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In the process of tunnel blasting excavation, the influence of ground stress and joints on the blasting effect of rock mass is significant, and they are two important factors that must be considered in the layout of tunnel blasting holes. The static and dynamic mechanical parameters of jointed slate were obtained by indoor experiments by taking the Tongan Expressway Bayue Mountain Tunnel as the engineering background. Based on the LS-PREPOST software, a three-dimensional numerical model of jointed rock mass tunnel blasting under different ground stresses (3 MPa, 6 MPa, and 9 MPa) was established to analyze the distribution of effective stress at different locations after blasting. A method for the layout of blasting hole network in jointed rock mass tunnel under different ground stresses was proposed, and the method was verified based on on-site blasting experiments. The results show that ground stress has a restraining effect on crack propagation during jointed rock mass tunnel blasting, and the greater the ground stress, the more obvious the restraining effect. The explosion stress wave will undergo multiple refractions and reflections at the joint location, leading to serious over-excavation. When the hole spacing of the contour holes in the grade IV rock mass was set to 45 cm and the linear charge density was set to 0.375 kg/m, the average over-excavation value was controlled within 20 cm. The designed concrete volume of the research section was 15.1 m3, and the actual concrete consumption in the three on-site tests was 26.4 m3, 23.7 m3, and 25.8 m3, with an average concrete excess consumption of 10.2 m3 and an average excess consumption rate of 67.5%, which were all controlled within 100%.

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TAO Tie-jun (1984-), male, Ph. D, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in tunnel engineering and blasting engineering research, (E-mail) .
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在隧道爆破开挖的过程中,地应力和节理对岩体爆破效果的影响显著,是隧道爆破孔网布设必须考虑的两个重要因素。为了确定地应力和节理共同作用时隧道周边孔孔网布设参数,以铜安高速巴岳山隧道为工程背景,通过现场钻芯取样,开展室内试验,获取了节理板岩的静动力学参数。基于LS-PREPOST软件,建立了不同地应力作用下节理岩体隧道爆破的三维数值分析模型,分析了地应力为3 MPa、6 MPa和9 MPa时节理岩体隧道爆破后不同位置的有效应力分布规律。提出了不同地应力作用下含节理岩体隧道爆破的孔网布设方法,并基于现场爆破试验进行了方法验证。结果表明:地应力对节理岩体隧道爆破时的裂纹扩展具有抑制作用,地应力越大,抑制效果越明显。爆炸应力波会在节理位置发生多次折、反射,导致超挖现象严重。Ⅳ级围岩研究段的周边孔孔距设置为45 cm、线装药密度设置为0.375 kg/m时,平均超挖值控制在20 cm内。研究段混凝土设计值为15.1 m3,3次现场试验的实际混凝土用量为26.4 m3、23.7 m3、25.8 m3,平均混凝土超耗量为10.2 m3,平均超耗率为67.5%,超耗率均控制在100%以内,爆破效果较优。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陶铁军(1984-),男,博士、教授、博士生导师,主要从事隧道工程与爆破工程科研,(E-mail)
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李国庆(1997-),男,硕士,主要从事隧道工程与结构工程研究,(E-mail)

LI Guo-qing (1997-), male, master degree, mainly engaged in tunnel engineering and structural engineering research, (E-mail) .

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李国庆(1997-),男,硕士,主要从事隧道工程与结构工程研究,(E-mail)

LI Guo-qing (1997-), male, master degree, mainly engaged in tunnel engineering and structural engineering research, (E-mail) .

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李国庆(1997-),男,硕士,主要从事隧道工程与结构工程研究,(E-mail)

LI Guo-qing (1997-), male, master degree, mainly engaged in tunnel engineering and structural engineering research, (E-mail) .

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keyword=有效应力), Keyword(id=1241687550587359481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=超欠挖)], refs=[Reference(id=1241687557046587957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=49, issue=5, pageStart=1237, pageEnd=1243, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=王建国, 梁书锋, 高全臣, journalName=中南大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=王建国, 梁书锋, 高全臣, 等. 节理倾角对类岩石冲击能量传递影响的试验研究[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2018, 49(5): 1237-1243., articleTitle=节理倾角对类岩石冲击能量传递影响的试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687557126279736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=49, issue=5, pageStart=1237, pageEnd=1243, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=WANG Jian-guo, LIANG Shu-feng, GAO 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Optimization of blasting parameters for wedge cut of large section tunnel[D]. Nanning: Guangxi University, 2020. 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Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology, 2018. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Numerical simulation of empty hole wedge cut blasting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687561425441469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=30, authorNames=何琪, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=何琪. 深埋隧洞爆破开挖扰动损伤机理及控制研究[D]. 武汉: 武汉大学, 2017., articleTitle=深埋隧洞爆破开挖扰动损伤机理及控制研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687561509327551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=31, authorNames=HE Qi, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HE Qi. Research on the damage mechanism and control of deep tunnel blasting excavation[D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University, 2017. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on the damage mechanism and control of deep tunnel blasting excavation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687561568047807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=52, issue=11, pageStart=3918, pageEnd=3929, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=32, authorNames=王卫华, 张恒根, 李夕兵, journalName=中南大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=王卫华, 张恒根, 李夕兵. 爆破载荷下岩石的拉压损伤模型[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 52(11): 3918-3929., articleTitle=爆破载荷下岩石的拉压损伤模型, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687561622573764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=52, issue=11, pageStart=3918, pageEnd=3929, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=33, authorNames=WANG Wei-hua, ZHANG Heng-gen, LI Xi-bing, journalName=Journal of Central South University (Natural Science Edition), refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Wei-hua, ZHANG Heng-gen, LI Xi-bing. Tensile and compressive damage model of rock under blasting load[J]. Journal of Central South University (Natural Science Edition), 2021, 52(11): 3918-3929. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Tensile and compressive damage model of rock under blasting load, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687561710654151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=34, authorNames=陈汉霖, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈汉霖. 爆破开挖损伤区对岩质边坡稳定性的影响研究[D]. 南昌: 南昌大学, 2021., articleTitle=爆破开挖损伤区对岩质边坡稳定性的影响研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687561815511754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=35, authorNames=CHEN Han-lin, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Han-lin. Study on the influence of blasting excavation damage zone on the stability of rock slope[D]. Nanchang: Nanchang University, 2021. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on the influence of blasting excavation damage zone on the stability of rock slope, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687561937146575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=43, issue=7, pageStart=161, pageEnd=168, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=36, authorNames=吉凌, 周传波, 张波, journalName=铁道学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吉凌, 周传波, 张波, 等. 大断面隧道爆破作用下围岩动力响应特性与损伤效应研究[J]. 铁道学报, 2021, 43(7): 161-168., articleTitle=大断面隧道爆破作用下围岩动力响应特性与损伤效应研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687562012644049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=43, issue=7, pageStart=161, pageEnd=168, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=37, authorNames=JI Ling, ZHOU Chuan-bo, ZHANG Bo, journalName=Journal of Railway, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JI Ling, ZHOU Chuan-bo, ZHANG Bo, et al. Study on dynamic response characteristics and damage effect of surrounding rock under blasting of large section tunnel[J]. Journal of Railway, 2021, 43(7): 161-168. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on dynamic response characteristics and damage effect of surrounding rock under blasting of large section tunnel, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241687556597797408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, awardId=52064008, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Science Foundation Project(52064008), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241687556673294886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, awardId=52064008, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金地区科学基金项目(52064008), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1241687556769763880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, awardId=黔科合平台人才-GCC[2022]004-1, language=EN, fundingSource=High-level Innovative Talents in Guizhou Province(黔科合平台人才-GCC[2022]004-1), fundOrder=null, country=null), 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Slate static parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度ρ/(kg·m-3单轴抗压强度fc/MPa单轴抗拉强度T/MPa弹性模量E/GPa泊松比
275147.412.0338.030.27
), ArticleFig(id=1241687555322728915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

板岩静力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度ρ/(kg·m-3单轴抗压强度fc/MPa单轴抗拉强度T/MPa弹性模量E/GPa泊松比
275147.412.0338.030.27
), ArticleFig(id=1241687555440169435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Slate constitutive model parameters

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力学参数强度参数损伤参数失效参数压力参数
ρ2751 kg·m-3A0.4D10.02FS0.004Pc15.8 MPa
fc47.4 MPaB0.632D21.0  μc5.7×10-4
G14.972 GPaC0.000624EFMIN0.01  Pl2.0 GPa
T12.03 MPaN2.335    μl0.10
  SFMAX20.0    K139 GPa
  EPSO1.0    K2-223 GPa
        K3550 GPa
), ArticleFig(id=1241687555528249825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

板岩本构模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
力学参数强度参数损伤参数失效参数压力参数
ρ2751 kg·m-3A0.4D10.02FS0.004Pc15.8 MPa
fc47.4 MPaB0.632D21.0  μc5.7×10-4
G14.972 GPaC0.000624EFMIN0.01  Pl2.0 GPa
T12.03 MPaN2.335    μl0.10
  SFMAX20.0    K139 GPa
  EPSO1.0    K2-223 GPa
        K3550 GPa
), ArticleFig(id=1241687555628913127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Basic parameters of joint materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg·m-3弹性模量/GPa泊松比屈服应力/MPa剪切模量/GPa
2500300.3411.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241687555750547950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

节理材料基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg·m-3弹性模量/GPa泊松比屈服应力/MPa剪切模量/GPa
2500300.3411.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241687555855405559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Basic parameters of emulsion explosive

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg·m-3爆速/(m·s-1A/GPaB/GPaR1R2ωE0/GPaV
12404200214.40.1824.20.90.154.1921
), ArticleFig(id=1241687555985428987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687538742645283, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

乳化炸药基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/(kg·m-3爆速/(m·s-1A/GPaB/GPaR1R2ωE0/GPaV
12404200214.40.1824.20.90.154.1921
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Basic parameters of air materials

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ρ/(kg·m-3C0C1C2C3C4C5C6EV0
129000000.40.402.5e-61
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空气材料基本参数

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129000000.40.402.5e-61
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Basic parameters of mortar material

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ρ/(kg·m-3E/GPaμ
18501.6e-40.3
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炮泥材料基本参数

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地应力作用下节理岩体隧道爆破孔网布设方法研究
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李国庆 a , 陶铁军 b , 刘霞 a , 田兴朝 a , 谢财进 a , 简兵希 a
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023,40(3): 59-67
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023, 40(3): 59-67
地应力作用下节理岩体隧道爆破孔网布设方法研究
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李国庆a , 陶铁军b , 刘霞a, 田兴朝a, 谢财进a, 简兵希a
作者信息
  • a.贵州大学 土木工程学院,贵阳 550025
  • b.贵州大学 矿业学院,贵阳 550025
  • 李国庆(1997-),男,硕士,主要从事隧道工程与结构工程研究,(E-mail)

    LI Guo-qing (1997-), male, master degree, mainly engaged in tunnel engineering and structural engineering research, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

陶铁军(1984-),男,博士、教授、博士生导师,主要从事隧道工程与爆破工程科研,(E-mail)
Research on Blasting Hole Network Layout Method of Jointed Rock Tunnel under Ground Stress
Guo-qing LIa , Tie-jun TAOb , Xia LIUa, Xing-chao TIANa, Cai-jin XIEa, Bing-xi JIANa
Affiliations
  • a.School of Civil Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • b.School of Mining, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
出版时间: 2023-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.009
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在隧道爆破开挖的过程中,地应力和节理对岩体爆破效果的影响显著,是隧道爆破孔网布设必须考虑的两个重要因素。为了确定地应力和节理共同作用时隧道周边孔孔网布设参数,以铜安高速巴岳山隧道为工程背景,通过现场钻芯取样,开展室内试验,获取了节理板岩的静动力学参数。基于LS-PREPOST软件,建立了不同地应力作用下节理岩体隧道爆破的三维数值分析模型,分析了地应力为3 MPa、6 MPa和9 MPa时节理岩体隧道爆破后不同位置的有效应力分布规律。提出了不同地应力作用下含节理岩体隧道爆破的孔网布设方法,并基于现场爆破试验进行了方法验证。结果表明:地应力对节理岩体隧道爆破时的裂纹扩展具有抑制作用,地应力越大,抑制效果越明显。爆炸应力波会在节理位置发生多次折、反射,导致超挖现象严重。Ⅳ级围岩研究段的周边孔孔距设置为45 cm、线装药密度设置为0.375 kg/m时,平均超挖值控制在20 cm内。研究段混凝土设计值为15.1 m3,3次现场试验的实际混凝土用量为26.4 m3、23.7 m3、25.8 m3,平均混凝土超耗量为10.2 m3,平均超耗率为67.5%,超耗率均控制在100%以内,爆破效果较优。

地应力  /  节理岩体  /  三维数值分析  /  有效应力  /  超欠挖

In the process of tunnel blasting excavation, the influence of ground stress and joints on the blasting effect of rock mass is significant, and they are two important factors that must be considered in the layout of tunnel blasting holes. The static and dynamic mechanical parameters of jointed slate were obtained by indoor experiments by taking the Tongan Expressway Bayue Mountain Tunnel as the engineering background. Based on the LS-PREPOST software, a three-dimensional numerical model of jointed rock mass tunnel blasting under different ground stresses (3 MPa, 6 MPa, and 9 MPa) was established to analyze the distribution of effective stress at different locations after blasting. A method for the layout of blasting hole network in jointed rock mass tunnel under different ground stresses was proposed, and the method was verified based on on-site blasting experiments. The results show that ground stress has a restraining effect on crack propagation during jointed rock mass tunnel blasting, and the greater the ground stress, the more obvious the restraining effect. The explosion stress wave will undergo multiple refractions and reflections at the joint location, leading to serious over-excavation. When the hole spacing of the contour holes in the grade IV rock mass was set to 45 cm and the linear charge density was set to 0.375 kg/m, the average over-excavation value was controlled within 20 cm. The designed concrete volume of the research section was 15.1 m3, and the actual concrete consumption in the three on-site tests was 26.4 m3, 23.7 m3, and 25.8 m3, with an average concrete excess consumption of 10.2 m3 and an average excess consumption rate of 67.5%, which were all controlled within 100%.

ground stress  /  jointed rock mass  /  three-dimensional numerical analysis  /  effective stress  /  over-under excavation
李国庆, 陶铁军, 刘霞, 田兴朝, 谢财进, 简兵希. 地应力作用下节理岩体隧道爆破孔网布设方法研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (3) : 59 -67 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.009
Guo-qing LI, Tie-jun TAO, Xia LIU, Xing-chao TIAN, Cai-jin XIE, Bing-xi JIAN. Research on Blasting Hole Network Layout Method of Jointed Rock Tunnel under Ground Stress[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (3) : 59 -67 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.009
钻爆法具有经济高效的特点,是目前我国公路铁路隧道开挖的主要方法。而超欠挖一直是钻爆法面临的亟待解决的科学难题和工程问题。同时,由于地应力和节理的存在,爆破超欠挖问题变得尤为复杂。因此,分析地应力和节理对隧道爆破有效应力和超欠挖的影响规律,提出地应力作用下节理岩体隧道爆破的孔网布设方法具有重要意义。
天然岩体中赋存不同角度和不同大小的节理裂隙,影响爆炸应力波的传播。王建国等研究了节理倾角对穿越节理面应力波的波动特性和能量传递耗散[1]。李继业等对比分析了不同条件下爆破振动的强度与衰减率的变化情况[2]。杨仁树等基于ABAQUS/EXPLICIT的有限元数值模型软件[3],分析了节理在爆炸应力波作用下的破坏特征。徐帮树等研究了水平层状岩体中节理裂隙发育的大断面隧道掘进爆破参数[4],提出了“长短孔+空孔”的周边孔布设参数,验证了优化参数对于掘进爆破的适用性。
同时,随着隧道掘进,埋深发生改变,地应力对爆破效果同样会产生不可忽略的影响。地应力作用下,隧道爆破破岩的机理发生改变[5-8]。杨建华等研究了地应力对岩石爆破开裂区和开裂区外地震波能量的影响[9]。Donze等通过数值模拟研究发现地应力对爆破后的裂纹扩展会起抑制作用[10]。李启月等的研究表明[11],在爆炸前期,岩体爆破开裂不会因地应力而产生明显影响,但在爆炸后期,由于应力波会沿着裂纹方向扩展,导致裂纹会向最大地应力方向扩展。
上述研究集中于节理或地应力单独作用时对爆破效果的影响,而对于节理和地应力共同作用下的爆破效果分析和参数优化方面的研究鲜有报道。以巴岳山隧道为工程背景,通过室内实验测定节理板岩的静动力学参数。建立了不同地应力作用下节理岩体隧道爆破的三维数值分析模型,分析了不同地应力节理岩体隧道爆破后不同位置的有效应力分布规律。提出了不同地应力作用下含节理岩体隧道爆破的孔网布设方法,为地应力作用下的节理岩体隧道爆破孔网布设提供参考。
巴岳山隧道进口位于铜梁区石鱼镇铁坡附近,最大埋深311 m,最小埋深为5 m。围岩岩性以板岩为主,存在多条与水平面呈60°的节理裂隙。为获得竖向荷载σV和水平荷载σH共同作用下板岩的静动力学参数,现场钻芯取样,岩样尺寸符合国际岩石力学学会要求,将静力学岩石试样加工打磨制成直径50 mm、高100 mm的含60°节理裂隙的板岩标准岩样,开展单轴压缩试验、三轴压缩试验、巴西劈裂试验以及冲击动力学试验。60°节理板岩岩样如图1所示。
单轴压缩试验、三轴压缩试验及巴西劈裂试验在微机控制电液伺服岩石三轴试验机TAJW-2000上开展,如图2所示。
单轴压缩试验可以获得岩样的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比。开展单轴压缩试验前先施加0.2 kN的预荷载,待仪器稳定后转换为位移加载,加载速率为0.12 mm/min,持续加载至岩样破坏。得出单轴平均抗压强度47.4 MPa,平均弹性模量38.03 GPa,泊松比为0.27。
开展三轴压缩试验主要是为了获得HJC本构模型强度参数BN值。共开展3组试验,分别对试样施加5 MPa、10 MPa、15 MPa的围压。根据σ1=P/A计算出不同侧向应力下三轴压缩强度分别为41.06 MPa、49.56 MPa、58.30 MPa,通过轴向应力和侧向应力计算出黏聚力c=19 MPa。
开展巴西劈裂试验是为了获得岩样的抗拉强度。在试样直径方向施加线荷载,加载速率为0.15 mm/min,直至试件破坏。计算得出岩样的平均抗拉强度为12.03 MPa。
由静力学实验测得板岩静力学参数如表1所示。
动力学实验采用阿基米德工业科技有限公研制的分离式Hopkinson压杆测试系统ALT100,如图3所示。主要部件包括操作台、压杆主体部分以及数据采集部分。压杆主体部分包括炮管、撞击杆、入射杆、透射杆、能量吸收器以及相应的气压装置。撞击杆、入射杆、透射杆直径为50 mm,长度分别为400 mm、2000 mm、2000 mm,压杆密度7.81 g/cm3,弹性模量为210 GPa,泊松比为0.28,纵波波速为5410 m/s。数据采集系统组成分别是压杆上的应变片、应变片接线桥盒、超动态应变仪和高速采集系统。
在动力学实验中,分别以0.15 MPa、0.2 MPa和0.3 MPa的冲击气压对板岩岩样进行冲击压缩试验,得出在0.15 MPa、0.2 MPa和0.3 MPa冲击气压下的板岩峰值应力分别为80.7 MPa、98.8 MPa、110.9 MPa。
选择LS-PREPOST软件建立地应力和节理共同作用下的三维数值计算模型,如图4所示。模型尺寸为20 m×20 m×2 m,炮孔直径42 mm,炮孔深度1.4 m,药卷直径32 mm,采用关键词*DEFINF定义荷载曲线CURVE,分别将地应力提升为3 MPa、6 MPa、9 MPa,采用关键字*INTERFACE输出带有地应力的dynain文件,替换原始k文件,达到在模型顶面和侧面施加地应力的效果。岩石定义为固体,采用HJC(Holmquist-Johnson-Cook)本构模型,参数如表2所示。节理参数如表3所示。炸药、空气定义为流体,参数如表4表5所示。流体采用共节点方式划分网格,固体与流体之间通过流固耦合方式连接。除自由面外,所有面皆设置为无反射边界条件。
(1)板岩参数
板岩本构模型选用HJC本构模型,HJC本构模型包含了基本力学参数、强度参数、损伤参数、失效参数及压力参数[12]
由动、静力学实验得出力学参数基本参数ρ=2751 kg/m3fc=47.4 MPa,G=E/2(1+v)=14.972 GPa,K=E/3(1-2v)=27.558 GPa,抗拉强度T=12.03 MPa。
以0.15 MPa冲击气压试验结果为例,从特征化抗拉强度T*=T/fc出发,绘制经过不同应变率下等效强度数据点的直线,以恒定特征化静水压力P*=1/3做垂直于横轴的垂线,与不同斜率直线的交点为特征化等效应力。拟合不同应变率下特征化等效应力得出应变率影响系数C=0.0006,如图5所示。
由三轴压缩试验数据算出黏聚力c=19 MPa,A=c/(1+C In 10-4fc=0.4,根据三轴压缩试验,结合σ*=(σ1-σ3)/fcP*=(2σ1+σ3)/3fc,得到相对应的(σ*P*),通过σ*=A+BP*N拟合出BN值分别为0.632、2.335,SFMAX和EPSO依据文献[12]分别取20.0、1.0。
损伤参数据公式D1=0.01/(1/6+T*)=0.02,D2取常数1,EFMIN依据文献[12]取0.01。失效参数FS依据文献[12]取0.004。
压力参数Pc=fc/3=15.8 MPa,μl=ρg0-1=0.10,μc=Pc/K=0.00057,PlK1K2K3为非敏感参数依据参考文献[12]取值。如表2所示。
(2)节理参数[13]
节理材料本构模型选取003号材料模型*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATI,其基本参数如表3所示。
(3)炸药参数[14]
炸药材料本构模型选取008号材料模型*MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN,其基本参数如表4所示。
(4)空气参数[15]
空气材料本构模型选取009号材料模型*MAT_NULL,基本参数如表5所示。
(5)炮泥参数[16]
炮泥材料本构模型选取005号材料模型*MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM,其基本参数如表6所示。
为探究地应力对隧道爆破效果的影响,选取掌子面拱顶、拱腰和拱底的三个点进行分析,如图6所示。
在地应力分别为3 MPa、6 MPa、9 MPa时,拱顶、拱腰和拱底的峰值有效应力分别为93.1 MPa、84.1 MPa、58.8 MPa;75.2 MPa、75.8 MPa、51.1 MPa;85.2 MPa、93.7 MPa、76.7 MPa。如图7所示,当地应力由3 MPa提高到6 MPa后,拱顶的有效应力减少了9 MPa,拱腰的有效应力基本没有变化,拱底的有效应力提升了8.5 MPa,说明地应力对拱顶和拱底的影响较大,对拱顶的有效应力起抑制作用,对拱底的有效应力起促进作用。当地应力由6 MPa提升至9 MPa后,拱顶、拱腰和拱底的有效应力分别降低了25.3 MPa、24.7 MPa、17 MPa,地应力对有效应力的抑制率分别为30%、32.6%和18.3%,说明当地应力由6 MPa提升至9 MPa的过程中对隧道爆破有效应力的抑制作用较大。
为研究节理对地应力的影响,分别建立两个模型,一个为有节理模型,一个为无节理模型,选取了有节理模型和无节理模型中节理处和非节理处的炮孔作为研究对象如图8所示。
在两个模型中,分别以1号点和3号点为对照,2号点和4号点为对照。1号点峰值有效应力为99.6 MPa,3号点峰值有效应力为96.8 MPa,2号点峰值有效应力为79.3 MPa,4号点峰值有效应力104.4 MPa,如图9所示。
由此可知,节理的存在使得节理处周边孔的峰值有效应力提高了25.1 MPa,这是由于节理的存在使得爆炸应力波在节理处发生多次的折射、反射现象,导致峰值有效应力提升了31.6%,而非节理处的有效峰值应力却没有发生明显的变化。
为探究节理和地应力作用下爆破施工时周边孔的爆破效果,选取节理处周边孔和拱顶的周边孔为研究对象,如图10所示。
当地应力为3 MPa、6 MPa、9 MPa时,1号点的最大有效应力分别为105.4 MPa、92.5 MPa和74.1 MPa;2号点的最大有效应力分别为94.1 MPa、83.4 MPa和63.1 MPa。
图11所示,可以看到含节理隧道的周边孔爆破之时,由于地应力的增加,炮孔周围的峰值有效应力会降低,从而减弱爆炸所产生的岩石拉伸致裂的现象。当地应力从0 MPa上升至3 MPa时,由于掌子面节理的存在,节理缝隙压缩并不会对峰值有效应力产生明显的影响,地应力继续上升的过程中节理产生了闭合而导致了有效应力峰值的降低,1号点在地应力从3 MPa上升至6 MPa的过程中峰值有效应力由105.4 MPa降低至92.5 MPa,降低了12.9 MPa,地应力从6 MPa上升至9 MPa之后峰值有效应力降低了18.4 MPa。2号点从3 MPa上升至6MPa后有效应力降低了10.7 MPa,从6 MPa上升至9 MPa之后峰值有效应力降低了20.1 MPa。说明存在节理的岩体中,地应力的增加会抑制峰值有效应力,且随着地应力的增加,抑制作用会越发明显。
由第3节的分析结果可知,当地应力为9 MPa时对隧道爆破的影响较大,以下以地应力为9 MPa数值模型为例,随着地应力的增加,周边孔爆破时会发生欠挖现象,而在节理处的周边孔爆炸后又会导致产生较大的超挖现象,因此需要调整周边孔爆破参数。
由参考文献[17-19]可知,岩石在冲击波作用下处于三向应力状态,会形成粉碎区、裂隙区和弹性区,岩石粉碎区半径为装药半径的2~3倍,裂隙区半径为装药半径的10~15倍。在HJC模型中,损伤变量[20](0≤D≤1)是反应塑性体积应变与等效塑性应变的累积,故认为D<0.15为弹性区,0.15≤D<0.8为裂隙区,D>0.8为粉碎区。
首先为了避免将周边孔打在节理处,需要调整周边孔间距,当周边孔间距为45 cm时正好可以将炮孔打在非节理处;由于节理存在会导致应力波穿过节理后产生衰减现象,地应力的增加也会抑制岩石的破碎效果。周边孔炸药选用2#岩石乳化炸药,炸药长度为30 cm/节,炸药直径为32 mm/节,炸药重量为300 g/节,原始线装药密度为0.3 kg/m,起爆后由围岩损伤图可知有比较严重的欠挖出现,因此将周边孔线装药密度分别调整为0.375 kg/m和0.45 kg/m,改善由地应力导致的欠挖现象。由模拟得出的损伤轮廓线如图12所示。
在地应力作用下,爆炸后整体出现欠挖现象,不利于爆破施工,补炮后可能造成更大的超挖,增加药量后欠挖现象可以得到极大缓解,但装药过多又会造成极大超挖,因此调整周边孔间距为45 cm和线装药密度0.375 kg/m为后,欠挖现象完全消失,超挖最大距离仅为20 cm。
现场原爆破方案周边孔间距为50 cm,周边孔线装药密度为0.3 kg/m,优化后周边孔间距为45 cm,线装药密度为0.375 kg/m,孔网布设如图13所示。
基于上述的数值模拟分析结果,在巴岳山隧道试验段进行爆破实验。原方案爆破时,炮孔平均利用率78.3%,平均欠挖厚度为16.7cm,最大欠挖厚度位35cm。将新爆破方案运用到现场,共进行了3次现场试验,并对炮孔利用率进行统计周边孔装药结构和爆破参数优化后,最大超挖34cm,最小超挖为6cm,平均超挖控制在20cm内,研究段混凝土设计值为15.1m3,3次现场试验的实际混凝土用量为26.4 m3、23.7 m3、25.8 m3,平均混凝土超耗量为10.2 m3,平均超耗率为67.5%,超耗率均控制在100%以内,如图14所示,超欠挖控制效果较好。
(1)岩体的峰值有效应力随着地应力的增加而降低,地应力对峰值有效应力存在抑制作用,地应力越大,抑制效果越明显。
(2)爆炸应力波在节理位置处产生折射和反射现象,节理对爆炸应力波存在“聚能”作用,使节理处的峰值有效应力提升31.6%。
(3)周边孔孔距为45 cm、装药线密度为0.375 kg/m时,Ⅳ级围岩的平均超挖值控制在20 cm,每循环混凝土超耗平均值为10.2 m3,平均超耗率为67.5%,超耗率均控制在100%以内,混凝土超耗控制效果较好。
  • 国家自然科学基金地区科学基金项目(52064008)
  • 贵州省高层次创新型人才(百层次)(黔科合平台人才-GCC[2022]004-1)
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2023年第40卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.009
  • 接收时间:2022-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2023-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-19
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China Regional Science Foundation Project(52064008)
国家自然科学基金地区科学基金项目(52064008)
High-level Innovative Talents in Guizhou Province(黔科合平台人才-GCC[2022]004-1)
贵州省高层次创新型人才(百层次)(黔科合平台人才-GCC[2022]004-1)
作者信息
    a.贵州大学 土木工程学院,贵阳 550025
    b.贵州大学 矿业学院,贵阳 550025

通讯作者:

陶铁军(1984-),男,博士、教授、博士生导师,主要从事隧道工程与爆破工程科研,(E-mail)
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.009
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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