Article(id=1241687542186169080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.030, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1651075200000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773970979496, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1693497600000, pubDateStr=2023-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773970979496, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773970979496, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970979496, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241687532522492319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773970977192, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773971036114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=217, endPage=224, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241687542525907736, articleId=1241687542186169080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Estimation of Equivalent and Depth of Underwater Explosion Using Bubble Pulsation Periods, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The estimation of equivalent and depth of underwater explosions is an important task of the hydroacoustic monitoring in the International Monitoring System (IMS) of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). In order to effectively estimate the equivalent and depth of underwater explosion in near and far-fields, the relationship between the ratio of the first and second periods of the bubble pulsation and the bubble radius and depth was fully used based on the semi empirical formula of bubble pulsation period. The analysis results of near-field underwater explosion show that the average estimated equivalent and depth are about 118 g and 7.96 m, 76 g and 21.4 m, 1.23 kg and 44 m for different actual TNT equivalent values and blasting depths of 100 g and 7 m, 100 g and 25 m, 1 kg and 50 m, respectively. These results show that the depth estimation is more accurate than the equivalent estimation. Furthermore, the proposed method failed for a small explosion equivalent of 100 g and a depth of 50 m, which indicates that the method is limited in explosion depth. Finally, this method was used to analyze the far-field underwater explosions recorded by IMS hydroacoustic stations, and the equivalent and depth estimation results were consistent with the references, which indicated that this method is also suitable for the far-field explosion estimation.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZOU Shi-ya (1963-), male, researcher, mainly engaged in research on nuclear explosion phenomena and effects, (E-mail) .
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水下爆炸当量和深度估计是全面禁止核试验条约(CTBT)国际监测系统(IMS)水声监测的一项重要任务。为有效估计海域内爆炸事件的当量和深度,在使用气泡脉动周期半经验公式的基础上,综合利用水下爆炸气泡脉动第一次、第二次周期比值与气泡半径、深度的关系信息,估计了近、远场的水下爆炸当量和深度,对不同当量、爆炸深度的近场水下爆炸分析结果为:100 g TNT、7 m爆炸深度条件下,估计当量均值约118 g、估计深度均值约7.96 m;100 g TNT、25 m爆炸深度条件下,估计当量均值约76 g,估计深度均值约21.4 m;1 kg TNT、50 m爆炸深度条件下,估计当量均值约1.23 kg、估计深度均值约44 m。上述分析结果表明:采用的联合估计方法对深度的估计要比对当量的估计更为准确。进一步分析可知:对于50 m爆炸深度、100 g TNT小当量的爆炸信号来说,该方法未能给出估计结果,这表明该方法估计水下爆炸当量是在爆炸深度上受限的。最后对IMS水声台站记录的远场水下爆炸事件进行了分析,其当量、深度估计结果与参考文献一致,这说明该方法同样适应于对远场爆炸信号的估计。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
邹士亚(1963-),男,研究员,主要从事核爆现象与效应研究,(E-mail)
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王燕(1981-),女,硕士、助理研究员,主要从事水下爆炸信号处理与分析,(E-mail)

WANG Yan (1981-), female, master degree, research assistant, mainly engaged in research on underwater explosion signal processing and analysis, (E-mail) .

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王燕(1981-),女,硕士、助理研究员,主要从事水下爆炸信号处理与分析,(E-mail)

WANG Yan (1981-), female, master degree, research assistant, mainly engaged in research on underwater explosion signal processing and analysis, (E-mail) .

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王燕(1981-),女,硕士、助理研究员,主要从事水下爆炸信号处理与分析,(E-mail)

WANG Yan (1981-), female, master degree, research assistant, mainly engaged in research on underwater explosion signal processing and analysis, (E-mail) .

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Session 2: Data analysis and signal processing methods,(8-11 July 2019): 1-39., articleTitle=Analysis of long range propagation of acoustic waves generated by different types of impulsive sources, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687563967189724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687542186169080, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=30, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=24, authorNames=VERGOZ J, CANSI Y, CANO Y, journalName=Pure and Applied Geophysics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VERGOZ J, CANSI Y, CANO Y, et al. Analysis of hydroacoustic signals associated to the loss of the argentinian ARA san juan submarine[J]. 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Bubble pulsation periods and ratio of T1/T2 for 100 g TNT underwater explosion with a depth of 7 m

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数1组2组3组4组5组6组7组8组9组
周期T1/ms92.9093.0493.1193.4693.6793.6791.7991.9791.980
周期T2/ms80.7780.8880.9281.1181.1081.2379.7679.8679.905
比值T1/T20.86940.86930.86910.86790.86580.86720.86920.86830.8687
), ArticleFig(id=1241687560058098295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687542186169080, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

100 g TNT当量水下7 m深度爆炸的气泡脉动周期及比值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数1组2组3组4组5组6组7组8组9组
周期T1/ms92.9093.0493.1193.4693.6793.6791.7991.9791.980
周期T2/ms80.7780.8880.9281.1181.1081.2379.7679.8679.905
比值T1/T20.86940.86930.86910.86790.86580.86720.86920.86830.8687
), ArticleFig(id=1241687560150372990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687542186169080, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Bubble pulsation periods and ratio of T1/T2 for 100g TNT underwater explosion with a depth of 25 m

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数1组2组3组4组5组6组7组8组9组
周期T1/ms50.0150.1150.0850.0550.9150.9950.9849.2549.30
周期T2/ms37.3037.5037.7237.9537.5737.7937.7836.3536.25
比值T1/T20.74580.74800.75310.75820.73790.74120.74110.73810.7353
), ArticleFig(id=1241687560238453379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687542186169080, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

100 g TNT当量水下25 m深度爆炸的气泡脉动周期及比值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数1组2组3组4组5组6组7组8组9组
周期T1/ms50.0150.1150.0850.0550.9150.9950.9849.2549.30
周期T2/ms37.3037.5037.7237.9537.5737.7937.7836.3536.25
比值T1/T20.74580.74800.75310.75820.73790.74120.74110.73810.7353
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利用气泡脉动周期估计水下爆炸当量和深度的方法研究
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王燕 1, 2 , 刘哲函 2 , 李健 2 , 邹士亚 1 , 王晓明 2 , 唐伟 2 , 南德 2
爆破 | 安全与管理 2023,40(3): 217-224
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2023, 40(3): 217-224
利用气泡脉动周期估计水下爆炸当量和深度的方法研究
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王燕1, 2 , 刘哲函2, 李健2, 邹士亚1 , 王晓明2, 唐伟2, 南德2
作者信息
  • 1.国民核生化灾害防护国家重点实验室,北京 102205
  • 2.禁核试北京国家数据中心和北京放射性核素实验室,北京 100085
  • 王燕(1981-),女,硕士、助理研究员,主要从事水下爆炸信号处理与分析,(E-mail)

    WANG Yan (1981-), female, master degree, research assistant, mainly engaged in research on underwater explosion signal processing and analysis, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

邹士亚(1963-),男,研究员,主要从事核爆现象与效应研究,(E-mail)
Estimation of Equivalent and Depth of Underwater Explosion Using Bubble Pulsation Periods
Yan WANG1, 2 , Zhe-han LIU2, Jian LI2, Shi-ya ZOU1 , Xiao-ming WANG2, Wei TANG2, De NAN2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, China
  • 2.CTBT Beijing National Data Centre and Beijing Radionuclide Laboratory, Beijing 100085, China
出版时间: 2023-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.030
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水下爆炸当量和深度估计是全面禁止核试验条约(CTBT)国际监测系统(IMS)水声监测的一项重要任务。为有效估计海域内爆炸事件的当量和深度,在使用气泡脉动周期半经验公式的基础上,综合利用水下爆炸气泡脉动第一次、第二次周期比值与气泡半径、深度的关系信息,估计了近、远场的水下爆炸当量和深度,对不同当量、爆炸深度的近场水下爆炸分析结果为:100 g TNT、7 m爆炸深度条件下,估计当量均值约118 g、估计深度均值约7.96 m;100 g TNT、25 m爆炸深度条件下,估计当量均值约76 g,估计深度均值约21.4 m;1 kg TNT、50 m爆炸深度条件下,估计当量均值约1.23 kg、估计深度均值约44 m。上述分析结果表明:采用的联合估计方法对深度的估计要比对当量的估计更为准确。进一步分析可知:对于50 m爆炸深度、100 g TNT小当量的爆炸信号来说,该方法未能给出估计结果,这表明该方法估计水下爆炸当量是在爆炸深度上受限的。最后对IMS水声台站记录的远场水下爆炸事件进行了分析,其当量、深度估计结果与参考文献一致,这说明该方法同样适应于对远场爆炸信号的估计。

IMS水声台站  /  水下爆炸  /  气泡脉动周期  /  当量估计

The estimation of equivalent and depth of underwater explosions is an important task of the hydroacoustic monitoring in the International Monitoring System (IMS) of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). In order to effectively estimate the equivalent and depth of underwater explosion in near and far-fields, the relationship between the ratio of the first and second periods of the bubble pulsation and the bubble radius and depth was fully used based on the semi empirical formula of bubble pulsation period. The analysis results of near-field underwater explosion show that the average estimated equivalent and depth are about 118 g and 7.96 m, 76 g and 21.4 m, 1.23 kg and 44 m for different actual TNT equivalent values and blasting depths of 100 g and 7 m, 100 g and 25 m, 1 kg and 50 m, respectively. These results show that the depth estimation is more accurate than the equivalent estimation. Furthermore, the proposed method failed for a small explosion equivalent of 100 g and a depth of 50 m, which indicates that the method is limited in explosion depth. Finally, this method was used to analyze the far-field underwater explosions recorded by IMS hydroacoustic stations, and the equivalent and depth estimation results were consistent with the references, which indicated that this method is also suitable for the far-field explosion estimation.

IMS hydrophones station  /  underwater explosion  /  bubble pulsation period  /  equivalent estimation
王燕, 刘哲函, 李健, 邹士亚, 王晓明, 唐伟, 南德. 利用气泡脉动周期估计水下爆炸当量和深度的方法研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (3) : 217 -224 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.030
Yan WANG, Zhe-han LIU, Jian LI, Shi-ya ZOU, Xiao-ming WANG, Wei TANG, De NAN. Estimation of Equivalent and Depth of Underwater Explosion Using Bubble Pulsation Periods[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (3) : 217 -224 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.030
为有效监测全球可能发生的违约核爆炸,依据全面禁止核试验条约(CTBT)[1]建立覆盖全球的国际监测系统(IMS),采用地震、水声、次声和放射性核素等四种核查技术手段,常年不间断地监测全球可能发生的违约事件。其中水声监测技术采用的水声台站包括6个水听器台站(H-相台站)和5个T-相台站,用于监测广阔海域水上或水下以及小岛或沿海区域发生的核爆炸事件。如何通过接收的水声信号判断出事件性质(天然或是爆炸),并进一步给出爆炸事件分析结果,如爆炸发生时间、位置,尤其是爆炸当量是CTBT水声监测技术领域研究的重点。
水下爆炸能量主要释放方式为冲击波能量和气泡能量,爆炸特性会随着爆炸条件的不同而发生变化。水下爆炸产生的气泡,其膨胀和收缩会产生一系列的气泡脉冲:第一个脉冲来自于爆炸,第二个脉冲来自于气泡的坍塌,第三个脉冲来自于气泡又一次的扩张,如此反复。国内外研究学者就水下爆炸产生的气泡特性、理论及规律进行了广泛研究:J P Slifko通过大量的海上实验对深水爆炸载荷的特性进行了细致的研究[2],给出了各类炸药深水爆炸冲击波压力、气泡脉动压力的特征参数与水深、比距离等参数的关系。R H Cole在其《水下爆炸》一书中给出了260 m深度内的气泡脉动周期与水深关系的实验结果[3]。梁浩哲用AUTODYN模拟了球形炸药在不同深度水中的爆炸过程[4],通过模拟得到了冲击波的压力衰减过程和气泡振荡周期。孟龙模拟了小当量TNT炸药在不同深度爆炸下的气泡脉动现象[5],得到了气泡脉动周期和气泡膨胀最大半径与爆炸深度之间的关系。马坤[6]、张颖在模拟深水环境下进行了不同当量的爆炸实验[7],利用高速摄像系统得到了气泡脉动过程的图像,分析气泡脉动周期同模拟水深的关系以及气泡半径随时间的变化关系。从这些研究中可以得出水下爆炸深度与气泡振荡周期和半径的关系以及气泡能量与当量的关系。气泡脉动实验表明气泡脉动周期与爆炸的当量和深度存在一定的关系[8-10],即气泡脉动周期与炸药当量1/3次方成正比,与大气压力折算深度及爆炸深度之和的5/6次方成反比。理论上可用此关系来估计水下爆炸的当量,但由于爆炸的第一次气泡脉动周期不只是由深度和当量决定的,单靠半经验关系不能同时求解出当量和深度的,因此还需要其他信息来进行补充求解。
分别对近、远场水下爆炸实验的信号进行分析,提取并估计了水下爆炸声信号的第一次、第二次气泡脉动周期,充分利用其比值与气泡半径、深度的关系信息,联合第一次气泡脉动周期的半经验公式估计了近、远场水下爆炸实验的当量和爆炸深度。
水下爆炸主要由装药爆轰、冲击波产生与传播以及气泡脉动三阶段组成,从图1可以看出气泡脉动过程包括了气泡的膨胀、收缩、坍塌及向自由表面漂移等一系列复杂的运动形式[11]。气泡经历一系列扩张和收缩,形成一系列时间延迟的脉冲声信号[12,13]。脉动周期T1T2T3等都与水下爆炸深度和当量有关。
第一次气泡脉动周期T1和爆炸深度及当量的关系可用半经验公式表示[14]
式中:T1为第一次气泡脉动周期,s;Y为爆炸当量,kg;Z为爆炸深度,m;K为爆炸类型决定因子,对于TNT炸药,K=2.11;R1为气泡第一次扩张达到的最大气泡半径,m,它与深度、当量的关系为[14]
式(1)中第2个括号项是考虑到海洋表面气泡脉动影响的修正系数,一般不列出此项。从该式可以看出,水下爆炸气泡的脉动周期随爆炸当量Y的增大而增大,随水深的Z增加而减小[15]
根据公式(1)绘出了第一次气泡脉动周期与爆炸深度、当量的关系示于图2,其中横坐标代表当量,纵坐标代表深度,图中曲线代表以2为底的周期对数值。上红色线表示Z1=2R1,即第一次气泡扩张的最大半径等于爆炸深度的一半,这条线以下代表式(1)中修正系数大于0.9,该修正系数可以忽略。从该图中可以看出,该线以下气泡周期与当量和深度有近似直线的关系,这代表气泡能够完成一次完整的脉动过程,可有效提取第一次脉动周期。通过式(1)可计算已知爆炸当量和深度下的气泡脉动周期,但相反,已知脉动周期,却不能确定唯一的爆炸当量和深度。例如图中所示,周期值为2-2 s的曲线来说,可对应深度为20 m的10 kg TNT的爆炸,也可对应500 m深度下10 000 kg TNT的爆炸。下红色线表示Z2≈75Y1/3,红色线以上代表受浮力影响,气泡上升较明显,可以有效完成两次气泡脉动。为了避免使用(1)式估计当量和深度的不确定性,有效利用前两次脉动周期的比值获得更多的信息,因此将该方法限定于爆炸深度在Z1Z2之间的范围内。
第一次气泡脉动结束时,气泡坍塌紧接反弹,气泡会再次扩张,然后再次收缩(坍塌)。第二次坍塌与第二个气泡脉动的转换有关,气泡第一次坍塌到第二次坍塌为第二次气泡脉动周期,第一次气泡脉动期间,浮力导致气泡上升,使得第二次气泡脉动初始深度不同于爆炸深度。图3表示在压缩和扩张不同阶段脉动气泡的压力信号示意图,其横坐标代表最大气泡半径和爆炸深度的比值,纵坐标代表第二个气泡脉动周期与第一个汽包脉动周期的比值,该图的数据来源于文献[14]。
图3显示T2/T1R1/Z有关。对于Z1远大于R1的情况,周期的比收敛到0.7,在这种情况下,爆炸和二次脉动期间气泡上浮的影响是微不足道的,比值T2/T1中不能提取有用信息,这也是为什么要在图2中限定深度要在下红线以上的原因。如果第一个和第二个气泡脉动周期能从爆炸产生的声信号中测量得到,那么从这些周期的比值中可以估计出R1/Z的值。通过(1)、(2)两个式子的联立可估计出爆炸的当量和深度。具体计算步骤如下:
(1)分别估计爆炸的第一次和第二次气泡脉动周期T1T2,并计算周期比值T2/T1
(2)判断比值是否在限定范围内,即若周期比值大于0.7,则利用图3的线性关系,计算得到R1/Z;若比值小于或等于0.7,则计算失败;
(3)获得R1/Z比值后,通过式(2)可以得出深度与当量的关系;
(4)已知周期T1的值,根据式(1)得到深度与当量的关系;
(5)联立以上获得的两个深度与当量关系式,可估计当量Y和深度Z
中科院声学所为了研究水下爆炸声源的源级标定技术,依托152厂制作了不同装药量的TNT炸药包,在海上进行一系列不同深度的水下爆炸实验,其中包括7 m、25 m及50 m深的100 g TNT当量以及50 m、300 m深1 kg TNT当量的实验,本文此数据来源于与声学所的合作项目。由于是近场实验(接收距离20~50 m),布置在船头下的垂直线阵(包含3个水听器)接受到典型的水下爆炸时程曲线如图4所示,7 m深水下爆炸的历时曲线,冲击波、二次脉动、三次脉动非常清晰,也能看到他们各自的反射波。
对波形数据进行分析,拾取不同深度及当量波形的第一次气泡脉动周期,并将1 kg TNT当量的实验数据归一到100 g TNT当量,得到气泡脉动周期随深度的变化趋势示于图5。从图中可以看出,历次实验的气泡脉动周期是随深度衰减的,并且衰减趋势与气泡脉动周期的半经验关系符合较好。
对7 m和25 m深的100 g TNT当量的水下爆炸进行了一次、二次气泡脉动周期拾取,并计算周期比,结果列于表1~表2(分别列出前9组数据)。从表中可以看出,周期比值皆大于0.7,说明两个深度及当量的关系是在限定范围内,可以利用周期比的信息来限定当量和深度的关系,联立两个方程进行水下爆炸和当量的估计,估计结果如图6~图9所示。对于19次共57组的水下7 m爆炸来说,估计的当量均值为118 g(图中蓝色虚线表示,下同),标准差为5.38 g,估计的深度均值为7.96 m,标准差为0.29 m;对于16组的水下25 m爆炸来说,估计的当量均值为76 g,标准差为24.6 g,估计的深度均值为21.4 m,标准差为4.58 m;从7 m和25 m深的水下爆炸当量和深度估计结果看,25 m深的爆炸当量和深度估计值没有7 m的准确,这是由于25 m的水下爆炸两次气泡脉动周期的比值靠近实验室数据的收敛值0.7,并且与深度下限值Z2较为接近,导致气泡二次脉动的周期测量不准确,因此其当量和深度的估计偏差较大。
为进一步验证该方法的适用范围,分别对100 g TNT当量和1 kg TNT当量水下50 m深度的爆炸进行了分析。由于100 g TNT、50 m深度的爆炸不在图2红线范围之内,不能很好地得到第二次气泡脉动周期,如图10所示,仅能清晰的看出冲击波和第一次气泡脉动,得不到清晰的二次脉动,即第二气泡脉动周期无法准确测量,因此使用该方法对当量和深度估计失效。对其中一些实验数据进行仔细分析,发现能识别出前两次气泡脉动的周期比也小于0.7,这样不能获取更多的信息进行方程联立,无法求取当量和深度。对于1 kg TNT、50 m深度的水下爆炸试验,其深度在两条红线之间,因此采用该方法对12组数据进行了计算,计算结果如图11~12所示:估计的当量均值为1.23 kg,标准差为6.15 g,估计的深度均值为44 m,标准差为1.51 m。从7 m、25 m以及50 m的水下爆炸信号分析来看,结果都显示对该方法对深度的估计要比当量的估计准确性要高,这是因为式(1)中气泡脉动周期对深度变化的灵敏度要高于度爆炸当量的估计灵敏度。因此,使用脉动周期确定爆炸深度比确定爆炸当量更精确。
位于比奥/查戈斯群岛的HA08S台站三个子通道均记录到了2008年11月10日澳大利亚西部卡那封郡城市近海岸区域的爆炸信号,图13示出了子通道H08S1记录信号的时域波形和频谱。从图中看出,该信号的初至幅值很大、衰减很快,信号的频谱分布很宽,从5 Hz到100 Hz能量都很强,水下爆炸信号的特征明显。假设该爆炸类型是TNT炸药,由于是远场信号(距离大约4700 km),不能直接从波形上识别出气泡脉动周期,因此采用倒谱技术对该信号进行时间延迟计算,图14显示了该信号的倒谱特征分析,可以看出水下爆炸信号的前三次气泡脉动周期,第一个峰对应的时间为0.460 s,第二个峰值对应的时间为0.890 s,第三个峰值对应的时间为1.330 s。由此得到,第一个气泡脉冲周期为0.460 s,第二气泡脉冲周期为0.430 s,因此T2/T1为0.9348,由图3可以得到R1/Z的值,联立式(1)和式(2),可以得到该信号的爆炸当量为379 kg TNT,深度为57 m。与文献[16]估计的当量值360 kg TNT、深度55 m一致性较好。
2017年11月15日阿根廷圣胡安号潜艇在位于阿根廷瓦尔德斯半岛大约430 km的南大西洋海域失联(经纬度为[46°S,60°W])。事发后全面禁止核试验条约组织(CTBTO)筹委会临时技术秘书处(PTS)官员宣称IMS水声台站HA10和HA04台记录到潜艇失联位置附近海域的可疑爆炸信号。为了更好地搜寻失事潜艇,2017年12月1日,阿根廷海军在潜艇失联位置附近投放Mark 54型爆炸声弹,爆炸位置经纬度为[45.6°S,59.4°W],其深度约为35 m,爆炸当量约为108~168 kg TNT[17,18]。同样,HA10N和HA04S水声台站记录到此次爆炸信号,由于这两个台站距离爆炸源位置的距离大于6000 km,尤其是HA04台距离更远,因此仅HA10台能够得到比较清晰的气泡脉动周期,如图15所示,第一个峰对应的时间为0.456 s,第二个峰值对应的时间为0.912 s。由此得到,第一个气泡脉冲周期为0.456 s,第二气泡脉冲周期为0.456 s,因此T2/T1为1.0,由图3可以得到R1/Z的值,联立式(1)和式(2)估计出此次爆炸的当量约为167 kg TNT,深度约为39 m,与报道的当量和深度一致性较好。
本文通过一系列近、远场水下爆炸信号的分析,提取并估计了爆炸产生的前两次气泡脉动周期,基于水下爆炸气泡脉动周期半经验公式,利用这两次周期比值与气泡最大半径和深度的比值关系,联合估计了水下爆炸的当量和深度。
(1)对不同深度、不同当量的近场小当量水下爆炸信号进行气泡脉动周期提取,并将炸药质量归一化到100 g,得到第一次气泡脉动周期与深度的关系,与传统半经验关系进行对比表明其衰减趋势一致,验证了气泡脉动周期半经验公式对小当量水下爆炸的有效性;
(2)对一系列近场小当量水下爆炸的估计,结果表明在一定范围内(Z1=2R1Z2≈75Y1/3之间),可以估计水下爆炸当量和深度,且估计的深度值要比当量值更为准确,超出此范围较难甚至无法估计水下爆炸当量和深度,说明采用该气泡脉动周期方法估计水下爆炸当量的方法是在深度上受限的。
(3)对IMS台站监测到的两次远场的水下爆炸进行了分析,采用倒谱技术提取其气泡脉动周期,其当量、深度估计结果与参考文献一致,这说明该方法同样适应于对远场爆炸信号的估计。
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2023年第40卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.030
  • 接收时间:2022-04-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2023-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-28
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    1.国民核生化灾害防护国家重点实验室,北京 102205
    2.禁核试北京国家数据中心和北京放射性核素实验室,北京 100085

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邹士亚(1963-),男,研究员,主要从事核爆现象与效应研究,(E-mail)
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