Article(id=1241687548355997909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1676563200000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773970980967, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1693497600000, pubDateStr=2023-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773970980967, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773970980967, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970980967, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241687532522492319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773970977192, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773971036114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241687548641210610, articleId=1241687548355997909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Dynamic Response and Safety Assessment of Adjacent Underpass Tunnels Influenced by Collapse Impact of Building Demolised by Blasting, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The impact vibration caused by blasting demolition of tall buildings (structures) may affect the service status of adjacent subway tunnels. In order to demolish a 24 story frame structure building only 6.5 meters away from the subway tunnel, on-site tests and analysis of blasting vibrations and dynamic strains were first conducted. And then, a three-dimensional finite element calculation model was established for analyzing the dynamic response of the subway tunnel structure by ANSYS/LS-DYNA, which can reasonably describe the impact of the collapsed part on the ground during the blasting demolition of the building. Finally, the vibration response characteristics and dynamic stress changes of the tunnel structure under the impact of building collapse were simulated and compared with the field measured data. The research results show that the peak particle vibration velocity (8.61 mm/s) in the subway tunnel caused by the drilling and blasting of the load-bearing columns is greater than the peak particle vibration velocity (4.95 mm/s) caused by the impact of the building on the ground. The main frequency of the blasting vibration and the collapse impact vibration are about 100 Hz and 2 Hz, respectively. The vibration velocity of the subway tunnel under the action of the collapse impact load is equivalent to the structural vibration caused by an earthquake with an intensity of Level Ⅲ (3.82~8.19 mm/s). The low-frequency collapse impact vibration can cause relatively obvious additional dynamic stress to the subway tunnel. The dynamic compressive stress generated in the circumferential direction of the tunnel is about 4 MPa, and the dynamic tensile stress generated in the axial and tangential directions is about 0.4 MPa. The existing cracks may expand, or delamination may occur when the internal damages or construction defects are generated in the tunnel structure under the impact of dynamic tension and compression cycles. The safety allowable particle vibration velocity value of 10~12 cm/s when f<10 Hz required in the current blasting safety regulation (GB6722—2014) is dangerously high, and it should be adjusted in combination with the frequency and dynamic strain characteristics.

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高大建(构)筑物爆破拆除产生的冲击振动可能会影响邻近地铁隧道的安全服役。论文依托距离地铁隧道仅6.5 m的24层框架结构楼房爆破拆除工程,首先开展了楼房对应区域地铁隧道的振动与动应变现场测试与分析,其次应用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件建立了适于描述楼房爆破拆除塌落体触地冲击的地铁隧道结构动力响应三维有限元计算模型,模拟了塌落冲击作用下隧道结构的振动响应特征与动应力变化情况,并与现场实测结果对比分析。研究结果表明:承重立柱钻孔爆破引起的地铁隧道内质点振动速度峰值(8.61 mm/s)大于楼房切口闭合触地冲击引起的质点振动速度峰值(4.95 mm/s),爆破振动主频为100 Hz左右,塌落冲击振动主频为2 Hz左右,塌落冲击荷载作用下的地铁隧道振动速度与Ⅲ级地震烈度引起的结构振动相当(3.82~8.19 mm/s);楼房切口闭合时的低频塌落冲击振动会使地铁隧道管片产生较为明显的附加动应力,管片环向产生4 MPa左右的动态压应力,轴向和切向产生0.4 MPa左右的动态拉应力;受动态拉压循环冲击作用,管片结构若存在内部损伤或施工缺陷,可能会出现既有裂缝扩大或层裂剥落现象;现行《爆破安全规程》(GB6722—2014)确定的f<10 Hz时的10~12 cm/s安全允许质点振动速度值偏于危险,应结合频率特性与动态应变特征进行调整。论文可为塌落冲击作用下地铁隧道的安全评价与安全防护提供参考。

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姚颖康(1981-),男,博士、高级工程师,主要从事建筑物精细爆破拆除和土木工程防灾减灾等领域的理论与技术研究,(E-mail)

YAO Ying-kang (1981-), male, Ph. D, senior engineer, mainly engaged in the theoretical and technical research in the fields of fine blasting and demolition of buildings and civil engineering disaster prevention and mitigation, (E-mail) .

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姚颖康(1981-),男,博士、高级工程师,主要从事建筑物精细爆破拆除和土木工程防灾减灾等领域的理论与技术研究,(E-mail)

YAO Ying-kang (1981-), male, Ph. D, senior engineer, mainly engaged in the theoretical and technical research in the fields of fine blasting and demolition of buildings and civil engineering disaster prevention and mitigation, (E-mail) .

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

姚颖康(1981-),男,博士、高级工程师,主要从事建筑物精细爆破拆除和土木工程防灾减灾等领域的理论与技术研究,(E-mail)

YAO Ying-kang (1981-), male, Ph. D, senior engineer, mainly engaged in the theoretical and technical research in the fields of fine blasting and demolition of buildings and civil engineering disaster prevention and mitigation, (E-mail) .

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ArticleFig(id=1241687564315325423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548355997909, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

PPV of No. 2 measuring point (unit: mm/s)

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 0.0 s0.5 s1.0 s1.5 s4.5 s7.5 s
X速度峰值1.42.71.95.13.80.5
Y速度峰值1.01.32.75.61.50.6
Z速度峰值1.12.73.56.45.00.9
), ArticleFig(id=1241687564386628597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548355997909, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2号测点典型时刻质点振动速度峰值(单位:mm/s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 0.0 s0.5 s1.0 s1.5 s4.5 s7.5 s
X速度峰值1.42.71.95.13.80.5
Y速度峰值1.01.32.75.61.50.6
Z速度峰值1.12.73.56.45.00.9
), ArticleFig(id=1241687564474708987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548355997909, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Dominant frequency of No. 2 measuring point (unit: Hz)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 0.0 s0.5 s1.5 s4.5 s7.5 s1.0 s
X方向主频90.971.4142.81.36.9125.0
Y方向主频93.383.3111.12.217.874.9
Z方向主频142.890.9100.01.611.140.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241687564550206462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548355997909, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2号测点典型时刻质点振动主频(单位:Hz)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 0.0 s0.5 s1.5 s4.5 s7.5 s1.0 s
X方向主频90.971.4142.81.36.9125.0
Y方向主频93.383.3111.12.217.874.9
Z方向主频142.890.9100.01.611.140.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241687564642480132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548355997909, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of Jiangtian Building structure

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ρ/(g·cm-3E/GPaμσ0/MPaEtan/GPa
2.534.50.223.19.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241687564726366215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548355997909, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

江天大厦楼房结构物理力学参数

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ρ/(g·cm-3E/GPaμσ0/MPaEtan/GPa
2.534.50.223.19.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241687564818640908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548355997909, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of soil material

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ρ/(g·cm-3E/GPaμc/MPaφσt/GPa
1.980.0390.350.035150.028
), ArticleFig(id=1241687564915109907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548355997909, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

土体材料的物理力学参数

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ρ/(g·cm-3E/GPaμc/MPaφσt/GPa
1.980.0390.350.035150.028
), ArticleFig(id=1241687565007384599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548355997909, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of tunnel materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(g·cm-3E/GPaμA1/GPaA2/GPaA3/GPaB0B1T1/GPaT2/GPa
2.4500.235.2739.589.041.221.2235.270
), ArticleFig(id=1241687565124825120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548355997909, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

隧道材料的主要物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(g·cm-3E/GPaμA1/GPaA2/GPaA3/GPaB0B1T1/GPaT2/GPa
2.4500.235.2739.589.041.221.2235.270
), ArticleFig(id=1241687565200322593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548355997909, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Vibration velocity of each measuring point in the numerical model (unit: mm/s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 X峰值Y峰值Z峰值
测点11.63.81.6
测点21.43.91.3
测点31.73.71.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241687565275820070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548355997909, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

各测点数值模拟振动速度(单位:mm/s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 X峰值Y峰值Z峰值
测点11.63.81.6
测点21.43.91.3
测点31.73.71.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241687565363900458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548355997909, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Additional dynamic stress at each measuring point in the numerical model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 沿隧道环向应力/MPa沿隧道轴向(切向)应力/MPa
测点1-3.820.25
测点2-4.610.38
测点3-3.740.23
), ArticleFig(id=1241687565468758063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548355997909, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

数值模型各测点附加动应力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 沿隧道环向应力/MPa沿隧道轴向(切向)应力/MPa
测点1-3.820.25
测点2-4.610.38
测点3-3.740.23
), ArticleFig(id=1241687565561032756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687548355997909, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Blasting vibration safety allowable standards (excerpt)

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保护对象类别安全允许质点振动速度
f<10 Hz10 Hz<f<50 Hzf>50 Hz
水工隧洞7~88~1010~15
交通隧洞10~1212~1515~20
矿山巷道15~1818~2520~30
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爆破振动安全允许标准(节选)

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保护对象类别安全允许质点振动速度
f<10 Hz10 Hz<f<50 Hzf>50 Hz
水工隧洞7~88~1010~15
交通隧洞10~1212~1515~20
矿山巷道15~1818~2520~30
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楼房爆破拆除塌落冲击作用下邻近地铁隧道动力响应及安全评估研究
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姚颖康 1a, 1b , 杨成 1a, 1b , 贾永胜 1a, 1b , 黄小武 2 , 孙金山 1a, 1b
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023,40(3): 1-11
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023, 40(3): 1-11
楼房爆破拆除塌落冲击作用下邻近地铁隧道动力响应及安全评估研究
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姚颖康1a, 1b , 杨成1a, 1b, 贾永胜1a, 1b, 黄小武2, 孙金山1a, 1b
作者信息
  • 1a.江汉大学 省部共建精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
  • 1b.江汉大学 爆破工程湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430056
  • 2.武汉爆破有限公司,武汉 430056
  • 姚颖康(1981-),男,博士、高级工程师,主要从事建筑物精细爆破拆除和土木工程防灾减灾等领域的理论与技术研究,(E-mail)

    YAO Ying-kang (1981-), male, Ph. D, senior engineer, mainly engaged in the theoretical and technical research in the fields of fine blasting and demolition of buildings and civil engineering disaster prevention and mitigation, (E-mail) .

Study on Dynamic Response and Safety Assessment of Adjacent Underpass Tunnels Influenced by Collapse Impact of Building Demolised by Blasting
Ying-kang YAO1a, 1b , Cheng YANG1a, 1b, Yong-sheng JIA1a, 1b, Xiao-wu HUANG2, Jin-shan SUN1a, 1b
Affiliations
  • 1a.State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
  • 1b.Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
  • 2.Wuhan Explosions and Blasting Corporation Limited, Wuhan 430056, China
出版时间: 2023-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.001
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高大建(构)筑物爆破拆除产生的冲击振动可能会影响邻近地铁隧道的安全服役。论文依托距离地铁隧道仅6.5 m的24层框架结构楼房爆破拆除工程,首先开展了楼房对应区域地铁隧道的振动与动应变现场测试与分析,其次应用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件建立了适于描述楼房爆破拆除塌落体触地冲击的地铁隧道结构动力响应三维有限元计算模型,模拟了塌落冲击作用下隧道结构的振动响应特征与动应力变化情况,并与现场实测结果对比分析。研究结果表明:承重立柱钻孔爆破引起的地铁隧道内质点振动速度峰值(8.61 mm/s)大于楼房切口闭合触地冲击引起的质点振动速度峰值(4.95 mm/s),爆破振动主频为100 Hz左右,塌落冲击振动主频为2 Hz左右,塌落冲击荷载作用下的地铁隧道振动速度与Ⅲ级地震烈度引起的结构振动相当(3.82~8.19 mm/s);楼房切口闭合时的低频塌落冲击振动会使地铁隧道管片产生较为明显的附加动应力,管片环向产生4 MPa左右的动态压应力,轴向和切向产生0.4 MPa左右的动态拉应力;受动态拉压循环冲击作用,管片结构若存在内部损伤或施工缺陷,可能会出现既有裂缝扩大或层裂剥落现象;现行《爆破安全规程》(GB6722—2014)确定的f<10 Hz时的10~12 cm/s安全允许质点振动速度值偏于危险,应结合频率特性与动态应变特征进行调整。论文可为塌落冲击作用下地铁隧道的安全评价与安全防护提供参考。

高层楼房  /  爆破拆除  /  塌落冲击  /  地铁隧道  /  振动特性  /  动力响应

The impact vibration caused by blasting demolition of tall buildings (structures) may affect the service status of adjacent subway tunnels. In order to demolish a 24 story frame structure building only 6.5 meters away from the subway tunnel, on-site tests and analysis of blasting vibrations and dynamic strains were first conducted. And then, a three-dimensional finite element calculation model was established for analyzing the dynamic response of the subway tunnel structure by ANSYS/LS-DYNA, which can reasonably describe the impact of the collapsed part on the ground during the blasting demolition of the building. Finally, the vibration response characteristics and dynamic stress changes of the tunnel structure under the impact of building collapse were simulated and compared with the field measured data. The research results show that the peak particle vibration velocity (8.61 mm/s) in the subway tunnel caused by the drilling and blasting of the load-bearing columns is greater than the peak particle vibration velocity (4.95 mm/s) caused by the impact of the building on the ground. The main frequency of the blasting vibration and the collapse impact vibration are about 100 Hz and 2 Hz, respectively. The vibration velocity of the subway tunnel under the action of the collapse impact load is equivalent to the structural vibration caused by an earthquake with an intensity of Level Ⅲ (3.82~8.19 mm/s). The low-frequency collapse impact vibration can cause relatively obvious additional dynamic stress to the subway tunnel. The dynamic compressive stress generated in the circumferential direction of the tunnel is about 4 MPa, and the dynamic tensile stress generated in the axial and tangential directions is about 0.4 MPa. The existing cracks may expand, or delamination may occur when the internal damages or construction defects are generated in the tunnel structure under the impact of dynamic tension and compression cycles. The safety allowable particle vibration velocity value of 10~12 cm/s when f<10 Hz required in the current blasting safety regulation (GB6722—2014) is dangerously high, and it should be adjusted in combination with the frequency and dynamic strain characteristics.

high rise buildings  /  blasting demolition  /  collapse impact  /  subway tunnels  /  vibration characteristics  /  dynamic response
姚颖康, 杨成, 贾永胜, 黄小武, 孙金山. 楼房爆破拆除塌落冲击作用下邻近地铁隧道动力响应及安全评估研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (3) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.001
Ying-kang YAO, Cheng YANG, Yong-sheng JIA, Xiao-wu HUANG, Jin-shan SUN. Study on Dynamic Response and Safety Assessment of Adjacent Underpass Tunnels Influenced by Collapse Impact of Building Demolised by Blasting[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (3) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.001
目前,拆除爆破技术因其安全高效、经济环保的优点在城市高大建(构)筑物拆除中的应用越来越广泛,但拆除爆破技术在得到应用的同时,也带来不可避免的负面效应,其中振动效应被公认为是爆破有害效应的公害之首[1],与爆破产生的振动相比,塌落振动对周边建(构)筑物及地下结构的安全影响将更大[2]
与此同时,为缓解日益严重的城市交通压力,我国各大城市地铁建设突飞猛进。在此背景下,临近地铁隧道的建(构)筑物拆除工程越来越多:2012年4月,南京市汉中门、清凉门高架桥爆破拆除,桥体正下方14.5 m处即为地铁2号线;2015年11月,西安市金花大厦118 m高楼爆破拆除,楼房距建成尚未运营的地铁3号线30.0 m;2018年6月,武汉市江天大厦84.4 m高楼爆破拆除,楼房距离地铁2号线仅6.5 m;2019年1月,长沙市62.3 m高楼爆破拆除,楼房距离地铁二号线12.9 m。无论采取何种爆破方案,楼房塌落体触地瞬间产生的巨大冲击荷载会在一定程度上影响地铁隧道的服役状态。
长期以来,针对地铁隧道的动力响应特性研究主要集中在爆炸荷载、列车振动荷载和地震响应等方面。马建军、赵敏、杨广栋、Luo G等研究了地铁隧道在不同炸药重量、隧道与爆源距离、有无衬砌等条件下地铁隧道的动力响应及破坏特征[3-6];刘建文、Wang D等研究了在列车荷载作用下[7,8],不同地质条件、空间结构特征、计算模型下地铁隧道的动力响应特征;左红伟、朱星宇、张季、Xie J等分析了不同地震波作用下隧道结构的加速度、动应力、结构变形等动力响应特征[9-12];刘开放、陈吉辉等对某爆破拆除工程进行了塌落振动的现场监测[13,14],研究了塌落振动对于周边建构筑物的影响和评估;张继奎通过振动台模拟爆破振动[15],构建爆破振动影响下人体舒适度评价体系;关于塌落冲击作用下隧道结构的动力响应研究,Zhao、钟明寿、黄小武等主要采用数值模拟手段研究了不同塌落荷载作用下地铁隧道的动力响应特性[16-18]
综上所述,由于高层楼房爆破拆除塌落体触地冲击在生成机制、传播规律和动力特性等方面与其它冲击荷载存在着显著区别,导致塌落冲击振动作用下地铁隧道的动态响应机理尚不清晰,安全评价与安全防护科学性不足。为此,论文依托一栋距离地铁隧道仅6.5 m的24层框架结构楼房爆破拆除工程,采用现场测试和数值模拟相结合的研究手段对塌落冲击作用下地铁隧道的动力响应特性进行了系统研究,并对现行国家标准《爆破安全规程》(GB67222—2014)关于交通隧道振动影响安全评价标准进行了探讨。
待拆楼房江天大厦为1栋24层框架-剪力墙结构楼房。楼房整体平面呈“L”形,分为两部分(图1),一部分为24层主楼,长56.0 m,宽30.1 m,高84.4 m;另一部分为7层副楼,长26.1 m,宽11.4 m,高25.6 m。大厦主楼东西方向共有10排立柱,南北方向共有6排立柱,立柱尺寸主要有1200 mm×1200 mm,1100 mm×1100 mm,900 mm×900 mm等,大厦标高19.0 m以下现浇混凝土强度为C40,标高19.0~39.4 m,现浇混凝土强度为C35,标高39.4~55.9 m,现浇混凝土强度为C30,标高55.9 m以上现浇混凝土强度为C25。
江天大厦位于武汉市武昌核心商圈地带,紧邻交通主干道、商业中心、学校和旅游景点等,周边行人、车辆密集,且紧邻轨道交通2号线,距地铁隧道仅6.5 m(图2)且周边地下有电力、通信、给排水和天然气等多种浅埋市政管网,地下结构与设施对变形和振动敏感,需严格控制爆破时的冲击作用。
依据楼房结构特征与周边环境条件,为最大限度降低塌落体触地冲击效应,确定采取“主、副楼预拆分离,副楼向东定向倾倒,主楼向南先倾后叠、空中解体”总体爆破方案。考虑到副楼楼层矮、体量小,且距离地铁隧道距离较远,故主要考虑24层主楼爆破拆除塌落冲击作用下地铁隧道的动力响应。主楼在楼房1~5层,8层、11层、14层、17层、20层和23层共布设了7个爆破切口,其中1~5层为主切口,是使楼房发生定向倾倒的关键切口,也是炸药爆炸荷载最为集中的区域,其余6个切口是使楼房在倾倒过程中进一步解体的辅助切口(图3)。
主楼起爆网路为:定向切口孔内采用澳瑞凯15段1800 ms延时导爆管雷管,排间采用澳瑞凯6段500 ms接力传爆雷管;辅助切口孔内采用21段3800 ms延时导爆管雷管,6个爆破楼层采用2段100 ms延时自下而上接力传爆;定向切口与辅助切口间采用11段1000 ms接力传爆,起爆网路及延期时间见图4
现场测试选择在与楼房紧邻的地铁隧道内开展,实时测试内容包括振动和动态应变测试两类,振动测点和动应变测点位置基本相同。
振动监测设备采用加拿大Instantel公司生产的Mini Mate Plus振动记录仪。振动监测过程中,测点布置于地铁隧道内部,监测内容为水平向和竖直向三个分向的振动速度,安装时先对传感器安装部位的介质或基础表面进行清理、清洗,再采用高强速凝石膏使速度传感器与被测目标的表面形成刚性连接,具体测点布置如图1所示。
隧道管片动应变采用动静态应变仪和5 mm 120 Ω箔式应变片进行监测,采样频率为5 kHz,分辨率为1微应变。隧道管片动应变测点设置在与待爆破拆除楼房平面位置相对应的地铁隧道内,每间隔10 m布置一个测点,每测点沿隧道管片表面布置环向和轴向两个应变片,共3个测点6个应变片在楼房爆破倒塌瞬间对管片动应变进行实时观测(图5)。
振动测试结果表明,受楼房爆破拆除炸药爆炸荷载和塌落体触地振动影响,地铁隧道的振动可划分为7个部分,见图6~图7
(1)0.0 s、0.5 s、1.0 s、1.5 s等4个时刻的爆破振动峰值与楼房底部定向切口内立柱的逐排起爆延时完全一致,其中1.5 s时刻为切口最后排立柱起爆瞬间,即邻近地铁隧道最近的爆炸荷载,故其质点振动速度振动最大,峰值为8.607 mm/s,振动主频为100 Hz。2.0~4.0 s时段为第8、11、14、17、20和23层楼房辅助切口立柱爆破引起的振动,因楼层较高且装药量较小,振动波形相对杂乱,但其质点振动峰值较小。
(2)4.5 s时刻,地铁隧道内2#测点的质点振动速度峰值为4.95 mm/s,其振动主频为2.1 Hz,综合楼房失稳倒塌形态分析,该时刻为楼房定向倾倒过程中底部切口闭合时刻,即楼房定向倾倒的第一次塌落触地冲击。2#测点典型时刻的质点振动速度峰值和主频见表1~表2
(3)7.0~7.5 s时段,地铁隧道内质点振动速度峰值为0.94 mm/s,其振动主频为17 Hz,综合楼房失稳倒塌形态分析,该时间段位楼房定向倾倒整体塌落时刻,即楼房定向倾倒的第二次塌落触地冲击。
因仪器设备原因,1#测点未测得有效数据,2#和3#测点所测动态应变数据包括地铁管片表面的环向以及轴向应变,动态应变测试结果见图8
动应变监测结果表明,楼房切口形成过程中的爆破振动未能对管片结构造成明显影响,4.5 s时刻楼房切口闭合时候的第一次塌落冲击导致管片结构出现明显的附加动应变,2#测点应变略大于3#应变测点。应变以环向受压为主,压应变峰值为54.32 με,轴向(径向)拉应变峰值为9.23 με,均低于混凝土破坏应变值。同时,从动态应变测试曲线可以看出,拉压应变最终趋于原始平衡值,表明塌落冲击作用导致的拉压应变均为弹性应变。
据弹塑性力学相关理论,动应力可按下式计算
式中:σ为计算动应力;E为动弹性模量,根据相关研究[19],一般情况下混凝土在动荷载下的弹性模量比静弹性模量有一定的提高,可以取1.3倍,ε为现场实测应变。
根据实测应变值计算隧道管片所受附件动应力,隧道管片所受动压应力峰值3.53 MPa,动拉应力峰值为0.35 MPa,根据《混凝土结构设计规范》[20](GB50010—2010),地铁管片C50混凝土的轴心抗压强度设计值为23.1 MPa,轴心抗拉强度设计值为1.89 MPa,因此,江天大厦楼房在爆破倒塌触地过程中引起地铁管片结构的附加动应力,均低于管片结构所能承受的设计荷载,地铁隧道管片安全。
根据应力波理论,将2#测点的振动速度与应变进行对比分析,由图9可以看出,在地表进行爆破拆除作业时爆炸应力波对地下结构的影响较小,而楼房塌落触地冲击时的塌落振动对地下结构影响较大。分析原因主要是炸药爆炸产生的爆炸应力波主要作用在待爆楼房的承重构件,并在楼体内部震荡传播,而楼房塌落触地引起的塌落振动主要以面波的形式在地表传播,同时在土体中以体波的形式传播,当应力波传到地铁管片时,会形成峰值较高、持续时间较短的压缩应力波,压缩应力波在“地铁隧道-土体”的复合体系中发生反射并转换为拉伸波,导致隧道表面会形成一定的拉应变,因混凝土材料具有脆性特性且抗拉强度较低,由此可能会引起地铁隧道表面出现层裂或崩落现象。
现场测试虽然可以实时获取数据,但其仅能反映出所在测点的地铁管片的动力响应特征。为进一步揭示高层楼房爆破拆除作用下邻近地铁隧道的动力响应特性,论文采用数值模拟手段对其进行了研究。
在ANSYS有限元程序中建立1∶1有限元模型,模型单元采用8节点SOLID164实体单元,建立了江天大厦、地下粉砂质泥岩地层和地铁隧道三维模型(图10[21]。由于建筑物的倒塌和折叠以及由塌落体的冲击引起岩土和隧道结构振动是一个非常复杂的非线性动态过程,在构建三维有限元模型时,假定了以下的简化。
①假设地铁盾构隧道所在的粉砂质泥岩地层呈均质水平分布。
②假设地铁盾构管片为连续介质,不考虑管片间的拼装结构与螺栓连接的相互作用。
③假设地下地铁盾构隧道和土体贴合紧密,之间不产生相对滑动位移。
④三维模型的侧面和底面定义为无反射边界,用于模拟无限边界。
为了合理地简化模型,只考虑建筑物的主要承重构件:柱、梁、板和剪力墙,忽略内墙和外墙的影响,将它们的荷载等效为梁和板的荷载,建筑结构瞬间失稳倒塌时,钢筋混凝土材料的本构关系与破坏机理非常复杂,同时,在实际建筑结构中,钢筋配比异常复杂,若考虑真实配筋将产生庞大的计算工作量,为简化计算,钢筋混凝土材料采用“整体式”计算模型,其计算的基本思路如下:
①将钢筋混凝土材料视为同质材料,并根据钢筋混凝土材料断裂特征和应力应变曲线来定义其本构方程。
②将钢筋的承载力、抗拉、抗弯刚度和延展性能等效到混凝土材料。
选用*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC动态弹-塑性材料模型模拟江天大厦结构,动态弹-塑性材料模型屈服应力表达式为
其中
式中:σ0为初始屈服应力;E0为杨氏模量;为加载应变率;CP为Cowper-Symonds应变率参数;Ep为材料塑性硬化模量;Etan为切线模量;β为各向同性硬化和随动硬化贡献的硬化参数,材料有效塑性应变。
江大大厦楼房的钢筋混凝土具体参数见表3
在LS-DYNA有限元分析软件中,*MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM是最常用的岩土本构模型,其需要的参数较少,稳定性好,具体参数见表4
对于地铁隧道结构,采用德国Ernst-Mach研究所的Riedel、Thoma、Hiermaier提出的RHT本构模型[22],RHT模型中采用归一化压力的方式消除混凝土强度等级的影响,该模型还能够反应材料破坏时所具有的应变硬化、应变率敏感性和压缩损伤软化等特征,RHT模型至今已被众多学者和研究人员所采纳,并以此作为数值模拟工具进行了大量冲击、侵彻等方面的研究,具体参数见表5
采用有限元分析软件LS-DYNA模拟江天大厦爆破拆除倒塌过程,其中的接触问题非常复杂,主要包括结构自身的碰撞接触、以及结构与地面的相互接触。其中,*CONTACT_ERODING_SINGLE_SURFACE(单面侵蚀接触)被广泛用于显示冲击动力学的接触建模中,在模拟江天大厦爆破拆除失稳倒塌过程中,选单面侵蚀接触模式来控制结构自身的碰撞接触,以及结构与地面之间的相互作用。运算过程中,静摩擦系数设为0.5、动摩擦系数设为0.4。
根据现场振动实测结果,确定在数值计算过程中,为了简化模型并缩短计算时间,不考虑楼房爆破切口形成的爆破振动,直接按照各切口形成的时空顺序,采用删除单元的方式来模拟爆破后承重立柱的失效。所以,在数值模拟结果中无法体现由炸药爆炸引起的地铁隧道振动。
随着切口单元的逐步删除,江天大厦开始下座并倾倒,在2.5 s左右地铁隧道开始产生动力响应,持续时间为2 s左右,选取与现场测试3个测点位置相同的单元提取速度时程曲线(图11),对数值模拟模型和参数的科学性、合理性进行验证。从表6可以看出,测点2振动峰值速度为3.906 mm/s,通过傅里叶变换,可以得到振动频率分布在1~15 Hz左右。
从地铁隧道管片结构的压力云图(图12)可以看出,在大楼倒塌触地冲击荷载和触地振动作用下,地铁盾构隧道管片产生了相应的应力:建构筑物塌落触地后,应力波在1.0 s左右时开始在地铁隧道中传播,并引起了地铁隧道有效应力的变化。随后,地铁隧道振动效应增强,附加动应力也逐渐增大,在3.5 s左右,地铁隧道的附加动应力达到峰值,随后应力波在地铁隧道结构中不断震荡,引起隧道有效应力的改变,随后地铁隧道附加动应力逐渐减小并趋于稳定。
选取与现场测试相同位置的测点,各监测点的轴向、环向应力峰值见表7
从振动特性曲线来看(图13-a、b),现场测试的最大振动速度出现在4.5 s时刻,质点振动速度峰值为4.95 mm/s,其振动主频为2.1 Hz;数值模拟最大振动速度出现在4.0 s时刻,质点振动速度峰值为3.906 mm/s,其振动主频为10 Hz。
从附加动应力(动应变)曲线来看(图13-c、d),现场测试的楼房切口闭合时刻出现在4.5 s,即楼房第一次塌落冲击时,导致管片结构出现明显的附加动应变,管片环向压应变峰值为54.32 με(动压应力3.53 MPa),管片径向拉应变峰值为9.23 με(动拉应力为0.35 MPa);数值模拟的切口闭合时刻出现在3.5 s左右,地铁管片结构出现动压应力4.61 MPa,动拉应力0.38 MPa。
对比分析数值模拟与现场测试获取的地铁隧道内代表性测点的振动与动应力特性数据可知,二者各物理量数值大小基本一致,数值模型预测的振动与动应变峰值时刻略略早于现场观测时刻。分析其原因,主要是数值模型所选取的楼房结构、土体地层及地铁材料的物理力学参数无法与现场实际完全一致,但可以“定性-半定量”地从机制方面阐明塌落冲击作用下地铁隧道的动力响应特征。
目前,国内爆破工程、土工工程领域对于塌落触地冲击作用下地铁隧道结构的安全影响评价,多采用《爆破安全规程》(GB6722—2014)[23]中规定的安全允许质点振动速度为评价依据(表8),以及《城市轨道交通结构安全保护技术规范》(CJJT 202—2013)[24]规定的“城市轨道交通结构的安全允许振速应为2.5 cm/s,对安装有精密设备的结构应满足精密设备的安全允许振速”相关条款。对比两个规范可知:《城市轨道交通结构安全保护技术规范》仅给出了2.5 cm/s的控制标准,未考虑振源位置、振动频谱特征以及振动持时等因素,相对粗放;《爆破安全规程》虽考虑了振动频率特征,但其所指的交通隧道为采用钻爆法施工的复合式衬砌隧道;此外,两部规范给出的控制标准偏差很大,实际工程实践中,爆破工程设计施工与安全评价人员以及地铁运营单位管理人员难以取得相同认知[25]
在地下结构抗震方面,我国目前已经形成了《城市轨道交通结构抗震设计规范》(GB50909—2014)[26]和《中国地震烈度表》(GB/T17742—2020)[27]等相关标准规范,对地下结构的抗震设计进行了较为具体的规定,一定程度上保证了地下结构的安全性。我国目前对于地下结构的抗震安全判据是以结构质点的最大振动速度和加速度来描述,未考虑频率以及动应力等因素。参考《中国抗震烈度表》,高层楼房爆破拆除塌落触地冲击引起的地铁隧道振动相当于Ⅲ级地震烈度(3.82~8.19 mm/s),而爆破引起的地铁隧道振动相当于Ⅳ级地震烈度(8.2~17.6 mm/s),虽不会对地铁结构造成损坏。但塌落触地冲击引起的地铁隧道动应力明显大于炸爆破引起的动应力。所以,简单以振动速度或加速度来评价振动作用下结构的动力响应特性与安全性有失偏颇,还需考虑表面动应变等其它因素。
从论文研究对象江天大厦爆破倒塌影响程度来看,在楼房底部切口闭合,大楼失稳倾倒切口闭合时第一次触地冲击时,塌落冲击对临近地铁隧道的侧向挤压力最大,隧道管片结构所受压力达到峰值,提取数值模拟应力时程曲线,地铁盾构隧道管片结构的压力峰值出现在1552645号单元,压力峰值为4.61 MPa,拉应力峰值为0.38 MPa。同时,因江天大厦楼房的触地冲击位置并不是地铁隧道正上方,故在该工程中地铁隧道受影响最大的位置并不是隧道顶部,而是隧道邻近塌落冲击方向的一侧,即地铁隧道动力响应特性与塌落体冲击位置密切相关。
江天大厦爆破拆除工程中,若取10~12 cm/s为地铁隧道的安全允许振动速度阈值,显然偏于危险。因此,根据论文研究结果,《爆破安全规程》(GB6722—2014)依据主频确定不同地下构筑物的振动安全允许标准过于简单,还应考虑冲击荷载源与地下结构的相互位置关系,以及冲击作用下地下隧道结构的附加动应力特征综合确定安全阈值,相关标准条文需进一步完善。同时,《城市轨道交通结构安全保护技术规范》(CJJT 202—2013)相关条款过于笼统,应针对不同冲击振动特征,进行分类和完善。
论文依托距离地铁隧道仅6.5 m的24层框架结构楼房爆破拆除工程,采用现场测试与数值模拟相结合的方法,对高大建(构)筑物爆破拆除作用下地铁隧道的动力响应特性进行了研究,主要结论如下:
(1)江天大厦由切口立柱起爆至楼房主体结构倒塌触地过程完成历时在7.5 s左右,其振动历程包括爆破产生的爆破振动以及楼房下座、切口闭合以及大楼整体倒塌触地等。因为切口区承重立柱钻孔爆破引起的地铁隧道振动速度在0.65 cm/s左右,属于高频振动,振动主频为100 Hz左右,因为建构筑物爆破切口闭合触地冲击引起的地铁隧道振动在0.49 cm/s左右,属于低频振动,振动主频为2 Hz左右。
(2)在立柱爆破、楼房下座、切口闭合及倾倒触地振动中,爆破引起的高频振动会引起地铁隧道结构产生较大的振动速度,但附加应力不明显,而楼房切口闭合时的低频塌落冲击振动会使地铁隧道管片产生较为明显的附加动应力,本论文工程实例中地铁隧道管片所受动态压应力峰值为4.76 MPa,动态拉应力峰值为0.42 MPa,管片结构若存在内部损伤或施工缺陷,将能会出现既有裂缝扩大或层裂剥落现象,在爆破施工过程中应该引起重视。
(3)24层框架结构楼房爆破拆除塌落冲击引起的地铁隧道振动与Ⅲ级地震烈度引起的结构振动相当。国内没有塌落冲击荷载作用下对地铁隧道的安全和影响的评价标准,当前爆破设计施工单位所依据的《爆破安全规程》(GB6722—2014)和地铁运营管理单位所依据的《城市轨道交通结构安全保护技术规范》(CJJT 202—2013)均未充分考虑振动荷载源位置、振动荷载源频率特性以及地铁隧道结构的动力响应特性,需进一步完善和细化。
(4)由于爆破施工过程中的高危险性,爆破工程中获取实验数据难度较大,成本较高,本论文工程实例中所采取数值模拟与现场实验相结合的方式,很好地补充了现场试验数据不足,采集难度大等缺点,为之后的分析提供了数据支撑。数值模拟作为在爆破工程中有效获取所需数据的重要方式,在后续爆破工程的研究中,数值模拟方式的精细化将是重要的思路。
  • 湖北省自然科学基金面上项目(2021CFB541)
  • 湖北省重点研发计划项目(2020BCA084)
  • 湖北(武汉)爆炸与爆破技术研究院博士科研启动基金项目(PBSKL-2022-QD-02)
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2023年第40卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.001
  • 接收时间:2023-02-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2023-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-17
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of Hubei(2021CFB541)
湖北省自然科学基金面上项目(2021CFB541)
Key Research and Development Program of Hubei(2020BCA084)
湖北省重点研发计划项目(2020BCA084)
Hubei (Wuhan) Institute of Explosion and Blasting Technology Doctoral Research Initiation Fund(PBSKL-2022-QD-02)
湖北(武汉)爆炸与爆破技术研究院博士科研启动基金项目(PBSKL-2022-QD-02)
作者信息
    1a.江汉大学 省部共建精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
    1b.江汉大学 爆破工程湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430056
    2.武汉爆破有限公司,武汉 430056
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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