Article(id=1241687546141405270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1680192000000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773970980439, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1693497600000, pubDateStr=2023-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773970980439, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773970980439, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970980439, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241687532522492319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773970977192, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773971036114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=12, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241687546468560998, articleId=1241687546141405270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Analysis of Optimal Delay Time based on Improved Linear Superposition Method and Rock Fragmentation Effect, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The optimization of delay time is very important for controlling blasting vibrations and guaranteeing the technical-economic effect of blasting projects. The proposed improved linear superposition method can be used to in-depth discover the relationship between the particle peak velocity (PPV) of blasting vibration and delay time. Because blast vibrations actually belong to random process, which means merely using a one-time measured single-hole blasting vibration signal to simulate a multi-hole blast vibration waveform may not be reasonable. Similarly, it is also not enough to simulate a multi-hole blast vibration waveform corresponding to a certain delay time only once. A method involving random variables and statistical treatments is necessary. Firstly, Fourier series is used to represent a measured single-hole blast vibration waveform. This is necessary to formulize a piece of measured time-series data. Secondly, random variables are added to the coefficients and phases of the Fourier series expansion to generate a specified number of single-hole blasting vibration waveforms. Thirdly, Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate the mean value of PPVs corresponding to each delay time between 0ms and 250 ms with an increment of 1 ms, and the change curve of the average PPV with delay time can be obtained. The results of example analysis show that if the civil house 531 m away from the explosion source is taken as the protection target and 0.45 cm/s is taken as the peak particle velocity control threshold, any delay time more than 7 ms can be selected to meet the safety standard, and when the delay time increases, the PPV decreases in general. To pick a specific delay time from the range determined by the above process, it is necessary to observe the relationship between the rock fragmentation effect and delay times. By investigating the fragmentation results of four blast tests, the total amount of boulder yield decreases first and then increases with the delay time per meter, and the minimum value appears when the delay time is 7 ms/m. That is, if the designed hole spacing is 6 m, and hole-by-hole initiation is adopted, the optimal delay time in terms of rock fragmentation is about 40ms. This delay time just falls into the range larger than 7 ms determined previous by the improved linear superposition method. Therefore, by comprehensively considering both the results of Monte Calo simulation of blasting vibration and the rock fragmentation tests, the optimal delay time of the mine can be finally selected as 40 ms.

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LI Li-feng (1986-), Ph. D, mainly engaged in the teaching and researching work on mining, blasting and safety, (E-mail) .
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延期时间的优选对于矿山爆破振动的控制以及爆破技术经济效果的保障都至关重要。改进的线性叠加法可用于研究爆破振动质点峰值振速(PPV)与不同延期时间的关系。首先,利用傅里叶级数来表示实测单孔爆破振动波形;其次,在傅立叶级数展开式的系数和相位中加入随机变量生成指定数量的单孔爆破振动波形;再次,利用蒙特卡洛模拟计算0 ms到250 ms之间每个延期时间对应的PPV均值,得到PPV随延期时间变化曲线。实例分析结果表明:若以距离爆源531 m处的民房为保护目标,以0.45 cm/s为峰值质点振速控制标准,7 ms以上的延期时间均可选择,并且当延期时间增大,PPV呈减小趋势。结合矿山岩石破碎效果试验,大块量随米延期时间增大呈先减小后增大的抛物线变化规律,其最小值出现在米延期为7 ms/m处。若以爆破振动监测所在矿山的6 m孔距算,其岩石破碎最优延期时间约为40 ms。综合爆破振动蒙特卡洛模拟结果和矿山岩石破碎效果试验结果,得到该矿山爆破最优延期时间可选择为40 ms。

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李立峰(1986-),男,讲师、博士,主要从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学与科研工作,(E-mail)
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汤松(1986-),男,工程师,主要从事采矿、爆破等方面的工程设计与管理工作,(E-mail)

TANG Song (1986-), male, mining engineer, mainly engaged in the engineering design and management related to mining and blasting, (E-mail) .

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汤松(1986-),男,工程师,主要从事采矿、爆破等方面的工程设计与管理工作,(E-mail)

TANG Song (1986-), male, mining engineer, mainly engaged in the engineering design and management related to mining and blasting, (E-mail) .

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汤松(1986-),男,工程师,主要从事采矿、爆破等方面的工程设计与管理工作,(E-mail)

TANG Song (1986-), male, mining engineer, mainly engaged in the engineering design and management related to mining and blasting, (E-mail) .

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articleId=1241687546141405270, language=CN, label=图9, caption=其他文献中较典型的PPV随延期时间变化的曲线, figureFileSmall=CYJXRwPic4f/sSDG+n6trQ==, figureFileBig=CrW1zmJfnFEduDD//WZ8aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241687561429644188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687546141405270, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Blasting parameters

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孔径/mm孔深/m单孔装药量/kg装药结构堵塞长度/m孔距/m排距/m孔数雷管起爆方式
1201784耦合装药46318电子雷管逐孔起爆
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爆破参数

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孔径/mm孔深/m单孔装药量/kg装药结构堵塞长度/m孔距/m排距/m孔数雷管起爆方式
1201784耦合装药46318电子雷管逐孔起爆
), ArticleFig(id=1241687561597416359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687546141405270, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Test results of single hole blasting

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测点编号测点标高/m爆心距/m方向质点峰值振速/(cm·s-1主频/Hz
1945531x0.15429.9
y0.17320.2
z0.19314.6
2895202x0.57939.5
y1.19239.5
z1.42134.2
3880164x1.96339.7
y1.50739.7
z2.02246.1
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单孔爆破振动测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点编号测点标高/m爆心距/m方向质点峰值振速/(cm·s-1主频/Hz
1945531x0.15429.9
y0.17320.2
z0.19314.6
2895202x0.57939.5
y1.19239.5
z1.42134.2
3880164x1.96339.7
y1.50739.7
z2.02246.1
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基于改进的线性叠加法和岩石破碎效果的最优延期时间分析
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汤松 1 , 李立峰 2 , 郑雅风 1 , 赵渊 1 , 仲鹏 1 , 王淼 2
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023,40(3): 12-19
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023, 40(3): 12-19
基于改进的线性叠加法和岩石破碎效果的最优延期时间分析
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汤松1 , 李立峰2 , 郑雅风1, 赵渊1, 仲鹏1, 王淼2
作者信息
  • 1.中国建筑材料工业建设西安工程有限公司,西安 710065
  • 2.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,武汉 430070
  • 汤松(1986-),男,工程师,主要从事采矿、爆破等方面的工程设计与管理工作,(E-mail)

    TANG Song (1986-), male, mining engineer, mainly engaged in the engineering design and management related to mining and blasting, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

李立峰(1986-),男,讲师、博士,主要从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学与科研工作,(E-mail)
Analysis of Optimal Delay Time based on Improved Linear Superposition Method and Rock Fragmentation Effect
Song TANG1 , Li-feng LI2 , Ya-feng ZHENG1, Yuan ZHAO1, Peng ZHONG1, Miao WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.China Building Materials Industrial Construction Xi'an Engineering Co., Ltd., Xi'an 710065, China
  • 2.School of Resources and Environment Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2023-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.002
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延期时间的优选对于矿山爆破振动的控制以及爆破技术经济效果的保障都至关重要。改进的线性叠加法可用于研究爆破振动质点峰值振速(PPV)与不同延期时间的关系。首先,利用傅里叶级数来表示实测单孔爆破振动波形;其次,在傅立叶级数展开式的系数和相位中加入随机变量生成指定数量的单孔爆破振动波形;再次,利用蒙特卡洛模拟计算0 ms到250 ms之间每个延期时间对应的PPV均值,得到PPV随延期时间变化曲线。实例分析结果表明:若以距离爆源531 m处的民房为保护目标,以0.45 cm/s为峰值质点振速控制标准,7 ms以上的延期时间均可选择,并且当延期时间增大,PPV呈减小趋势。结合矿山岩石破碎效果试验,大块量随米延期时间增大呈先减小后增大的抛物线变化规律,其最小值出现在米延期为7 ms/m处。若以爆破振动监测所在矿山的6 m孔距算,其岩石破碎最优延期时间约为40 ms。综合爆破振动蒙特卡洛模拟结果和矿山岩石破碎效果试验结果,得到该矿山爆破最优延期时间可选择为40 ms。

爆破振动  /  延期时间  /  改进的线性叠加  /  蒙特卡洛模拟  /  岩石破碎效果试验

The optimization of delay time is very important for controlling blasting vibrations and guaranteeing the technical-economic effect of blasting projects. The proposed improved linear superposition method can be used to in-depth discover the relationship between the particle peak velocity (PPV) of blasting vibration and delay time. Because blast vibrations actually belong to random process, which means merely using a one-time measured single-hole blasting vibration signal to simulate a multi-hole blast vibration waveform may not be reasonable. Similarly, it is also not enough to simulate a multi-hole blast vibration waveform corresponding to a certain delay time only once. A method involving random variables and statistical treatments is necessary. Firstly, Fourier series is used to represent a measured single-hole blast vibration waveform. This is necessary to formulize a piece of measured time-series data. Secondly, random variables are added to the coefficients and phases of the Fourier series expansion to generate a specified number of single-hole blasting vibration waveforms. Thirdly, Monte Carlo simulation is used to calculate the mean value of PPVs corresponding to each delay time between 0ms and 250 ms with an increment of 1 ms, and the change curve of the average PPV with delay time can be obtained. The results of example analysis show that if the civil house 531 m away from the explosion source is taken as the protection target and 0.45 cm/s is taken as the peak particle velocity control threshold, any delay time more than 7 ms can be selected to meet the safety standard, and when the delay time increases, the PPV decreases in general. To pick a specific delay time from the range determined by the above process, it is necessary to observe the relationship between the rock fragmentation effect and delay times. By investigating the fragmentation results of four blast tests, the total amount of boulder yield decreases first and then increases with the delay time per meter, and the minimum value appears when the delay time is 7 ms/m. That is, if the designed hole spacing is 6 m, and hole-by-hole initiation is adopted, the optimal delay time in terms of rock fragmentation is about 40ms. This delay time just falls into the range larger than 7 ms determined previous by the improved linear superposition method. Therefore, by comprehensively considering both the results of Monte Calo simulation of blasting vibration and the rock fragmentation tests, the optimal delay time of the mine can be finally selected as 40 ms.

blasting vibration  /  delay time  /  improved linear superposition  /  Monte Carlo simulation  /  rock fragmentation effect test
汤松, 李立峰, 郑雅风, 赵渊, 仲鹏, 王淼. 基于改进的线性叠加法和岩石破碎效果的最优延期时间分析. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (3) : 12 -19 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.002
Song TANG, Li-feng LI, Ya-feng ZHENG, Yuan ZHAO, Peng ZHONG, Miao WANG. Analysis of Optimal Delay Time based on Improved Linear Superposition Method and Rock Fragmentation Effect[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (3) : 12 -19 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.002
爆破工程中,炸药爆炸破碎岩石会伴随着周边地表的振动。在一定距离范围内,爆破振动可能会对建筑物产生损伤或者破坏,因此,国内外学者对爆破振动进行了大量的研究[1,2]。其中,研究者们持续关注的一个重要课题就是利用爆破振动波形特点进行延期时间的优选[3-5]。这类方法被一些研究者称为Anderson叠加理论[6],实际上就是利用线性叠加的方法将单孔爆破振动信号合成一个完整爆破振动信号[7]。随后,一些研究者将一般的线性叠加法改进,利用传递函数法或者随机变量法使叠加的各个单孔爆破振动信号各不相同[8,9]。但是,前述研究都未能重视相位的重要性,实际上,不同的单孔爆破振动信号的相位应该是发生变化的[10]。众多研究表明,当使用一系列延期时间进行线性叠加时,使得爆破振动质点峰值振速下降的较优延期时间不止一个,往往是一个范围或者集合[11-13]。然而,若要从中选择一个最优延期时间,往往需要结合延期时间对岩石破碎效果影响分析[14-16]来确定。本研究基于某矿山爆破振动监测结果,改进传统的线性叠加法,在单孔爆破振动波形的相位中加入随机变量,再利用蒙特卡洛模拟进行不同延期时间下爆破振动质点峰值振速的分析,并结合该矿山岩石破碎效果试验来确定适用于矿山生产的最优延期时间。
国内某石灰岩矿山典型的爆破孔数为18孔爆破,分3排、每排6个炮孔,孔距6 m,排距3 m。炮孔直径为120 mm,炮孔深度为17 m,单孔装药量为84 kg,堵塞长度为4 m。使用电子雷管实施逐孔起爆。爆破参数总结在表1中。
矿区主要出露三叠系下统地层,总体呈北西~南东向展布,为浅海陆棚相带碳酸岩建造。矿区岩体结构主要以中厚层块状结构为主,矿体上盘的钙质泥岩易风化,工程地质条件相对较差。矿体及下盘以鲕粒灰岩、微晶灰岩、泥质粉晶灰岩为主,属中等坚硬岩石。矿区范围内无断裂构造,岩溶发育程度较弱,岩层完整性较好。
矿山附近有民房,紧邻矿山有一条县道,周边环境较为复杂。因此,爆破振动测试的测点从爆破区域至民房由近及远布置,并重点关注民房处的爆破振动特征。
爆破振动监测共布置了3个测点,分布在从民房至爆破点的同一测线上。测点1布置在民房处,标高945 m,距爆破作业地点531 m。测点2布置在标高为895 m的台阶处,距离爆破作业地点202 m。测点3距离爆破区域164 m,标高880 m。爆破区域处于标高865 m平台。测点的位置如图1所示。
为了利用线性叠加的方法来分析爆破振动的最优延期时间,对单孔爆破进行爆破振动监测,获得了不同距离下的单孔爆破振动信号。
爆破振动测试结果如表2所示。可以看出,随着距离的增加,爆破振动的峰值逐渐减小。峰值质点振速(PPV)由最大超过1.5 cm/s(爆心距164 m)下降至不超过0.5 cm/s(爆心距531 m)。爆破振动测试结果在3个方向上均呈现这一趋势。在进行线性叠加分析时,为了控制计算量同时不失一般性,选择x方向的爆破振动波形作为计算分析的对象(图2所示)。
在信号与系统的定义中,线性叠加就是将多个信号以线性变换的方式叠加在一起。如果参与叠加的信号完全相同,就可以卷积的形式来表示[17]。但在实际的爆破工程当中,诸多随机因素使得每一个炮孔装药爆炸后产生的爆破振动都不相同,并且爆破振动信号被认为是非平稳随机信号[18]。因此,群孔爆破振动的一般的表达式可以写为
式中:y表示群孔爆破振动信号;hn表示各不相同的单孔或单响爆破振动信号;tn表示实际的起爆延期时间;t0通常为0。
要实现公式(1)中的假设,就必须有N个不同的单孔爆破振动信号。如果单次爆破的炮孔数量很大,将每个炮孔产生的爆破振动信号进行逐一测试是不现实的。因此,就必须采取信号处理的方法来随机生成一定数量的单孔爆破振动信号。通过在傅里叶级数加入随机变量[9,10],就可以用来实现这一目的,其表达式可以写为
式中:ak为某一频率对应的傅里叶级数系数,表示信号的幅度;θk表示对应频率的相位;K表示傅立叶级数展开时的项数。在此基础上,若在akθk中就可以产生一系列模拟的单孔爆破振动信号
式中:h0t)、代表实测单孔爆破振动信号的傅里叶级数展开式及其幅度和相位,hnt)(n=1,2,…,N)、为随机生成的单孔爆破振动信号及其幅度和相位值。其中,假设服从正态分布,均值和标准差可暂取为,在计算过程中可进行调整;假设服从[-ππ]区间的均匀分布。
利用公式(3)得到N个单孔爆破振动信号后,就可以利用公式(1)进行线性叠加,得到一个模拟的完整爆破振动信号。改变t0tN的值,就可以得到对应于不同延期时间的群孔爆破振动信号。
如前所述,参与公式(1)的线性叠加的各个单孔爆破振动信号是随机生成的,对于某一延期时间,如果只进行一次模拟,得到一个PPV值,结果可能有失偏颇。蒙特卡洛方法可以为这一问题提供很好的解决方案[19]。蒙特卡洛模拟实现过程如下:将前述的爆破振动信号线性叠加的过程进行大量的重复模拟,就可以得到该延期时间下群孔爆破振动PPV的均值,并以此作为所要分析的群孔爆破振动PPV的解。
选择图2中所示的x方向实测单孔爆破振动信号为研究对象,基于矿山典型的18孔爆破规模,取K=50,可以近似出18个不同的单孔爆破振动信号(如图3所示)。图3中的红色曲线为图2中的实测单孔爆破振动信号波形,其余的灰色曲线为模拟生成的单孔爆破振动波形。从图中可以看出,众多灰色曲线形成的包络基本将实测的单孔爆破振动波形包含在内,说明随机生成的这18个单孔爆破振动波形从幅值的角度看是合理并符合实际的。
假设18个炮孔逐孔起爆,利用公式(1)就可以得到一次完整爆破的爆破振动波形。因为延期时间tn可以取许多不同的值,此处以延期时间为5 ms时1号测点的计算结果为例,来展示改进的线性叠加方法。图4展示了利用图3(a)中的单孔爆破振动信号模拟延期时间为5 ms的18孔爆破时,1号测点的爆破振动波形。应当指出,图4中展示的结果只是众多可能性中的一个样本,当再一次利用公式(3)的方法随机生成18个1号测点处的单孔爆破爆破振动信号时,执行公式(1)中的计算过程,又会得到另一个18孔爆破振动信号波形。
为了充分分析蒙特卡洛模拟的结果,将上述单孔和群孔爆破振动信号的计算过程重复100次,就会得到100个不同的18孔爆破振动信号样本(如图5所示)。每个爆破振动波形都可以得到一个峰值质点振速(PPV),对获得的100个PPV值进行频率统计分析,就可以得到其均值和标准差(如图6所示)。均值μ=0.45 ms就是当进行延期时间为5 ms的18孔逐孔爆破时,1号测点爆破振动峰值振速的期望值。这一期望值就作为对应延期时间下PPV的解。
以上计算过程只展示了延期时间为5 ms时,如何通过改进的线性叠加法和蒙特卡洛模拟获得相对应的PPV解。然而通过对比不同延期时间下的爆破振动峰值质点振速才能寻找最优延期时间,因此,就需要对一定范围内的延期时间进行遍历性的蒙特卡洛模拟,即从0 ms(齐发爆破)开始,以1 ms为间隔直至250 ms,对其中的每一个延期时间,都进行18孔爆破的线性叠加和蒙特卡洛模拟。处于计算量的考虑,每个延期时间模拟50次,最终得到每个延期时间对应的PPV解,如图7所示。
图7可以看出,随着延期时间的增大,爆破振动峰值振速总体呈减小趋势。在延期时间较小的范围内,峰值振速减小很快;而在延期时间较大的范围,峰值振速趋于平稳。对于1号测点,峰值振速大约在延期时间150 ms左右开始平稳在0.15 cm/s左右;对于2号测点,峰值振速大约在延期时间130 ms之后平稳在0.49 cm/s左右;对于3号测点,峰值振速大约在延期时间60 ms之后平稳在1.7 cm/s左右。这三个测点处的延期时间临界值恰好与各个位置所测得的单孔爆破振动信号的主体部分持续时间相当,此时可以认为,各个炮孔起爆时间相隔较远,相互作用减小,相当于各个炮孔单独作用。
图7中的曲线趋势来看,只要对应的PPV小于爆破安全规程中的安全允许质点振速,就可以在爆破设计中选择相应的延期时间,并且延期时间越大,PPV越小。例如,测点1处有民房,属于土坯房,根据爆破安全规程[20-22],若以主频范围为10~50 Hz所对应的质点振速范围的下限(0.45 cm/s)为控制标准,则在从7 ms开始,爆破振动的峰值振速均小于0.45 cm/s。这也意味着,从控制爆破振动强度的角度看,理论上大于7 ms的延期时间都可以选择,并且延期时间越大,爆破振动强度越小。然而,这并不意味着将延期时间简单粗暴地增加到大于前述的临界点即可。很多时候,过长的延期时间反而会影响岩石破碎效果,增加大块率,因此,即使更长延期对应更小的爆破振动峰值振速,也不能武断地作为最优延期时间,需要在综合衡量岩石破碎效果的基础上,选择一个最适宜的值。
大量研究表明,对于爆破振动的最优延期时间和岩石破碎效果的最优延期时间并不总是一致。因此,最优延期时间应当是两者的兼顾与平衡。当进行岩石破碎效果试验时,以延期时间和大块量为变量,分析两者之间的关系,可以寻找使大块最少的延期时间。
针对这一问题,进行了四次爆破试验,并将这四次爆破试验的延期时间折算成每米延期时间,在爆破之后统计大块量。大块量大,说明岩石破碎效果较差,大块量小,说明岩石破碎效果较好。每米延期时间与岩石破碎效果关系的分析结果如图8所示。
图8可以看出,当每米延期时间过小(5 ms/m)或过大(9 ms/m)时,爆破块度情况都比较差;当每米延期时间在7.0 ms/m左右时,大块量最少。大块与每米延期时间总体呈开口向上的抛物线关系,也就意味着存在一个延期时间,使得大块量最小。图8中的抛物线对应的一元二次方程为
根据公式(4),最小的大块量对应的每米延期时间为x=7 ms/m。因此,假设孔距为6 m,则较优的孔间延期时间为42 ms;为方便设计,可近似为40 ms。这一延期时间也与矿山实际的岩石破碎效果相符。
在此之前,ORICA公司已经通过大量研究指出[20],为了让两个炮孔共同作用,取得良好的破碎效果,同一排的炮孔间最佳的每米延期时间为3~8 ms/m,对硬度较高且岩体完整性较好的岩石孔间延期取小值,反之取大值。基于本矿区的地质报告,矿岩虽较坚硬,但节理裂隙发育,不能直接取小值,而应取较大的值。公式(4)所得的每米延期时间正好处于该范围的较大值。因此,图8中的试验结果也与ORICA的研究成果相符。
根据前述爆破振动质点峰值振速与延期时间、岩石破碎效果与延期时间关系的分析,可以综合考量确定一个最优的延期时间。首先,仍然以测点1为例,以附近民房为保护对象,由3.2节中的分析可知,爆破振动意义上的较优延期时间范围为7 ms以上。其次,根据岩石破碎效果试验的结果看,从岩石破碎的角度看,其最优延期时间为40.8 ms。综合两方面的分析结果,就可以确定最优延期时间大约为40 ms。经过矿山后续的生产实践的验证,该延期时间能够在爆破振动强度控制和岩石破碎效果两方面取得较好的兼顾效果。
已有研究表明[3,21],PPV随延期时间增加呈逐渐减小的趋势。直观来看,当延期时间为0 ms时,相当于齐发爆破,产生的爆破振动强度最大;当延期时间足够大(假设为tI)时,相当于单孔爆破独立作用,产生的爆破振动强度最小。而大部分文献对于波形叠加降振的预期都是在(0,tI)区间内存在一个延期时间的集合(作为可能的最优延期时间),这个集合内任意延期时间对应的爆破振动PPV都是明显的极小值或最小值,甚至低于单孔爆破振动的PPV。这意味着PPV总体由大到小的变化趋势中会出现比较明显的起伏(如图9所示)。
但是,在图7中,PPV随延期时间变化的曲线却没有出现这种非常明显的波动,其原因如下:首先,公式(2)中每个单孔爆破振动波形中都加入了随机变量,波形之间的相位差不恒定,多个波形叠加在一起的时候,反而不容易出现明显的干涉相消现象。同时,在蒙特卡洛模拟的过程中,PPV曲线的跳跃变化被平均值的计算在一定程度上越弱了。其次,不同于两孔爆破振动波形叠加,当孔数增多时(如图5中的18孔),波形叠加的复杂程度加剧,更难出现PPV的突然增大或减小。另外,图1中所示的爆破振动测试距离至少为165 m,较大的距离使得爆破振动波形各组分间的相位更加离散,也使得PPV更不容易出现突变。某种意义上来说,图7中蒙特卡洛模拟的结果也是大数定律的体现。
同时,值得注意的是,对于图7中的蒙特卡洛模拟结果,峰值振速在总体衰减的趋势中,仍然存在局部震荡。也就是说,在局部范围内,仍可能出现较长的延期时间产生更高峰值振速,而较短的延期时间产生更小爆破振动的现象。这是由于爆破振动信号非平稳随机过程的特点,也是使用蒙特卡洛模拟在统计意义上描述峰值振速的原因。并且,这种随机特性对于不同的矿山,不同的地质条件,甚至不同的爆破设计,也可能会呈现不同的特征,需要未来更加深入的研究。
此次分析中没有展示频谱分析结果,一是因为频域的分析非此次研究的重点,其关注点主要是从时域的线性叠加来分析爆破振动;二是从矿山长期爆破振动监测的历史数据和经验看,该矿山的爆破振动主频基本都在10 Hz到50 Hz之间。
(1)改进的线性叠加法以一般的线性叠加方法为基础,加入了随机因子以模拟单孔爆破振动波形,并利用蒙特卡洛模拟获得不同延期时间下群孔爆破振动质点峰值振速(PPV)的均值,使结果更符合大数定律。研究表明,PPV随延期时间的增大呈不断减小的趋势,并伴随有局部振荡。在距测点约530 m处,延期时间大于7 ms即可满足爆破振动安全规程的要求。
(2)现场岩石破碎效果试验表明,大块量随延期时间增加呈先减小后增大的抛物线趋势,其极小值,即对应于最好岩石破碎效果的延期时间约为40 ms。
(3)综合爆破振动线性叠加结果和现场爆破试验结果,确定该矿山最优延期时间为40 ms。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52104098)
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2023年第40卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.002
  • 接收时间:2023-03-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2023-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-31
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52104098)
国家自然科学基金项目(52104098)
作者信息
    1.中国建筑材料工业建设西安工程有限公司,西安 710065
    2.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,武汉 430070

通讯作者:

李立峰(1986-),男,讲师、博士,主要从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学与科研工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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