , 王强 2 , 李宁 1
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023,40(3): 101-107
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023, 40(3): 101-107
露天爆破堵塞物对混装乳化炸药影响研究
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邹成铭1 , 黄刚1 , 张建华1, 王强2, 李宁1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学　资源与环境工程学院，武汉　430070
  • 2.金堆城钼业股份有限公司　矿山分公司，陕西　714102

    • 邹成铭（1997-），男，硕士研究生，（E-mail）。

    ZOU Cheng-ming (1997-), male, postgraduate, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

黄刚（1986-），男，博士、副教授，主要从事采矿与爆破等方面的教学和科研工作，（E-mail）。
Effect of Stemming on Mixed Emulsion in Open-pit Blasting
Cheng-ming ZOU1 , Gang HUANG1 , Jian-hua ZHANG1, Qiang WANG2, Ning LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2.Mining Branch of Jinduicheng Molybdenum Co., Shanxi 714102, China
出版时间: 2023-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.014
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摘要
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随着现场混装乳化炸药的广泛应用，露天爆破施工中存在着堵塞物渗入乳化炸药，间接改变堵塞长度，降低爆破效果的情况。为研究露天爆破堵塞物对混装乳化炸药影响，先后开展了填塞模拟试验、数值模拟试验及现场爆破试验。首先，采用4种常用孔径的PVC管模拟炮孔，使用钻孔岩屑模拟炮孔堵塞，系统研究了填塞过程中炸药药柱顶部岩屑渗入炸药情况；其次，借助LS-DYNA软件进行单孔爆破数值模拟，通过观察测点的应力值变化，探究了药柱顶部混入堵塞物对爆炸威力产生的影响；最后，以金堆城露天台阶爆破为工程背景，在装药过程中设置物理隔离改善堵塞工艺，通过对比物理隔离前后的爆破效果分析堵塞物对混装乳化炸药的影响。结果表明：在乳化炸药填塞过程中，药柱顶部首先出现炸药上溢现象，在填装完成后受重力影响岩屑逐渐渗入乳化炸药，且随着孔径的增大，相同时间内岩屑的渗入长度不断增大；数值模拟结果表明，不同监测点位的应力值均有所下降，堵塞物的渗入降低了顶部炸药的爆炸威力；对现场爆破后的顶部岩石进行块度分析发现，对比常规装药过程，采取堵塞隔离措施后，爆区内岩石主要块度分布从20~40 cm降低为0~20 cm，且超过60 cm的岩石占比由6.13%降低至1.81%。综上，堵塞物渗入对乳化炸药的威力及爆破效果影响显著，通过采取物理隔离手段分离堵塞物与炸药可以有效改善爆破效果。

堵塞长度  /  混装乳化炸药  /  爆破块度  /  数值模拟  /  现场试验

With the widespread use of mixed emulsion explosives, there exists the situation that the stemming materials penetrate into emulsion explosives in open-pit blasting construction, which indirectly changes the stemming length and reduces the blasting effect. To study the influence of stemming on mixed emulsion explosives, stemming simulation tests, numerical simulation tests and field blasting tests were carried out successively. Firstly, four kinds of PVC pipes with common hole diameters were used to simulate the blasting holes, and the rock chips were used to simulate the stemming materials. They were used to systematically study the infiltration of rock chips into the explosives on top of the explosive column during the filling process of stemming. Secondly, the numerical simulations of single-hole blasting were conducted with the LS-DYNA software, and the influence of the stemming mixture at the top of the explosive column on the explosive power was investigated by observing the changes of stress values at the measurement points. Finally, the stemming filling process was improved by setting physical isolation during the charging process based on the bench blasting in the Jinduicheng open pit mine. And the effect of stemming on the mixed emulsion was analyzed by comparing the blasting effect before and after the physical isolation. The results show that the phenomenon of explosive overflow appears on the top of the explosive column in the explosive charging process. Then, the rock chips gradually infiltrate into the emulsion explosive due to the influence of gravity after the charging is completed, and the infiltration length of rock chips increases with the increase of hole diameter in the same time. The numerical simulation results show that the stresses of different monitoring points have decreased, and the infiltration of stemming reduces the explosive power of the top explosive. The fragmentation analysis of the top rock after improvements shows that the main fragment size distribution of rocks decreases from 20~40 cm to 0~20 cm, and the proportion of rocks over 60 cm decrease from 6.13% to 1.81%, compared with the conventional charging process. In summary, the stemming has a significant impact on the power of emulsion explosive and blasting effect, and it can effectively improve the blasting effect by taking physical isolation to separate the stemming and explosive.

stemming length  /  mixed emulsion explosive  /  blasting fragmentation  /  numerical simulation  /  field test
邹成铭, 黄刚, 张建华, 王强, 李宁. 露天爆破堵塞物对混装乳化炸药影响研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (3) : 101 -107 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.014
Cheng-ming ZOU, Gang HUANG, Jian-hua ZHANG, Qiang WANG, Ning LI. Effect of Stemming on Mixed Emulsion in Open-pit Blasting[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (3) : 101 -107 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.014
正文
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在露天矿山台阶爆破中，炮孔堵塞是爆破施工中的重要环节[1-4]，为了方便取材，现在矿山作业一般用现场钻孔产生的岩屑进行炮孔堵塞。在工程实践中发现，合理的堵塞长度是可以减少矿山爆破的大块率，降低矿山的成本。
国内外很多学者对台阶爆破的堵塞进行了研究。张袁娟等通过LS-DYNA软件模拟无堵塞和4.5 m堵塞长度情况下露天台阶爆破的峰值振速[5]，发现有无堵塞下峰值振速最高相差73%。郭云龙通过有限元软件对无堵塞、现场炮泥堵塞和聚氨酯堵塞进行模拟分析[6]，结果表明：无堵塞情况下岩石爆破效果较差，有填塞情况下可以降低冲击波的初始强度，且使用聚氨酯进行堵塞爆破效果最佳。张艳军通过动力学分析方法得出堵塞长度的计算模型，并用数值模拟的方式验证了模型的合理性[7]。闫晓宇等通过模拟不同堵塞长度下爆破所形成的爆破漏斗来确定最佳堵塞长度[8]。雷海鑫通过对六类堵塞材料进行现场试验[9]，发现使用混合材料堵塞炮孔更有利于现场爆破。叶海旺通过对分层堵塞装药进行模拟[10]，研究了中层堵塞段长度对爆破效果的影响。张毕书研究了不同粒径的岩屑对水孔爆破填塞效果的影响[11]，王长卓研究了不同粒径的岩屑在孔内的运动过程[12]，并对堵塞性能进行了数值模拟。
而随着近些年混装乳化炸药技术的不断发展，很多露天矿山已经采用现场混装炸药进行爆破作业[13]，现场混装装药，炸药没有外包装，若装药后直接用钻孔岩屑堵塞炮孔，就会有一部分岩屑渗入炮孔乳化装药中，影响装药爆破效果。部分学者对现场堵塞物对乳化炸药的混合进行了试验。罗艺鑫[14]、李晓虎将不同质量分数的岩粉与乳化炸药混合[15]，发现随着混入岩粉越多，乳化炸药的爆炸性能越差。
上述研究表明，炮孔中堵塞长度对爆破效果的影响深刻，而混装乳化炸药与岩屑混合后会影响爆破效果。但是鲜有学者考虑堵塞物在孔内自由落体对乳化炸药冲击挤压渗入炸药所造成的影响。鉴于此，本文通过对矿山现场的堵塞物岩屑进行取样，选取不同孔径的PVC管模拟现场装药和堵塞步骤，分析不同孔径下堵塞物对现场混装乳化炸药的渗入规律，提出优化措施进行现场对比试验，为减少矿山爆破的大块率提供新思路。
1　试验概况
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1.1　试验材料
试验采用120 mm、150 mm、200 mm、250 mm直径的PVC管模拟4种孔径的炮孔，堵塞物采用金堆城露天矿牙轮钻钻孔岩屑。在管内套入透明塑料筒膜，以方便实验后观测堵塞物对混装乳化炸药的渗入情况。部分试验材料如图1所示。
1.2　试验方案
实验前，对4种孔径的试验管分别截取长度为1 m的短管，在短管内套入透明塑料筒膜并装入适量的混装乳化炸药，记录装入乳化炸药的高度。使用连接管在短管上端增加4 m长的同种孔径试验管，以保证试验堵塞有足够的高度作自由落体运动，对炸药形成一定的冲击。试验过程中，通过塑料编织袋装取堵塞岩屑，从试验管顶部倒入，至顶部堵塞长度为4 m结束装填。根据矿山实际填塞至爆破时间调研，将试验管静置1 h。将炸药从短管中分离出，记录乳化炸药受冲击后的外部形态。从乳化炸药的装入高度开始，分次对炸药和岩屑的混合物进行挖除，直至液面不再含有岩屑，记录在不同高度下岩屑渗入炸药的情况。试验过程如图2所示。
2　试验结果分析
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2.1　乳化炸药上溢分析
试验后不同孔径内乳化炸药的外部形态如图3所示，经一定高度的自由落体运动后堵塞物具有一定的动能，在接触药柱顶部时对孔内的混装乳化炸药具有冲击作用，堵塞物快速进入药柱顶部乳化炸药，导致乳化炸药上溢并与堵塞物产生混合，形成了明显的炸药岩屑混合段，造成炸药有效长度减小，堵塞长度增加。此外，对比不同孔径下乳化炸药上溢形态可以发现，随着孔径的增大药柱顶部的炸药与岩屑分界面逐渐模糊，小孔径情况下乳化炸药与岩屑分界面明显，孔径增大后炸药与岩屑的分解面处形成了明显的药屑混合段，炸药上溢行为明显。这是由于孔径增大，乳化炸药的流动范围及其与堵塞物接触面的面积也随之增大，由堵塞物冲击作用施加给炸药表面的相对压强变大，加剧了乳化炸药的上溢行为。
2.2　堵塞物渗入结果分析
根据图3对堵塞后的乳化炸药高度进行测量，对于乳化炸药与堵塞分界不明显的情况，选取炸药与堵塞平均分布处的高度进行测量。定义堵塞增加比为堵塞物的增加长度与初始确定的堵塞长度的比值，数据如表1所示。
可以看出，受填塞影响，不同孔径下的炸药长度均有所减少，且随着孔径的增大炸药长度减小量逐渐降低，堵塞增加比逐渐减少。这是由于填塞过程中，顶部乳化炸药上溢与岩屑混合，其余乳化炸药受由上部岩屑重力引起的压力作用，炸药密度增大，长度减小。随着孔径的增大，乳化炸药的流动范围增加，随着时间的推移，岩屑逐渐渗入乳化炸药内并将其挤出。
通过观察孔内不同位置处剖面，对炸药内部堵塞物的渗入情况进行进一步分析。图4为四种孔径的PVC管在不同平面的剖面图，各剖面在孔内的位置分布示意图如图4（a）所示。其中，A平面为初始装药高度对应平面，B平面为岩屑渗入段中部附近对应平面，C平面为渗入段与未渗入段交界处对应平面。由图4可以看出，在进行堵塞后的1 h内，受堵塞物冲击作用和重力挤压作用，堵塞物对乳化炸药有着不同程度的渗入。采用AutoCAD软件对多个剖面照片中炮孔及岩屑的范围进行圈定，得到每个剖面内的岩屑面积占比，以此绘制不同孔径下的岩屑渗入情况，如图5所示。若将含有堵塞物渗入的长度均算为堵塞增加长度，炸药内部堵塞物长度变化如表2所示。
由图5和表2可以看出，堵塞物在炮孔内进行落体运动后，在重力作用下，逐渐渗入乳化炸药中，此时与堵塞物混合的部分炸药已经失效[15]。在进行切面分析时，孔径为120 mm时，仅在距炸药初始长度6.5 cm处，切面处就完全为乳化炸药，且在这6.5 cm中，堵塞物占整个切面的80%~90%，即孔径为120 mm时，乳化炸药中堵塞物渗入长度较小，此时堵塞增加比为1.625%。孔径为150 mm时，随着切面深度的增加，单个切面上的堵塞物占比逐渐减少，切面距初始药面高度到达13 cm左右时，切面中堵塞物占比基本为0，此时堵塞增加比为3.075%。孔径为200 mm时，随着切面的深度增加，堵塞物的占比先逐渐降低，但在切面深度8.5~11.8 cm时，堵塞物占比降低趋势逐渐平缓，这是由于部分乳化炸药受到渗入堵塞物的挤压作用被挤压至上部，导致上部切面乳化炸药少量增加，最终形成一段堵塞物占比变化较小的切面区间，此时堵塞增加比为5.15%。孔径为250 mm时的规律与孔径为200 mm时的情况类似，但由于孔径的增大，乳化炸药更易流动，一开始堵塞物占比降低较快，至8.2 cm时，堵塞物的占比约为50%并趋于稳定，最终在35 cm附近后急速降低，直至40 cm处乳化炸药切面处不再含有堵塞物，此时堵塞增加比为9.85%。
综上，在相同时间里，随着孔径逐渐增加，堵塞物渗入乳化炸药的长度也随之增加，炸药的失效长度也逐渐增加，最终对矿山爆破质量产生影响。
3　数值模拟与现场试验
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3.1　单孔爆破数值模拟
采用LS-DYNA软件进行单孔爆破数值模拟，采用1/4的模型进行计算。模型尺寸为300 cm×300 cm×1500 cm，孔径为250 mm，钻孔深度为1350 cm，装药长度为800 cm，单位制采用cm-g-μs。根据物理试验模拟的250 mm孔径PVC管内堵塞物渗入情况，对药柱顶部0~10 cm处采用170 mm、10~40 cm处采用130mm的1/4圆柱进行分割，分割内部为渗入的堵塞物，外部为乳化炸药，另一模型不做渗入处理，模型如图6所示。岩石材料模型采用*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC，炸药模型采用*MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN，计算时间为1000 μs。爆破后选取初始药面及药面40 cm处距炮孔中心水平距离1 m处的测点进行分析，测点位置如图6，各测点的应力变化趋势如图7所示。
由图7可以看出，堵塞物渗入乳化炸药后，同一时刻，岩体中同一测点受到的应力明显降低，降低比率分别为19.09%和11.52%，此时岩体受到的应力主要由爆炸冲击波造成，当岩体中冲击压缩波和后续的横波通过之后，岩体中应力开始衰减，随后受应力波叠加影响，岩体中的应力再次上升。其中，测点A1和B1出现的应力增长趋势明显，而A2和B2应力变化较小，说明岩屑渗入乳化炸药后，导致这一部分乳化炸药的爆炸威力降低，产生的爆炸冲击波压力及爆生气体能量的减少，最终对药柱顶部的爆破效果产生影响。
3.2　现场爆破对比试验
根据试验与数值模拟结果可以看出，在露天台阶爆破使用现场混装乳化炸药的情况下，随着孔径的增大，堵塞岩屑渗入炸药的长度越大，顶部炸药能量损失越多，所以在现场爆破作业中，可以采取降低孔径的方式或者改善堵塞工艺的方式来降低堵塞物对乳化炸药的影响。但在矿山生产中采用小孔径炮孔进行爆破作业时，炮孔的单孔负担面积小，在进行大面积爆破作业时工作效率低，难以满足大型露天矿山实际的生产需求。因此，需要改善大孔径爆破的堵塞工艺，即采用对堵塞物进行隔离的方式，以改善爆破效果的目的。
为了对比改善堵塞工艺前后的爆破效果，在金堆城露天矿山1068平台西帮爆区，根据矿山地测科的炮孔分布图，将单次爆破分为两组进行对比试验，试验炮孔直径为250 mm。靠近南帮的炮孔按照正常爆破工序进行；另一半炮孔在进行装药后利用堵塞隔离装置对炸药及堵塞物进行物理隔离，在装药后先投放隔离装置，再进行炮孔填塞，避免堵塞物渗入混装乳化炸药，采用的隔离装置如图8所示。爆破后，及时对现场爆区顶部块度分布情况进行记录。图9为现场爆破分区的示意图。
3.3　爆破结果分析
爆破试验后对现场的爆堆图片进行采集，部分图片如图10所示。利用Split-Desktop 4.0软件对爆堆图片进行分析，得到两组试验的爆堆块度分布情况如表3所示。
从表3可以看出，在未进行炸药与堵塞隔离措施的区域中，岩石块度主要集中在20~40 cm之间，在本次爆破中达到了40.12%，且超过60 cm的岩石占6.13%；而采取了隔离措施的试验区域中，0~20 cm块度的岩石占较大比例，有48.07%，且尺寸超过60 cm的岩石仅占1.81%。说明在爆破作业中，堵塞物接触乳化炸药后会与药柱顶部的部分混装乳化炸药混合，导致乳化炸药失效，削弱顶部炸药的破岩效果。而在爆破作业时进行堵塞物与炸药隔离，可以很好的降低堵塞物对乳化炸药的影响。在试验中，隔离区由于药柱顶部的乳化炸药并未失效，可以对顶部的岩石有更好地爆破冲击，最终所获取的块度更好。
综上，在露天矿山爆破中采用现场混装乳化炸药时，在乳化炸药与堵塞物分界面采取隔离措施，能有效避免堵塞物与混装乳化炸药混合的问题，改善顶部爆破破岩效果，从而降低矿山生产总成本。
4　结论
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（1）模拟堵塞试验中，在开始阶段，药柱顶部炸药受到岩屑冲击上溢与岩屑混合，导致炸药失效；堵塞填塞完成后，岩屑在重力作用下渗入乳化炸药，且随着孔径的增大岩屑渗入乳化炸药的长度也随之增加，进一步降低药柱顶部炸药的有效性。
（2）LS-DYNA数值计算结果表明，堵塞物渗入乳化炸药后，两处监测点的应力值分别降低了19.09%和11.52%，乳化炸药的威力随着渗入程度的增加而降低。
（3）金堆城露天矿山孔内堵塞隔离对比试验结果显示，将岩屑和乳化炸药进行物理隔离，爆破后的主要岩石块度分布由20~40 cm降低为0~20 cm，且块度在60 cm以上的岩石占比由6.13%降低至1.81%。试验结果表明采取隔离措施可以很好地阻止堵塞物渗入乳化炸药，提高爆破效果。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42271296)
文献
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2023年第40卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.014
  • 接收时间：2023-02-28
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2023-09-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-02-28
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42271296)
国家自然科学基金项目(42271296)
作者信息
    1.武汉理工大学　资源与环境工程学院，武汉　430070
    2.金堆城钼业股份有限公司　矿山分公司，陕西　714102

通讯作者:

黄刚（1986-），男，博士、副教授，主要从事采矿与爆破等方面的教学和科研工作，（E-mail）。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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