Article(id=1241687543092146214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1655568000000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773970979712, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1693497600000, pubDateStr=2023-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773970979712, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773970979712, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970979712, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241687532522492319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773970977192, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773971036114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=46, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241687543410913323, articleId=1241687543092146214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Full Face Smooth Blasting of Tunnel in Class Ⅲ Hard Rock, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Smooth blasting is the main method for controlling excavations in hard rock tunnels, but due to the complex mechanism and process of rock fragmentation by blasting, as well as the rough design of blast parameters, it is difficult to achieve a smooth excavation profile for the entire tunnel. This study focuses on the Level Ⅲ hard rock section of the Zhaishan tunnel, and through a large number of blasting tests and investigations, it was found that there were problems such as over-excavation and under-excavation, misfire, and secondary blasting construction around the tunnel profile after the original blasting plan was carried out. Based on relevant specifications and engineering experience, optimization measures were proposed for the blasting parameters, including reducing the spacing between contour holes, increasing the number of relief holes, using water bag as the charge decking and stemming, as well as reducing the amount of explosives loaded in each hole. The results showed that the optimization measures can improve the utilization of explosive energy, achieve uniform fragmentation of the rock mass, and control over-excavation and under-excavation of the tunnel perimeter rock mass. The blast parameter optimization also results in smooth and round tunnel profile with clear blast hole marks, which helps to improve the quality of excavation and accelerate the progress of tunnel construction.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHANG Wan-zhi (1988-), male, lecturer, mainly engaged in research on blasting mechanism and optimization of blasting parameters of tunnel engineering, (E-mail) .
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光面爆破是硬岩隧道控制开挖的主要方法,由于爆破破岩机理与过程复杂,炮孔与装药参数设计粗放,因此实现隧道全断面光滑轮廓开挖较为困难。以寨山隧道Ⅲ级硬岩段工程为研究背景,首先采用大量的爆破试验和调查研究的方法,发现原爆破方案下,爆后隧道洞周轮廓拱部至边墙存在超挖、欠挖分布,以及存在盲炮、二次爆破施工等问题;其次,依据相关规范和工程经验,提出了光面爆破炮孔与装药参数的优化措施,包括减小周边眼间距、增加内圈眼数量、水袋间隔装药、炮泥堵塞和减小单孔装药量。结果表明:合理设计光爆层炮眼数量、单孔装药量,采用水袋间隔装药与炮泥堵塞,可提高装药爆炸能量的利用率,实现光爆层岩体的均匀破碎,有利于控制洞周岩体超欠挖。采用优化的光面爆破参数,爆后隧道全断面轮廓成形光滑、圆顺,炮孔残痕清晰,有利于提高隧道开挖质量和加快隧道整体施工进度。研究成果可为类似硬岩隧道全断面光面爆破开挖参数设计与优化提供一定的技术与方法借鉴。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张万志(1988-),男,讲师,主要从事隧道工程爆破机理及爆破参数优化研究,(E-mail)
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马乐(1987-),男,工程师,主要从事隧道及地铁工程施工技术创新应用研究,(E-mail)

MA Le (1987-), male, engineer, mainly engaged in innovative application research of tunnel and subway construction technology, (E-mail) .

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马乐(1987-),男,工程师,主要从事隧道及地铁工程施工技术创新应用研究,(E-mail)

MA Le (1987-), male, engineer, mainly engaged in innovative application research of tunnel and subway construction technology, (E-mail) .

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马乐(1987-),男,工程师,主要从事隧道及地铁工程施工技术创新应用研究,(E-mail)

MA Le (1987-), male, engineer, mainly engaged in innovative application research of tunnel and subway construction technology, (E-mail) .

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orderNo=5, keyword=现场试验)], refs=[Reference(id=1241687557642187517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687543092146214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=11, pageStart=1980, pageEnd=1991, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=方俊波, 刘洪震, 翟进营, journalName=隧道建设(中英文), refType=null, unstructuredReference=方俊波, 刘洪震, 翟进营. 山岭隧道爆破施工技术的发展与展望[J]. 隧道建设(中英文), 2021, 41(11): 1980-1991., articleTitle=山岭隧道爆破施工技术的发展与展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687557721879302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687543092146214, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=11, pageStart=1980, pageEnd=1991, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=FANG Jun-bo, LIU Hong-zhen, ZHAI Jin-ying, journalName=Tunnel Construction, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FANG Jun-bo, LIU Hong-zhen, ZHAI Jin-ying. 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language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Smooth contour forming of the tunnel, figureFileSmall=AS3tza86WYb9bprl1RqpLw==, figureFileBig=WVwxiwhVMPT2jhEY5JLHGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241687556635554459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687543092146214, language=CN, label=图11, caption=隧道光滑轮廓成形, figureFileSmall=AS3tza86WYb9bprl1RqpLw==, figureFileBig=WVwxiwhVMPT2jhEY5JLHGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241687556702663331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687543092146214, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Properties of the No. 2 rock emulsion explosive

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度(g·cm-3爆速/(m·s-1猛度/mm殉爆/cm作功能力/mL
0.95~1.30≥3200≥3.0≥3≥260
), ArticleFig(id=1241687556773966505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687543092146214, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2号岩石乳化炸药性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度(g·cm-3爆速/(m·s-1猛度/mm殉爆/cm作功能力/mL
0.95~1.30≥3200≥3.0≥3≥260
), ArticleFig(id=1241687556862046898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687543092146214, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Tunnel smooth blasting parameters and charge quantities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮眼类型孔径/mm孔数/个孔长/m单孔装药量/kg总装药量/kg雷管段位
周边眼42473.00.9/1.844.115/17
内圈眼42273.01.2/1.534.813
), ArticleFig(id=1241687556941738682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687543092146214, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

隧道炮孔与装药量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮眼类型孔径/mm孔数/个孔长/m单孔装药量/kg总装药量/kg雷管段位
周边眼42473.00.9/1.844.115/17
内圈眼42273.01.2/1.534.813
), ArticleFig(id=1241687557013041858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687543092146214, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The optimized blast hole parameters and charge quantities of tunnel smooth blasting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮眼类型孔径/mm孔数/个孔长/m单孔装药量/kg总装药量/kg雷管段位
周边眼42513.00.75/0.9/1.842.5515/17
内圈眼42373.00.9/1.234.5013
), ArticleFig(id=1241687557130482379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687543092146214, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

隧道光面爆破优化后的炮孔与装药量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮眼类型孔径/mm孔数/个孔长/m单孔装药量/kg总装药量/kg雷管段位
周边眼42513.00.75/0.9/1.842.5515/17
内圈眼42373.00.9/1.234.5013
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Ⅲ级硬岩隧道全断面光面爆破试验研究
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马乐 1 , 张万志 2 , 刘成龙 1 , 李云 1
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023,40(3): 46-51
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023, 40(3): 46-51
Ⅲ级硬岩隧道全断面光面爆破试验研究
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马乐1 , 张万志2 , 刘成龙1, 李云1
作者信息
  • 1.北京城乡建设集团有限责任公司,北京 100067
  • 2.山东交通学院 交通土建工程学院,济南 250357
  • 马乐(1987-),男,工程师,主要从事隧道及地铁工程施工技术创新应用研究,(E-mail)

    MA Le (1987-), male, engineer, mainly engaged in innovative application research of tunnel and subway construction technology, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

张万志(1988-),男,讲师,主要从事隧道工程爆破机理及爆破参数优化研究,(E-mail)
Experimental Study on Full Face Smooth Blasting of Tunnel in Class Ⅲ Hard Rock
Le MA1 , Wan-zhi ZHANG2 , Cheng-long LIU1, Yun LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Urban & Rural Construction Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100067, China
  • 2.School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China
出版时间: 2023-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.007
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光面爆破是硬岩隧道控制开挖的主要方法,由于爆破破岩机理与过程复杂,炮孔与装药参数设计粗放,因此实现隧道全断面光滑轮廓开挖较为困难。以寨山隧道Ⅲ级硬岩段工程为研究背景,首先采用大量的爆破试验和调查研究的方法,发现原爆破方案下,爆后隧道洞周轮廓拱部至边墙存在超挖、欠挖分布,以及存在盲炮、二次爆破施工等问题;其次,依据相关规范和工程经验,提出了光面爆破炮孔与装药参数的优化措施,包括减小周边眼间距、增加内圈眼数量、水袋间隔装药、炮泥堵塞和减小单孔装药量。结果表明:合理设计光爆层炮眼数量、单孔装药量,采用水袋间隔装药与炮泥堵塞,可提高装药爆炸能量的利用率,实现光爆层岩体的均匀破碎,有利于控制洞周岩体超欠挖。采用优化的光面爆破参数,爆后隧道全断面轮廓成形光滑、圆顺,炮孔残痕清晰,有利于提高隧道开挖质量和加快隧道整体施工进度。研究成果可为类似硬岩隧道全断面光面爆破开挖参数设计与优化提供一定的技术与方法借鉴。

Ⅲ级硬岩  /  隧道工程  /  全断面  /  光面爆破  /  现场试验

Smooth blasting is the main method for controlling excavations in hard rock tunnels, but due to the complex mechanism and process of rock fragmentation by blasting, as well as the rough design of blast parameters, it is difficult to achieve a smooth excavation profile for the entire tunnel. This study focuses on the Level Ⅲ hard rock section of the Zhaishan tunnel, and through a large number of blasting tests and investigations, it was found that there were problems such as over-excavation and under-excavation, misfire, and secondary blasting construction around the tunnel profile after the original blasting plan was carried out. Based on relevant specifications and engineering experience, optimization measures were proposed for the blasting parameters, including reducing the spacing between contour holes, increasing the number of relief holes, using water bag as the charge decking and stemming, as well as reducing the amount of explosives loaded in each hole. The results showed that the optimization measures can improve the utilization of explosive energy, achieve uniform fragmentation of the rock mass, and control over-excavation and under-excavation of the tunnel perimeter rock mass. The blast parameter optimization also results in smooth and round tunnel profile with clear blast hole marks, which helps to improve the quality of excavation and accelerate the progress of tunnel construction.

class Ⅲ hard rock  /  tunnel engineering  /  full face  /  smooth blasting  /  field test
马乐, 张万志, 刘成龙, 李云. Ⅲ级硬岩隧道全断面光面爆破试验研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (3) : 46 -51 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.007
Le MA, Wan-zhi ZHANG, Cheng-long LIU, Yun LI. Experimental Study on Full Face Smooth Blasting of Tunnel in Class Ⅲ Hard Rock[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (3) : 46 -51 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.007
随着中国交通工程的高质量建设,响应“碳中和”等国家战略,对隧道钻爆开挖技术的要求越来越高[1,2]。隧道光面爆破发生于掏槽爆破、崩落爆破之后,光爆层爆破质量直接决定隧道轮廓成形质量[3,4]。在大断面硬岩隧道全断面光面爆破开挖中,控制超欠挖、光滑轮廓成形是最为理想的施工状态,对于减少初支混凝土超耗、加快循环开挖进度至关重要[5,6]
光面爆破作为控制隧道光滑轮廓成形的应用最为广泛的技术,许多学者应用工程试验、室内试验、技术创新等开展了大量研究工作。张继春等依托浆水泉特大断面隧道[7],通过现场光面爆破试验和理论分析,提出了适合于浆水泉隧道Ⅲ、Ⅳ级围岩的光面爆破方案。娄乾星等为解决大断面隧道大量炮孔钻孔成本高、施工进度慢的难题[8],提出了将掏槽孔布置位置最大限度“向外推”的减孔布设方法。尹文纲、王海亮等通过现场爆破试验和超欠挖统计分析[9],提出了周边眼“长、短眼”光面控制爆破技术。王振浩从工程地质条件和钻孔机械特点出发[10],提出了隧道全断面爆破的炮孔设计与装药控制方法,提高了爆破平整性和施工进度。赵晓明等采用数值仿真的方法[11],研究了周边孔不连续装药结构、不同药卷间距对围岩爆破效果的作用。研究成果表明运用合理的炮孔及装药参数,可减少围岩超欠挖,保护围岩的稳定性。
为了研究硬岩大断面隧道一次开挖时,轮廓光滑成形的光面爆破技术,本文依托寨山隧道Ⅲ级硬岩段工程,应用现场试验、调查研究和爆破参数优化的方法,提出适用于硬岩隧道全断面光面爆破的周边孔、内圈孔、单孔装药量和装药结构等参数,较好地实现了隧道光滑轮廓开挖,提高了隧道开挖质量。研究成果可为类似硬岩隧道全断面光面爆破开挖提供一定的技术借鉴。
济南至莱芜高速铁路寨山隧道为单洞双线隧道,隧道设计总长度4812 m。隧道洞身穿越Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级围岩,以Ⅲ级围岩为主,长度为2023 m,占隧道总长的42.4%。Ⅲ级围岩标准断面宽度为14.56 m,高度为12.01 m,断面面积约为144.5 m2,为大断面隧道,隧道全断面轮廓如图1所示。
隧道Ⅲ级围岩主要岩性为微风化灰岩夹白云岩、白云质灰岩,岩体完整,岩体的单轴饱和抗压强度为45.8~60.4 MPa,属于较硬岩~坚硬岩。
现场隧道爆破试验段里程为DK31+898~DK32+118,采用全断面(未考虑仰拱)光面爆破开挖方法,开挖高度为10.7 m,与仰拱交界宽度为10.3 m,如图2所示。隧道每循环进尺为3.0 m,现场借助五层凿岩台架进行钻孔与装药,钻孔为手持风钻钻孔,孔径42 mm。凿岩台架第一层至第五层的高度依次为2.0 m、2.0 m、1.8 m、1.8 m、1.5 m。
试验起始历程段DK31+898~DK31+913,循环掘进开挖5次。由于Ⅲ级围岩段岩体完整性好,支护形式为钢筋网片+喷射混凝土。为了控制光面爆破形成光滑轮廓,周边眼钻孔为沿开挖轮廓线平直钻进,现场连续开挖2个循环后,再进行前一循环初期支护,如图3所示。
图4为Ⅲ级围岩隧道全断面的周边眼与内圈眼设计参数。台架一范围内的周边眼间距约为0.6 m,台架二至拱顶周边眼间距约为0.65 m;台架一至台架五范围内圈眼间距依次为0.85、0.85、0.8、0.9、1.2 m,光爆层厚度(最小抵抗线)依次为0.9、0.95、0.9、0.9、0.7 m。因此,台架一至台架五的周边眼间距与光爆层厚度之比依次为0.67、0.68、0.72、0.72、0.93 m。
炸药采用2号岩石乳化炸药,药卷直径为32 mm,长度300 mm,单根重量0.3 kg。炸药性能参数详见表1。周边眼与内圈眼装的装药量详见表2。拱底角端周边眼单孔装药量为1.8 kg,为连续装药;其它周边眼单孔装药量为0.9 kg,为孔底至孔口空气间隔装药,导爆索串联起爆;台架一和台架二范围内圈眼单孔装药量为1.5 kg,其它内圈眼单孔装药量为1.2 kg,均为孔底连续装药。
起爆顺序为先内圈眼同时起爆,再周边眼同时起爆,最后拱底角端周边眼单独起爆,起爆间隔50 ms。
采用上述光面爆破方案爆破开挖后轮廓围岩成形不规则,如图5所示。可以看出,轮廓四周围岩炮孔残痕较少,隧道拱顶轮廓为波折形分布,岩块掉落分界面位置存在局部超挖,最大线性超挖约为30 cm;左拱肩、右拱肩及边墙岩体较为完整,局部存在欠挖,左、右拱肩最大线性欠挖分别约为20、15 cm。
由于周边孔为空气间隔装药,炸药为串联、孔底电子雷管引爆。现场爆破完成后,通过排险后孔底偶尔存在未引爆的滞留的乳化炸药,如图6所示。这种情况施工过程中若受意外撞击,滞留的炸药存在意外引爆的危险。
针对拱肩至边墙位置存在的欠挖岩体,为了满足隧道设计轮廓成形的要求,现场需要进行二次钻孔、装药与起爆,如图7所示。这一过程既影响施工进度,又存在施工安全隐患。
光面爆破后造成洞周围岩超欠挖、存在盲炮及需要二次爆破,必然造成施工进度慢、初支混凝土超耗及存在安全隐患。根据上述光面爆破的问题分析,依据《高速铁路隧道工程施工技术规程:QCR9406—2015》[12]、《爆破工程》[13]等技术要求,本文从光面爆破炮孔参数和装药结构调整等方面,提出硬岩隧道全断面光面爆破控制技术。
文献[12]中规定:硬岩~极硬岩周边眼间距为40~60 cm,光爆层厚度为40~60 cm,二者的相对距离为0.8~0.85。因此,周边眼间距台阶一范围内调整为50 cm,台架二至台架五范围内调整为55 cm。光爆层厚度台阶一范围内调整为63 cm,台架二至台架五范围内调整为68 cm;相对距离控制为0.8。
内圈眼先于周边眼起爆,为了使得内圈眼起爆后形成均匀的光爆层厚度,以致周边眼起爆后形成光滑规则的轮廓线,台架一至台架五内圈眼间距依次调整为0.6、0.62、0.62、0.62、0.85 m。
优化后的隧道全断面周边眼与内圈眼参数如图8所示。
依据文献[12],硬岩~极硬岩周边眼装药集中度0.15~0.40kg/m;依据文献[14],中硬岩~硬岩周边眼装药集中度0.20~0.35 kg/m。由于试验段隧道属于较硬岩~坚硬岩,因此周边眼装药集中度设定为0.20~0.35 kg/m,具体的:台架一至台架四周边眼单孔装药量为0.75和0.9 kg,间隔布置,台架五为0.75 kg。
参考文献[15],适当减小内圈眼装药量,可减小内圈眼爆破时对光爆层的过度损伤,有利于周边眼爆破时光滑轮廓的形成。本文优化方案内圈眼数量由27增加至37个,因此适当减小内圈眼装药量,具体为:台架一单孔装药量为1.2 kg,台架二至台架五为0.9 kg。
炮孔装药参数详见表3。其中,拱底角端周边眼单孔装药量仍为1.8 kg。
参考文献[16],采用水袋间隔装药结构和炮泥堵塞,有利于提高炸药能量的利用率,较均匀的破碎周围岩体,有助于形成光滑轮廓。为此,试验段采用水袋和炮泥进行周边眼装药结构的优化,同时使用导爆索自孔底至孔口进行炸药的串联,孔底使用雷管引爆,如图9图10所示。见表3
采用优化的光面爆破方案,爆破开挖后洞周围岩成形规则,超欠挖得到了较好的控制,如图11所示。表现为:图11(a)为全断面洞周开挖围岩成形特征,全断面为光滑轮廓,洞壁上保留有较好的炮孔残痕;图11(b)、(c)分别为左拱肩至边墙、右拱肩至边墙的围岩成形特征,可清晰观察到炮孔残痕,统计开挖轮廓面的炮孔残痕率由原来小于35%提高到95%及以上。优化后,隧道开挖轮廓光滑且成形圆顺。其好处是:围岩超欠挖得到控制,可加快隧道初期支护的质量和进度,同时大大减少初支混凝土的超耗。
对比表2表3中炮孔与装药数据,优化后,周边眼增加4个,内圈眼增加10个,但总装量减少1.85 kg。表明通过优化光面爆破参数和装药结构,可提高炸药爆破能量的利用率。
(1)针对Ⅲ级硬岩隧道全断面光面爆破开挖时,洞周轮廓常存在超挖、欠挖等不可控难题,应用现场试验、调查研究和爆破参数优化的方法,提出了全断面光面爆破的周边孔、内圈孔、单孔装药量和装药结构等优化参数,通过工程实例应用,实现了隧道光滑轮廓的开挖。
(2)采用优化的光爆层炮孔与装药参数,隧道洞周围岩炮孔残痕率清晰,超欠挖得到控制,整体轮廓成形圆顺,大大提高了隧道开挖质量和减小初支混凝土的超耗。
(3)为了消除洞周岩体超欠挖,减小周边眼间距、内圈眼间距、单孔装药量和采用水袋间隔装药、炮泥堵塞等措施,可实现光爆层的均匀爆破与保护洞周岩体的不均匀破碎,有利于提高隧道整体爆破开挖质量和加快施工进度。
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021QE246)
  • 山东交通学院基金项目(50004955)
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2023年第40卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.007
  • 接收时间:2022-06-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2023-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-19
基金
Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation(ZR2021QE246)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021QE246)
Shandong Jiaotong University Foundation(50004955)
山东交通学院基金项目(50004955)
作者信息
    1.北京城乡建设集团有限责任公司,北京 100067
    2.山东交通学院 交通土建工程学院,济南 250357

通讯作者:

张万志(1988-),男,讲师,主要从事隧道工程爆破机理及爆破参数优化研究,(E-mail)
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.007
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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