Article(id=1241687546439200868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1665072000000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773970980509, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1693497600000, pubDateStr=2023-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773970980509, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773970980509, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970980509, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241687532522492319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773970977192, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773971036114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=92, endPage=100, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241687546745385079, articleId=1241687546439200868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Simulation of Rock Fracture Process and Fragmentation Analysis with Different Short Delays for Group Hole Blasting, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As the main index to evaluate the blasting effect, the rock blasting fragmentation directly affects the subsequent construction objectives and construction costs of water conservancy and hydropower projects. In the process of quarry blasting, it is of great significance to improve the blasting efficiency and quality and meet the demand of good grading curve for the dam aggregates in the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects. The influence of the number of free surfaces and the delay interval between holes on the rock blasting effect is studied by establishing a two-dimensional finite element numerical model. Firstly, the interaction of stress waves between holes and the reflection mechanism of explosion stress waves on free surfaces are explained theoretically. The conditions for the generation of blasting cracks are also analyzed. Then, with the help of ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element software, RHT model is used to simulate the rock fracture process under different number of free surfaces and different delay times between holes, and WipFrag is used to analyze the rock grading under different blasting conditions. The numerical simulation results show that the influence of different number of free surfaces on blasting grading is obvious. Compared with no free surfaces, the maximum bulk yields of single free surface, two free surfaces and three free surfaces decreases by 25.9%, 46.5% and 61.8%, respectively. It can be seen that the more the number of free surfaces, the more cracks produced in the rock, the better the blasting fragmentation effect. Compared with simultaneous initiation, delayed blasting is beneficial to improve the rock fragmentation effect, but the interaction between stress waves and holes is not obvious in short delayed blasting.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
FAN Yong (1988-), male, associate professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in the teaching and research of hydraulic rock mechanics and engineering blasting, (E-mail) .
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岩石爆破块度作为评价爆破效果的主要指标,直接影响到水利水电工程后续的建设目标和建设成本。在工程爆破开采石料过程中,提高爆破效率和质量,满足良好的级配曲线需求,对水利水电工程建设筑坝骨料的开采具有重要意义。通过建立二维有限元数值计算模型,开展了自由面数量和孔间不同延迟时间对岩石爆破破碎效果影响的研究。首先从理论角度阐明了孔间应力波的相互作用和爆炸应力波在自由面的反射机理,分析了爆破裂纹产生的条件;然后借助ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件,采用RHT模型模拟了不同数量自由面、不同孔间延迟时间条件下群孔起爆岩石破裂过程,并采用WipFrag分析了不同起爆条件下的岩石级配情况。数值模拟结果表明:不同数量自由面对爆破级配的影响明显,与无自由面相比,单个自由面、两个自由面、三个自由面的最大块度分别减小了25.9%、46.5%和61.8%,其他块度指标也明显减少,可见自由面数量越多,岩石中产生的裂纹数量越多,爆破破碎效果越好。与同时起爆相比,延迟爆破有利于提高岩石的破碎效果,但在短延迟爆破中应力波在孔间相互作用对提高岩石的破碎效果并不明显。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
范勇(1988-),男,副教授、博士生导师,主要从事水工岩石力学与工程爆破方面的教学与研究工作,(E-mail)
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赵毅波(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事水工岩石力学与工程爆破研究,(E-mail)

ZHAO Yi-bo (1999-), male, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in hydraulic rock mechanics and engineering blasting research, (E-mail) .

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赵毅波(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事水工岩石力学与工程爆破研究,(E-mail)

ZHAO Yi-bo (1999-), male, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in hydraulic rock mechanics and engineering blasting research, (E-mail) .

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赵毅波(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事水工岩石力学与工程爆破研究,(E-mail)

ZHAO Yi-bo (1999-), male, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in hydraulic rock mechanics and engineering blasting research, (E-mail) .

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Experimental study on delay optimization between blasting holes in grade batching mining of lianghekou hydropower station[J]. Blasting, 2021, 38(4): 81-88. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Experimental study on delay optimization between blasting holes in grade batching mining of lianghekou hydropower station, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687566395699293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687546439200868, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=74, issue=null, pageStart=119, pageEnd=130, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=QIU Xian-yang, SHI Xiu-zhi, GOU Yong-gang, journalName=Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIU Xian-yang, SHI Xiu-zhi, GOU Yong-gang, et al. Short-delay blasting with single free surface: Results of experimental tests[J]. 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Parameters of explosive in numerical models

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密度/(kg·m-3爆速/(m·s-1A/GPaB/GPaR1R2ω
85035002441.824.20.950.30
), ArticleFig(id=1241687565619753016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687546439200868, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

炸药参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg·m-3爆速/(m·s-1A/GPaB/GPaR1R2ω
85035002441.824.20.950.30
), ArticleFig(id=1241687565716222010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687546439200868, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main parameters of RHT model

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符号参数含义取值符号参数含义取值
ρr物质密度2600 kg/m3A失效面参数1.6
Pel孔隙压缩时压力50 MPaN失效面指数0.61
Pco孔隙压实时压力4.00 GPaQ0拉压子午比0.6805
NP孔隙度指数3.0B洛德角相关指数0.0105
α初始孔隙度1.35BETAC压缩应变率相关指数0.02
fc抗压强度64 MPaBETAT拉伸应变率相关指数0.05
相对抗拉强度0.085E0C参考压缩应变率3×10-5
相对抗剪强度0.25E0T参考拉伸应变率3×10-6
G剪切模量16.0 GPaEC破坏压缩应变率3×1025
GC*压缩屈服面参数0.53ET破坏拉伸应变率3×1025
GT*拉伸屈服面参数0.70AF残余应力强度参数1.60
EPM最小损伤残余应变0.01NF残余应力强度指数0.61
), ArticleFig(id=1241687565804302398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687546439200868, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

RHT模型主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
符号参数含义取值符号参数含义取值
ρr物质密度2600 kg/m3A失效面参数1.6
Pel孔隙压缩时压力50 MPaN失效面指数0.61
Pco孔隙压实时压力4.00 GPaQ0拉压子午比0.6805
NP孔隙度指数3.0B洛德角相关指数0.0105
α初始孔隙度1.35BETAC压缩应变率相关指数0.02
fc抗压强度64 MPaBETAT拉伸应变率相关指数0.05
相对抗拉强度0.085E0C参考压缩应变率3×10-5
相对抗剪强度0.25E0T参考拉伸应变率3×10-6
G剪切模量16.0 GPaEC破坏压缩应变率3×1025
GC*压缩屈服面参数0.53ET破坏拉伸应变率3×1025
GT*拉伸屈服面参数0.70AF残余应力强度参数1.60
EPM最小损伤残余应变0.01NF残余应力强度指数0.61
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群孔起爆不同短延迟时间岩石破裂过程仿真与块度分析
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赵毅波 1a, 1b , 苏都都 2 , 范勇 1a, 1b , 杨广栋 1a, 1b , 冷振东 1a, 3 , 吴凡 1a, 1b
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023,40(3): 92-100
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023, 40(3): 92-100
群孔起爆不同短延迟时间岩石破裂过程仿真与块度分析
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赵毅波1a, 1b , 苏都都2, 范勇1a, 1b , 杨广栋1a, 1b, 冷振东1a, 3, 吴凡1a, 1b
作者信息
  • 1a.三峡大学 湖北省水电工程施工与管理重点实验室,宜昌 443002
  • 1b.三峡大学 水利与环境学院,宜昌 443002
  • 2.甘肃省水利水电勘测设计研究院有限责任公司,兰州 730030
  • 3.中国葛洲坝集团易普力股份有限公司,重庆 401121
  • 赵毅波(1999-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事水工岩石力学与工程爆破研究,(E-mail)

    ZHAO Yi-bo (1999-), male, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in hydraulic rock mechanics and engineering blasting research, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

范勇(1988-),男,副教授、博士生导师,主要从事水工岩石力学与工程爆破方面的教学与研究工作,(E-mail)
Simulation of Rock Fracture Process and Fragmentation Analysis with Different Short Delays for Group Hole Blasting
Yi-bo ZHAO1a, 1b , Du-du SU2, Yong FAN1a, 1b , Guang-dong YANG1a, 1b, Zhen-dong LENG1a, 3, Fan WU1a, 1b
Affiliations
  • 1a.Hubei Key Laboratory of Construction and Management in Hydropower Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 1b.College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2.Gansu Water Resources and Hydropower Survey, Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Lanzhou 730030, China
  • 3.CHINA Gezhouba GROUP Explosive Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401121, China
出版时间: 2023-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.013
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岩石爆破块度作为评价爆破效果的主要指标,直接影响到水利水电工程后续的建设目标和建设成本。在工程爆破开采石料过程中,提高爆破效率和质量,满足良好的级配曲线需求,对水利水电工程建设筑坝骨料的开采具有重要意义。通过建立二维有限元数值计算模型,开展了自由面数量和孔间不同延迟时间对岩石爆破破碎效果影响的研究。首先从理论角度阐明了孔间应力波的相互作用和爆炸应力波在自由面的反射机理,分析了爆破裂纹产生的条件;然后借助ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件,采用RHT模型模拟了不同数量自由面、不同孔间延迟时间条件下群孔起爆岩石破裂过程,并采用WipFrag分析了不同起爆条件下的岩石级配情况。数值模拟结果表明:不同数量自由面对爆破级配的影响明显,与无自由面相比,单个自由面、两个自由面、三个自由面的最大块度分别减小了25.9%、46.5%和61.8%,其他块度指标也明显减少,可见自由面数量越多,岩石中产生的裂纹数量越多,爆破破碎效果越好。与同时起爆相比,延迟爆破有利于提高岩石的破碎效果,但在短延迟爆破中应力波在孔间相互作用对提高岩石的破碎效果并不明显。

延迟时间  /  爆破块度  /  自由面  /  孔间延迟  /  应力波

As the main index to evaluate the blasting effect, the rock blasting fragmentation directly affects the subsequent construction objectives and construction costs of water conservancy and hydropower projects. In the process of quarry blasting, it is of great significance to improve the blasting efficiency and quality and meet the demand of good grading curve for the dam aggregates in the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects. The influence of the number of free surfaces and the delay interval between holes on the rock blasting effect is studied by establishing a two-dimensional finite element numerical model. Firstly, the interaction of stress waves between holes and the reflection mechanism of explosion stress waves on free surfaces are explained theoretically. The conditions for the generation of blasting cracks are also analyzed. Then, with the help of ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element software, RHT model is used to simulate the rock fracture process under different number of free surfaces and different delay times between holes, and WipFrag is used to analyze the rock grading under different blasting conditions. The numerical simulation results show that the influence of different number of free surfaces on blasting grading is obvious. Compared with no free surfaces, the maximum bulk yields of single free surface, two free surfaces and three free surfaces decreases by 25.9%, 46.5% and 61.8%, respectively. It can be seen that the more the number of free surfaces, the more cracks produced in the rock, the better the blasting fragmentation effect. Compared with simultaneous initiation, delayed blasting is beneficial to improve the rock fragmentation effect, but the interaction between stress waves and holes is not obvious in short delayed blasting.

delay time  /  blasting fragmentation  /  free surface  /  delay interval  /  stress wave
赵毅波, 苏都都, 范勇, 杨广栋, 冷振东, 吴凡. 群孔起爆不同短延迟时间岩石破裂过程仿真与块度分析. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (3) : 92 -100 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.013
Yi-bo ZHAO, Du-du SU, Yong FAN, Guang-dong YANG, Zhen-dong LENG, Fan WU. Simulation of Rock Fracture Process and Fragmentation Analysis with Different Short Delays for Group Hole Blasting[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (3) : 92 -100 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.013
目前,爆破仍然是水电工程建设筑坝骨料开采的主要手段。采用合理的爆破设计和起爆网络对于获得满足要求的石料级配至关重要。因此,国内外学者对不同自由面数量、不同延迟时间等起爆条件下群孔起爆岩石破裂机理和特征开展了大量研究。
在实验研究方面,余良松等通过开展不同延迟时间条件下的爆破试验[1],确定延迟时间对爆破块度空间分布的影响特性,研究了延迟时间对不同粒径块度、平均块度等多个指标的影响;Qiu等通过单自由面不同延迟时间间隔的爆破漏斗实验探讨地下矿山采用微差爆破减震的可能性和可行性[2];赵海洋等采用300 mm×300 mm×300 mm水泥砂浆试块和4000 kN真三轴加载设备研究围压条件下爆破裂纹空间形态[3],研究发现:围压条件下的爆破裂纹空间形态与拥有爆破自由面条件的爆破裂纹空间形态差异极大;冷振东等通过白鹤滩水电站边坡多段微差爆破试验[4],探究爆生自由面对爆破诱发振动峰值的影响。
在数值模拟方面,李顺波等就不同延迟时间对岩石破碎的影响进行了模拟研究[5],结果表明合理设定延迟时间有利于台阶顶部岩石破碎块度控制;周海孝等研究表明随着自由面数量的增多[6],爆破的外部作用逐渐增强,更多的能量用于岩石的破碎;周俊汝等从采空区临空面、地表自由面及两种边界条件耦合作用三个方面[7],研究了爆破地震波在空区上覆岩体的传播机制,提出了爆破振动作用下空区上覆岩体分区准则,为爆破设计施工提供了指导;Yi等提出了基于有限元法的不同延迟时间岩石破碎块度分析和评价方法[8];Katsabanis等通过损伤计算发现[9],延迟时间和爆炸过程中复杂的应力波相互作用对破碎分布起着重要作用。
在理论研究方面,李顺波等基于地震波传播过程中能量的变化和自由面的形成[10],给出了孔间毫秒延迟时间的计算公式;杨建华等基于爆炸荷载激发振动频域存在的解析解[11],探究了自由面对振动频率的影响机理;楼晓明等运用推导出的物理参数对哈努卡耶夫提出的延迟控制半经验公式进行修正[12],得出了微差爆破延迟时间选取的理论模型;凌同华等利用小波变换的时-能密度法具有突出被分析信号能量突变的特点[13],研究了最佳延迟时间。
以上研究很好地揭示了自由面和延迟时间对岩石爆破破碎效果的影响。当前电子雷管大幅推广,精确毫秒延迟爆破的应用越来越广泛,群孔起爆时边界条件和延迟时间对爆破效果的影响是爆破设计优化研究的重点方向之一。据此,本文基于数值模拟和图像识别技术对群孔起爆不同数量自由面和不同短延迟时间岩石破裂过程与块度进行了对比分析,确定了自由面和延迟时间对爆破块度分布的影响,研究结论对于实际爆破工程中电子雷管起爆网络延迟时间设定具有重要参考意义。
每个炮孔可以看作是爆炸应力波波源,群孔起爆必然涉及到应力波的相互作用,并影响岩石的破裂。在耦合装药结构下,作用于炮孔壁爆炸荷载峰值[14]
式中:Pd是耦合装药爆破时孔壁初始冲击压力;ρr是岩石密度;cp是岩石纵波波速;ρrcp是岩石的波阻抗;ρe是炸药密度;De是炸药爆速;k为绝热指数,是在熵值为常数时的压力-体积曲线的斜率,其值与炸药密度和炸药的爆热等有关。
在爆炸应力波的传播过程中,岩石中径向应力峰值和切向应力峰值[15]
式中:σr为径向应力;σθ为切向应力;r某时刻应力波波峰叠加处顶点至药包中心的距离;r为球状药包的半径;δ为应力衰减指数,δ=2-μd/(1-μd),μd=0.8μμd为岩石动态泊松比,μ为岩石静态泊松比。
联立公式(1)、(2)和(3)可以得到径向应力和切向应力的衰减规律
从公式(4)中可以看出径向应力和切向应力都是ri的函数,与到药包中心的距离有关。建立如图1所示的物理模型对应力波叠加问题进行简化研究,应力波相遇所需的时间
式中:L为两炮孔中心的距离。
延迟时间∇t>2t0时,第一个炮孔爆炸产生的应力波在第二个炮孔起爆开始之前已经穿过第二个炮孔;延迟时间∇t<2t0时,应力波将在两个炮孔之间相遇发生作用。当相邻两炮孔同时起爆时,对于在两炮孔连线中间截面AB上的任意点M的受力状态如图1所示。炮孔1和炮孔2起爆后在点M处产生的径向应力分别为σr1σr2,切向应力分别为σθ1σθ2α为应力斜交角。
由几何关系炮孔1和炮孔2产生的切向应力在点M叠加后的切向拉应力
结合公式(4)和(6)可以确定点M处叠加的切向应力大小
根据岩石破环准则,合力σi满足式(8),即叠加后的切向拉应力大于岩石的动态抗拉强度时,会产生拉破坏,形成径向裂缝。
式中:σtd为岩石单轴动态抗拉强度。
计算参数:药包半径r=0.045 m,岩石静态泊松比μ=0.23,岩石密度ρr=2600 kg/m3,炸药密度ρe=850 kg/m3,炸药爆轰波速De=3500 m/s,根据公式(8)计算可得到同时起爆条件下孔间连线上切向应力如图2(a)所示,延迟0.5 ms起爆所激发的孔间连线上切向应力如图2(b)所示。由于延迟时间的存在,应力波叠加位置相对靠近2号炮孔,应力波相互叠加增强使炮孔2附近局部更易形成爆生裂纹。
岩石的破环主要考虑的是纵波的作用,当入射纵波传播至自由面时,会产生两种反射波,反射纵波和反射横波。反射应力波与入射应力波叠加会影响岩石的破裂,因此,有必要弄清爆炸应力波在自由面的反射规律。图3给出了入射纵波在自由面的反射情况。
根据反射波的反射角和入射角的关系可以得到以下计算公式[16]
由式(9)可以得到α=α1=α2α为纵波反射角,β为横波反射角。可得到纵波反射射角α和横波反射角β之间的关系
由应力波在自由面的反射理论,可知反射应力波和入射应力波之间的关系为[17]
式中:σI为入射应力波;σR为反射应力波;R为反射系数。
由式(11)可以得知反射波产生的径向拉应力σRr与入射波径向应力σIr存在相同的关系,即
图4所示,对自由面上的点N进行受力分析。根据公式(4)和(13)可以得到入射波在N点产生的切向应力和反射波在N点产生的径向应力
式中:σ为入射波产生的切向应力;σRr为反射波产生的径向应力;W为自由面至药包中心的垂直距离。
根据几何关系,结合公式(14),在N点产生的叠加拉应力σi表达式
当叠加拉应力强度σi满足式(8)时,就会引起自由面处岩体的反射拉伸破坏。
电子雷管可以实现精确延迟控制来达到逐孔或逐排起爆的目的。为了便于分析群孔起爆短延迟时间岩石破裂规律,建立如图5所示的平面数值计算模型。每排4孔,3排共计12个炮孔。孔间距4 m,排间距3.5 m,外侧炮孔距边界3 m,孔径90 mm,模型长和宽均为18 m。逐孔起爆时的起爆顺序为1~12。炸药采用耦合装药结构,共计1 398 963个单元。
在LS-DYNA中采用关键字*MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN来描述炸药材料,通过关键字*INITIAL_DETONATION来设定起爆位置和起爆时间。描述炸药的JWL状态方程[18]
式中:p是爆轰压力;E是炸药内能;V是爆轰产物的相对体积;ABR1R2ω是JWL状态方程参数。炸药主要参数的取值如表1所示。
RHT模型己被广泛应用于岩石和混凝土等材料的爆炸冲击破坏[19,20],本文采用RHT模型来模拟群孔起爆岩石的破裂特征。模型共包含38个参数,部分参数为模型给定值,剩余参数需结合实验确定,表2给出了RHT模型的主要参数。本文引用Banadaki和Mohanty花岗岩单孔爆破试验[21]。岩石样本为圆柱形,直径144 mm,高度150 mm,中心炮孔直径6.45 mm,通过建立与实验岩样相同的数值模型和对应的材料参数,模拟结果如图6(b)所示。对比两图可以看出,数值模拟的粉碎区和裂隙区范围与实验结果基本一致,证明本文的数值模型及有关参数选取是合理的。
图7给出了同时起爆条件下不同数量自由面爆破裂纹分布特征。由图7可知,爆破产生的裂纹以炮孔为中心向四周辐射,在炮孔周围粉碎区和破裂区岩体的裂纹分布规律基本一致,同时根据应力波反射理论分析,由于自由面的存在,导致爆炸应力波产生反射,从而在自由面附近产生大量裂纹,自由面数量越多,岩石中产生的裂缝就越多。
为了更准确地说明自由面数量对岩石破碎效果的影响,使用常用的块度图像分析软件WipFrag对图7中的裂纹图进行块度分析。以图7(d)中三个自由面的裂纹图为例,为了减少误差保持一致性,选取图8(a)所示的区域进行块度分析,经过灰化处理得到图8(b),输入到WipFrag中进行图像分析。在处理过程中将炮孔周围深色区域定义为粉末状的岩石,通过图8(c)的块度划分得到同时起爆三个自由面条件下岩石块度级配曲线如图8(d)。同理可以得到其他边界条件的块度分布情况,如图9所示。图10给出了同时起爆不同数量自由面条件下的块度相关参数指标变化情况,D20、D50和D90分别表示在选取的范围内小于该粒径的累计百分含量为20%、50%和90%,XMAX表示粒径最大值。
图9可以看出,随着自由面数量的增加,群孔起爆岩石破碎块度减小,说明自由面数量越多,应力波在自由面处反射产生的拉裂缝越多,从而提升岩石破碎效果,让更多的炸药能量用于破碎岩石。边界条件为无自由面、单个自由面、两个自由面以及三个自由面时,对应爆破后的岩石最大块度尺寸分别为4581 mm、3390 mm、2450 mm和1750 mm,破碎岩石的最大块度有明显的减小;单自由面与无自由面相比,最大块度减小了25.9%;三个自由面与无自由面相比,最大块度减小了61.8%。由图10可以看出,随着自由面数量的增加,岩石块度尺寸明显减小。在筑坝骨料或者矿产资源开采过程中,应尽可能的利用多的自由面,可以降低大块粒径的百分比,有效增强破碎效果。
图11给出了无自由面条件下孔间短延迟时间分别为0 ms、0.5 ms、1 ms和2 ms四种条件下起爆岩石破裂规律。从图11可以看出,延迟起爆产生的裂纹大多向四周辐射,孔间延迟起爆在爆炸冲击波向外传播的过程中产生的裂纹数量和长度都明显多于同时起爆。经块度图像分析得到孔间不同延迟时间起爆的块度分布如图12所示,孔间不同延迟时间的块度指标变化情况如图13所示。
四种短延迟起爆对岩石爆破破碎效果不同。孔间延迟时间为0 ms、0.5 ms、1 ms和2 ms时,对应爆破后的岩石最大块度尺寸分别为4581 mm、3620 mm、3150 mm和3130 mm,同时起爆最大块度尺寸最大,大块率也明显多于其他工况。由图1213可以看出,1 ms和2 ms延迟块度分布情况比较接近,通过计算,孔间延迟时间大于0.95 ms时,先爆炮孔的应力波在后爆炮孔起爆之前已经穿过,相邻炮孔之间无应力波相互作用。延迟时间在0.95 ms以内,应力波会在孔间相遇,后爆药包产生的应力波会与先爆药包产生的应力波相互叠加,根据理论分析结果表明,孔间拉应力的叠加只发生在两应力波碰撞点附近很小的区域,从而使岩石内部的局部应力场增强,在应力波相遇叠加处裂纹较多。与同时起爆相比,延迟起爆为裂缝的扩展提供了足够的时间,后爆炮孔除了在自身周围产生新的裂纹以外,还会对先爆炮孔产生的裂纹作用,从而增加了裂纹的长度和数量,提升了爆破岩石破碎效果。
通过计算分析表明,由于应力波在孔间相互作用而提高岩石的破碎效果并不明显。应力波的叠加只发生在相遇点附近,并不能改变孔间岩石的整体应力场,Yi等通过数值模拟研究认为,应力波相互作用并不能明显的提高岩石的破碎效果,与本文的研究结果基本一致。本文中使用的爆破模型是基于定性分析中使用的假设,该模型的主要局限性是假设无限长的装药结构,从而将模型简化为平面应变模型。由于平面应变的简化,在该爆破模型中忽略了S波。在爆破过程中,相对大量的辐射能量进入S波,其余的进入P波,与考虑横波的模型相比,本文采用的假设是所有的能量都进入纵波。采用先进的材料模型和三维计算模型可以为孔间应力波相互作用的研究提供更合理的结果。
基于多个炮孔在不同边界条件和不同延迟时间起爆条件下的数值模拟,进行岩石的破碎块度对比分析,对爆破效果进行分析评价,获得的初步结论如下:
(1)自由面可以显著改善岩石爆破效果,且自由面数量越多,岩石破碎效果越好。在筑坝骨料开采过程中,应尽可能多地利用自由面,可以降低大块粒径和百分比,有效增强破碎效果。采用WipFrag图像识别软件来进行块度分析具有较高的准确性,可以快速地分析爆堆的块度分布情况,在实际工程中可提高效率。
(2)总体而言,孔间延迟起爆对爆破级配分布有明显影响,延迟爆破可以改善开挖石料的级配,以满足工程需要。而孔间拉应力的叠加只发生在两应力波碰撞点附近,研究表明应力波在孔间的相互作用对提高岩石的破碎效果影响并不大,采用不同材料模型和三维计算模型可以对应力波相互作用对岩石破碎的影响进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51979152; 52209162)
  • 湖北省高等学校优秀中青年科技创新团队计划(T2020005)
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2023年第40卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.013
  • 接收时间:2022-10-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2023-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-07
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51979152; 52209162)
国家自然科学基金(51979152; 52209162)
Educational Commission of Hubei Province of China(T2020005)
湖北省高等学校优秀中青年科技创新团队计划(T2020005)
作者信息
    1a.三峡大学 湖北省水电工程施工与管理重点实验室,宜昌 443002
    1b.三峡大学 水利与环境学院,宜昌 443002
    2.甘肃省水利水电勘测设计研究院有限责任公司,兰州 730030
    3.中国葛洲坝集团易普力股份有限公司,重庆 401121

通讯作者:

范勇(1988-),男,副教授、博士生导师,主要从事水工岩石力学与工程爆破方面的教学与研究工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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