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In order to study the blasting vibration prediction and control measures of excavation in urban area under complex environment, the response law of peak particle vibration velocity and main vibration frequency is analyzed based on field blasting tests, and the blasting vibration prediction method is proposed based on the above two factors. The vibration reduction effect of hole by hole initiation and vibration reduction ditch is discussed, so that to obtain the optimal vibration reduction range of the ditch. And the control measures of blasting vibration are also formulated. The results show that the prediction formula of the peak particle vibration velocity and main vibration frequency is realized by considering the actual maximum single-hole charge and the actual total charge. The predicted value is smaller than that solely based on the maximum single-hole charge, and the prediction accuracy is increased by 3.2%. In the aspect of blasting vibration control, the blasting vibration is characterized by low vibration velocity, high frequency and short duration. Among all the measures, the effect of the vibration reduction ditch is remarkable. Considering the peak particle velocity, signal frequency band energy distribution and instantaneous input energy response law, the vibration reduction effect is the best within 1~6 m radius on the side of the ditch opposite to the blast source, and the maximum vibration reduction ratio can reach 77.5% within 1 m radius. For similar projects, the proposed blasting vibration prediction formula can be used for pre-assessment. When the distance of the building from the explosion zone is less than 10 m, it is recommended to implement vibration reduction ditch.

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为研究复杂环境下城区基坑开挖爆破振动预测及控制措施，依托现场爆破试验分析了质点峰值振速与主振频率的响应规律，基于以上两个因素提出了爆破振动预测方法。探讨了逐孔起爆与减振沟的降振效果，获得了减振沟的最佳降振范围，制定了爆破振动的控制措施。结果表明：在爆破振动预测方面，通过考虑实际最大单孔药量、实际总药量提出的质点峰值振速及主振频率预测公式实现了对爆破振动的综合预测，其预测值较仅以最大单孔药量的预测值更小，预测精度提高了3.2%。在爆破振动控制方面，现场实施的逐孔起爆与减振沟降振措施效果良好，爆破振动表现为低振速、高频率、短持时的特点。其中，减振沟的降振效果显著，综合考虑质点峰值振速、信号频带能量分布及瞬时输入能量的响应规律，在减振沟背爆侧1~6 m作用半径内降振效果最佳，1 m作用半径内的降振比率最高可达77.5%。对于类似工程，可借鉴爆破振动预测公式进行预先评估，当建筑物距离爆区≤10 m时，建议参考减振沟开挖规模实施降振措施。

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吴礼军（1988-），男，在读博士、工程师，从事采矿及工程爆破等方面的研究，（E-mail）。

WU Li-jun (1988-), male, Ph. D student, engineer, engaged in research in mining and engineering blasting, (E-mail) .

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吴礼军（1988-），男，在读博士、工程师，从事采矿及工程爆破等方面的研究，（E-mail）。

WU Li-jun (1988-), male, Ph. D student, engineer, engaged in research in mining and engineering blasting, (E-mail) .

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吴礼军（1988-），男，在读博士、工程师，从事采矿及工程爆破等方面的研究，（E-mail）。

WU Li-jun (1988-), male, Ph. D student, engineer, engaged in research in mining and engineering blasting, (E-mail) .

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 2016, 15: 153-162., articleTitle=Application of coupled analysis methods for prediction of blast-induced dominant vibration frequency, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687561354146712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=37, issue=3, pageStart=148, pageEnd=152, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=13, authorNames=郭饮鹏, 杨仕教, 朱忠华, journalName=爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭饮鹏, 杨仕教, 朱忠华, 等. 运用GA-BP神经网络对爆破振动速度预测[J]. 爆破, 2020, 37(3): 148-152., articleTitle=运用GA-BP神经网络对爆破振动速度预测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687561446421403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=37, issue=3, pageStart=148, pageEnd=152, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=14, authorNames=GUO Yin-peng, YANG Shi-jiao, ZHU Zhong-hua, journalName=Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUO Yin-peng, YANG Shi-jiao, ZHU Zhong-hua, et al. Prediction of blasting vibration velocity using GA-BP neural network[J]. Blasting, 2020, 37(3): 148-152. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Prediction of blasting vibration velocity using GA-BP neural network, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687561521918881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=39, issue=1, pageStart=169, pageEnd=173, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=15, authorNames=张研, 王鹏鹏, journalName=爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张研, 王鹏鹏. 基于RVM的爆破振动速度预测模型[J]. 爆破, 2022, 39(1): 169-173., articleTitle=基于RVM的爆破振动速度预测模型, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687561597416360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=39, issue=1, pageStart=169, pageEnd=173, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=16, authorNames=ZHANG Yan, WANG Peng-peng, journalName=Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Yan, WANG Peng-peng. Blasting vibration velocity prediction model based on RVM[J]. Blasting, 2022, 39(1): 169-173. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Blasting vibration velocity prediction model based on RVM, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687561693885359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, doi=10.3799/dgkx.2022.144, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=17, authorNames=丁伟捷, 刘殿书, journalName=地球科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=丁伟捷, 刘殿书. 露天矿数码电子雷管逐孔起爆条件下质点峰值振速预测[J]. 地球科学, 2022, https://kns.cnkinet/kcms/detail/42.1874.P.20220425.1425.008.html., articleTitle=露天矿数码电子雷管逐孔起爆条件下质点峰值振速预测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687561807131571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, doi=10.3799/dgkx.2022.144, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=18, authorNames=DING Wei-jie, LIU Dian-shu, journalName=Earth Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DING Wei-jie, LIU Dian-shu. Blasting-induced peak particle velocity prediction of hole-by-hole blasting operation using digital electronic detonator in open-pit mine[J]. Earth Science, 2022, https://kns.cnkinet/kcms/detail/42.1874.P.20220425.1425.008.html. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Blasting-induced peak particle velocity prediction of hole-by-hole blasting operation using digital electronic detonator in open-pit mine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687561941349305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=24, issue=2, pageStart=187, pageEnd=189, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=19, authorNames=张立国, 龚敏, 于亚伦, journalName=辽宁工程技术大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张立国, 龚敏, 于亚伦. 爆破振动频率预测及其回归分析[J]. 辽宁工程技术大学学报, 2005, 24(2): 187-189., articleTitle=爆破振动频率预测及其回归分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687562037818304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=24, issue=2, pageStart=187, pageEnd=189, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=20, authorNames=ZHANG Li-guo, GONG Min, YU Ya-lun, journalName=Journal of Liaoning Technical University, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Li-guo, GONG Min, YU Ya-lun. Forecast and regression analysis of blasting vibration frequency[J]. Journal of Liaoning Technical University, 2005, 24(2): 187-189. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Forecast and regression analysis of blasting vibration frequency, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241687559990997817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, awardId=XB2022022, language=EN, fundingSource=Doctoral research start-up fund project of Liaoning university of technology(XB2022022), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241687560074883907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, awardId=XB2022022, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁工业大学博士科研启动基金项目(XB2022022), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241687552676131253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241687552701297079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, companyId=1241687552676131253, language=EN, country=null, province=null, 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ArticleFig(id=1241687557700907778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, language=CN, label=图8, caption=减振沟右侧测点频谱图, figureFileSmall=vQnps/KdHr8PEFUzeN4HKA==, figureFileBig=qpxUNuqYJOnRNLfJKZI1DQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241687559223440137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Blasting parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底盘抵抗线/m台阶高度/m炸药单耗/（kg·m-3）孔距/m排距/m孔深/m孔径/mm最大单孔药量/kg最大总药量/kg
1.002.500.301.501.402.7540.00<1.18<57.58
), ArticleFig(id=1241687559328297744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
底盘抵抗线/m台阶高度/m炸药单耗/（kg·m-3）孔距/m排距/m孔深/m孔径/mm最大单孔药量/kg最大总药量/kg
1.002.500.301.501.402.7540.00<1.18<57.58
), ArticleFig(id=1241687559475098396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Blasting vibration data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号实测质点峰值振速/（cm·s-1）设计质点峰值振速/（cm·s-1）爆心距/m实际最大单孔药量Qas/kg理论最大单孔药量Qts/kg实际总药量Qat/kg
10.5270.50729.1000.8101.00029.100
20.4860.48532.2000.8100.78127.000
30.5480.54625.1000.8100.82032.000
40.6270.64120.0001.1251.00043.200
50.5880.57825.2001.1251.25242.000
60.5650.54828.1001.1251.37037.100
70.6480.65519.0001.1251.03145.000
80.4780.49230.1000.7100.58026.000
90.5070.52526.0000.7100.56128.100
100.4960.50928.1000.7100.60227.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241687559596733215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

爆破振动数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号实测质点峰值振速/（cm·s-1）设计质点峰值振速/（cm·s-1）爆心距/m实际最大单孔药量Qas/kg理论最大单孔药量Qts/kg实际总药量Qat/kg
10.5270.50729.1000.8101.00029.100
20.4860.48532.2000.8100.78127.000
30.5480.54625.1000.8100.82032.000
40.6270.64120.0001.1251.00043.200
50.5880.57825.2001.1251.25242.000
60.5650.54828.1001.1251.37037.100
70.6480.65519.0001.1251.03145.000
80.4780.49230.1000.7100.58026.000
90.5070.52526.0000.7100.56128.100
100.4960.50928.1000.7100.60227.000
), ArticleFig(id=1241687559709979434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Measured blasting vibration data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号质点峰值振速/（cm·s-1）主振频率/Hz爆心距/m总药量/kg测点位置被保护对象位置
xyzxyz
1-10.1210.1150.11514.76112.40212.9239722.200右侧-10 m右侧-10 m
1-20.1170.1300.16514.13210.07513.1599722.200左侧-10 m右侧-10 m
2-10.1840.1360.11730.65011.81612.8227212.700右侧-6 m右侧-6 m
2-20.2110.1030.35310.6837.03012.2147212.700左侧-6 m右侧-6 m
3-10.0610.0730.1218.2978.57322.0387312.800右侧-1 m右侧-3 m
3-20.2720.2320.24313.72114.28511.6127312.800左侧-1 m右侧-3 m
), ArticleFig(id=1241687559848391474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687547336781969, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

实测爆破振动数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号质点峰值振速/（cm·s-1）主振频率/Hz爆心距/m总药量/kg测点位置被保护对象位置
xyzxyz
1-10.1210.1150.11514.76112.40212.9239722.200右侧-10 m右侧-10 m
1-20.1170.1300.16514.13210.07513.1599722.200左侧-10 m右侧-10 m
2-10.1840.1360.11730.65011.81612.8227212.700右侧-6 m右侧-6 m
2-20.2110.1030.35310.6837.03012.2147212.700左侧-6 m右侧-6 m
3-10.0610.0730.1218.2978.57322.0387312.800右侧-1 m右侧-3 m
3-20.2720.2320.24313.72114.28511.6127312.800左侧-1 m右侧-3 m
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城区基坑开挖爆破振动预测及控制研究
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吴礼军 1 , 王鑫尧 2
爆破 | 安全与管理 2023,40(3): 206-211
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2023, 40(3): 206-211
城区基坑开挖爆破振动预测及控制研究
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吴礼军1 , 王鑫尧2
作者信息
  • 1.北京科技大学　土木与资源工程学院，北京　100083
  • 2.辽宁工业大学　土木建筑工程学院，锦州　121001

    • 吴礼军（1988-），男，在读博士、工程师，从事采矿及工程爆破等方面的研究，（E-mail）。

    WU Li-jun (1988-), male, Ph. D student, engineer, engaged in research in mining and engineering blasting, (E-mail) .

Study on Prediction and Control of Blasting Vibration in Urban Foundation Pit Excavation
Li-jun WU1 , Xin-yao WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083 China
  • 2.School of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001, China
出版时间: 2023-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.028
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摘要
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为研究复杂环境下城区基坑开挖爆破振动预测及控制措施，依托现场爆破试验分析了质点峰值振速与主振频率的响应规律，基于以上两个因素提出了爆破振动预测方法。探讨了逐孔起爆与减振沟的降振效果，获得了减振沟的最佳降振范围，制定了爆破振动的控制措施。结果表明：在爆破振动预测方面，通过考虑实际最大单孔药量、实际总药量提出的质点峰值振速及主振频率预测公式实现了对爆破振动的综合预测，其预测值较仅以最大单孔药量的预测值更小，预测精度提高了3.2%。在爆破振动控制方面，现场实施的逐孔起爆与减振沟降振措施效果良好，爆破振动表现为低振速、高频率、短持时的特点。其中，减振沟的降振效果显著，综合考虑质点峰值振速、信号频带能量分布及瞬时输入能量的响应规律，在减振沟背爆侧1~6 m作用半径内降振效果最佳，1 m作用半径内的降振比率最高可达77.5%。对于类似工程，可借鉴爆破振动预测公式进行预先评估，当建筑物距离爆区≤10 m时，建议参考减振沟开挖规模实施降振措施。

基坑开挖  /  逐孔起爆  /  爆破振动  /  预测方法  /  降振措施

In order to study the blasting vibration prediction and control measures of excavation in urban area under complex environment, the response law of peak particle vibration velocity and main vibration frequency is analyzed based on field blasting tests, and the blasting vibration prediction method is proposed based on the above two factors. The vibration reduction effect of hole by hole initiation and vibration reduction ditch is discussed, so that to obtain the optimal vibration reduction range of the ditch. And the control measures of blasting vibration are also formulated. The results show that the prediction formula of the peak particle vibration velocity and main vibration frequency is realized by considering the actual maximum single-hole charge and the actual total charge. The predicted value is smaller than that solely based on the maximum single-hole charge, and the prediction accuracy is increased by 3.2%. In the aspect of blasting vibration control, the blasting vibration is characterized by low vibration velocity, high frequency and short duration. Among all the measures, the effect of the vibration reduction ditch is remarkable. Considering the peak particle velocity, signal frequency band energy distribution and instantaneous input energy response law, the vibration reduction effect is the best within 1~6 m radius on the side of the ditch opposite to the blast source, and the maximum vibration reduction ratio can reach 77.5% within 1 m radius. For similar projects, the proposed blasting vibration prediction formula can be used for pre-assessment. When the distance of the building from the explosion zone is less than 10 m, it is recommended to implement vibration reduction ditch.

excavation of foundation pit  /  hole-by-hole blasting  /  blasting vibration  /  prediction technique  /  vibration reduction measures
吴礼军, 王鑫尧. 城区基坑开挖爆破振动预测及控制研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (3) : 206 -211 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.028
Li-jun WU, Xin-yao WANG. Study on Prediction and Control of Blasting Vibration in Urban Foundation Pit Excavation[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (3) : 206 -211 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.028
正文
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在城区复杂环境爆破工程中，爆破振动预测及控制是保障生产效益、人身财产安全的有效技术方法[1]。由于爆破振动与其影响因素之间存在非常复杂的非线性关系，爆破振动预测模型一直是热点和难点问题。爆破振动预测最常用的方法是基于萨道夫斯基公式的拓展及延伸，为考虑应力波叠加现象和爆破振动信号处理，研究者们提出了许多数值分析和处理方法，如：人工神经网络（ANN）[2]、遗传算法（GA）[3]、神经模糊技术（NFT）[4]、随机森林算法、支持向量机[5]、嵌套-ELM算法[6]、CEEMDAN-小波阈值法等[7]。此外，鉴于城区爆破工程周边环境复杂，主振频率对建筑物的影响亦不容忽视[8,9]。因此，在爆破振动预测方面，应从质点峰值振速及主振频率两方面入手[10-12]。在爆破振动控制方面，逐孔起爆技术因其在降振及改善爆破效果方面作用良好，现场应用越来越多[13]。然而，当爆源距离建筑物非常近时建筑物安全仍受到一定威胁，可通过开挖减振沟达到进一步降振目的。
基于以上认识，本位依托基坑爆破开挖工程为背景，该工程爆区周边环境十分复杂，为满足施工要求，须严格预测并控制爆破振动。通过现场实测数据的采集与分析，提出了综合质点峰值振速与主振频率的爆破振动预测方法，并通过逐孔起爆与减振沟降振技术提出了爆破振动的控制方法，现场爆破效果验证了上述爆破振动预测及控制方法的可行性，对类似工程具有一定的参考价值。
1　爆破技术方案
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1.1　工程概况
某基坑爆破开挖工程周边环境十分复杂，存在柱下独立条形浅基础、混凝土浅基础等多栋建筑物，其中距基坑最近的建筑物仅有11.5 m。此外，距基坑8.5 m处，有一条宽为30 m的道路干线，距基坑10 m处还存在三条市政煤气管线，最浅埋深为0.7 m。爆破区域主要以侏罗系上统安宁组（J3a）强~中等风化钙质泥岩为主，呈灰褐色或紫红色，层状结构，节理中等发育，不密集。试验测得岩样的单轴抗压强度平均值为5.2 MPa，抗拉强度平均值为1.3 MPa。爆区现场及周边环境详见图1（a）、（b）。
1.2　爆破技术方案与参数
结合周边建（构）筑物环境特点，经专家论证的爆破振动速度控制阈值为0.7 cm/s。设计采用导爆管雷管孔内高段位延期（500 ms）雷管，地表低段位延期（35 ms）雷管的浅孔逐孔台阶毫秒延期松动爆破方案。爆破参数、起爆网路分别如表1及图2所示。
1.3　爆破振动测试方案
爆破振动测试仪器采用TDEC爆破振动智能监测仪和速度传感器。测点布置在距爆区最近的4栋建筑物地基基岩上，分别位于爆区的东、南、西、北4个方向，如图1（b）、（c）所示。每次爆破试验均记录测点与爆区距离、最大单段药量并实时监测爆破振动。同时，爆破后观察岩石破碎、挖装效果，以供统计分析。
2　爆破振动预测
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2.1　质点峰值振速预测
当采用逐孔起爆时，常以最大单孔药量取代最大单段药量作为萨道夫斯基公式中的炸药量参数，而在公式中未考虑总药量对质点峰值振速的影响。因此，为了综合考虑最大单孔药量及总药量对质点峰值振速的影响，本文将经萨道夫斯基公式反推获得的药量值视为理论最大单孔药量，即设计的最大单孔药量修正值。表2列出现场试爆数据。采用最小二乘法对理论最大单孔药量、实际最大单孔药量及总药量进行拟合，如图3所示。通过建立三者之间的函数关系以期更精确的预测质点峰值振速。
拟合结果表明：理论最大单孔药量（Qts）、实际最大单孔药量（Qas）、实际总药量（Qat）之间具有较好的相关性。三者之间存在如下关系
根据式（1）及萨道夫斯基公式对理论最大单孔药量（Qts）和质点峰值振速进行验证，误差分别低于10%和3.2%，比采用最大单孔药量预测的质点峰值振速精度更高。此外，经理论最大单孔药量（Qts）计算获得的设计质点峰值振速（V0）与实测质点峰值振速（V）存在如下函数关系
施工过程中，根据实际最大单孔药量（Qas）、实际总药量（Qat）经式（1）、式（2）及萨道夫斯基公式预测的质点峰值振速显著低于阈值（0.7 cm/s），工程实际很好的验证了质点峰值振速预测方法的可行性。
2.2　主振频率预测
诸多工程实际表明：主振频率与爆心距、总药量、爆区岩石特性、毫秒延期时间等因素密切相关。为此，选取爆心距（R）、理论最大单孔药量（Q）、岩石密度（ρ）及岩石纵波波速（Cp）作为主要物理量，主振频率可由式（3）表示[14]
采用最小二乘法对爆破数据进行回归得到：K=79.433，α=-0.63，相关系数r=0.86，如图4所示。
因此，本工程地质条件下的主振频率预测公式可由式（4）表达。
由于采用逐孔起爆技术，因此式（4）中的Q可视为最大单孔药量（kg）。由此，根据质点峰值振速与主振频率预测方法，即结合式（1）、式（2）及式（4）可实现综合考虑实际最大单孔药量、实际总药量及爆心距等参数从质点峰值振速与主振频率两个维度对爆破振动进行预测。根据实测爆破数据对主振频率进行统计分析，结果如图5所示。图5表明：主振频率主要集中于12~65 Hz之间，满足爆破安全规程及设计主振频率阈值（大于10 Hz）。此外，通过统计分析得出：当爆心距（最大单孔药量）一定时，主振频率与最大单孔药量（爆心距）存在反比例关系。
3　爆破振动控制
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3.1　逐孔起爆降振效果
爆破振动监测结果显示试爆试验中最大质点峰值振速为0.647 cm/s，主振频率为27.3 Hz。质点峰值振速及主振频率均满足施工安全要求。此外，由于采用逐孔起爆技术并加盖2 cm厚橡胶皮，爆破过程中无飞石飞散，噪声较小，未影响周边居民日常生活及沿线道路交通。爆后铲装效果良好，且未对周边建筑物造成损害。
3.2　减振沟降振效果
在被保护建筑物与爆区之间存在一条深3.5 m、宽8 m的水渠，可视为减振沟。爆区与被保护对象分别位于减振沟的左侧和右侧。减振沟与爆区、被保护建筑物分别相距35 m、3~10 m。实测爆破振动数据如表3所示。图6、图7分别为减振沟右侧、左侧1 m处实测爆破振动波形图。
由表3、图6及图7可知，当爆心距和总药量相同时，减振沟降振效果显著。减振沟的存在导致爆破地震波衰减加快、爆破振动强度减弱及爆破振动持续时间缩短。受爆源位置及深度影响，减振沟的降振半径有限。减振沟1~10 m作用半径内降振效果较佳，当被保护建筑物距离减振沟1 m时，降振比率最高可达77.5%。当爆破地震波绕过减振沟后，质点峰值振速在水平方向有所反弹，而在垂直方向持续降低。可见，水平方向质点峰值振速是对建筑物造成振动影响的主要因素。
3.3　减振沟对主振频率的影响
采用HHT法对表2数据进行Hilbert变换，得到原始波形图、瞬时能量谱及能量分布图。选取表3中序号分别为1-1、2-1及3-1的减振沟右侧监测点进行频谱分析，如图8所示。
由图8可知，在减振沟右侧（被保护建筑物方向），3组信号的瞬时输入能量、瞬时能量峰值及持续时间均随着时间的推移呈减小趋势，表明在减振沟1~10 m作用半径内降振效果比较显著。其中，在减振沟右侧1~6 m作用半径内，两组信号的优势频带能量均呈现减小且向高频发展的趋势，显然有利于被保护对象的安全。然而，在减振沟右侧10 m处，信号的优势频带能量却向低频发展，能量的持续衰减会促进主频频率逐渐趋近建筑物的自振频率而产生共振效应，不利于被保护对象的安全。综合考虑质点峰值振速、信号频带能量分布及瞬时输入能量的响应规律得出：在减振沟背爆侧（被保护建筑物方向）1~6 m作用半径内降振效果最佳。在减振沟背爆侧≥10 m作用半径内，主振频率有向低频发展的趋势。因此，在类似工程中可参考本工程的减振沟深、宽尺寸，建议将减振沟布置在背爆侧距建筑物< 10 m的位置为宜。
4　结语
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根据现场实测爆破振动数据提出了综合质点峰值振速与主振频率的爆破振动预测方法，并通过分析逐孔起爆与减振沟降振效果探讨了爆破振动控制方法。得出主要结论如下：
（1）在复杂环境下的城区基坑开挖逐孔起爆工程中，综合考虑总药量及最大单孔药量预测的质点峰值振速较仅以最大单孔药量预测的精度提高了3.2%。
（2）结合质点峰值振速及主振频率预测公式，可实现从以上两个维度对爆破振动效应进行评估。当爆心距（最大单孔药量）一定时，主振频率与最大单孔药量（爆心距）存在反比例关系。
（3）采用逐孔起爆与减振沟降振技术时，现场爆破效果与理论分析结果表明爆破振动具有低振速、高频率、短持时的特点，降振效果显著。然而，减振沟的最佳降振半径为1~6 m，超出此区间时爆破振动有反弹增大的趋势。
基金
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  • 辽宁工业大学博士科研启动基金项目(XB2022022)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2023年第40卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.028
  • 接收时间：2022-09-26
  • 首发时间：2026-03-20
  • 出版时间：2023-09-01
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  • 收稿日期：2022-09-26
基金
Doctoral research start-up fund project of Liaoning university of technology(XB2022022)
辽宁工业大学博士科研启动基金项目(XB2022022)
作者信息
    1.北京科技大学　土木与资源工程学院，北京　100083
    2.辽宁工业大学　土木建筑工程学院，锦州　121001
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