Article(id=1241687537148809696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1655049600000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773970978295, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1693497600000, pubDateStr=2023-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773970978295, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773970978295, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970978295, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241687532522492319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773970977192, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773971036114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=20, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241687537475965418, articleId=1241687537148809696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Application of Explosive Stemming Apparatus in Burn Cut Blasting, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A kind of explosive stemming apparatus with detonating cord was placed in a simulated blast hole to evaluate its blocking effect, and then a uniaxial compression test was performed on it using a universal testing machine. The result showed that the compressive strength of the explosive stemming apparatus after being in contact with the blast hole wall was 26.5~35 MPa, and the shear strength was 3.07~3.4 MPa, which was much higher than the shear strength of conventional stemming materials (0.09 MPa). The explosive stemming apparatus was applied on cut blast in tunnel excavation together with optimizing the original blast hole layout. It turned out that the number of cut holes reduced by 35% compared to before optimization while maintaining the same excavation depth, and the hole spacing increased accordingly, which reduced the risk of piercing adjacent cut holes and effectively improved construction efficiency. Therefore, combining the explosive stemming apparatus with stemming material can greatly enhance the blocking effect and prevent premature gas escape. This effect can further extend the gas action duration in the blast hole, and improve the throwing effect of explosion gases by fully exerting the gas wedge rock breaking effect.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
XUE Bing (1989-), male, associate professor, doctor, the main research fields are explosion mechanics and energetic materials, (E-mail) .
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为了评估爆炸堵孔装置的堵塞效果,将装有导爆索的爆炸堵孔装置放入模拟炮孔中进行爆炸实验,然后通过万能试验机对其进行单轴压缩脱模实验。结果表明:爆炸堵孔装置与孔壁贴合后的抗压强度为26.5~35 MPa,抗剪强度为3.07~3.4 MPa,远大于常规炮泥的抗剪强度(0.09 MPa)。将爆炸堵孔装置用于隧道爆破直眼掏槽眼中,并对原有的孔网参数进行优化,结果显示:在保证掏槽进尺的情况下,掏槽眼孔数相对于优化前减少了35%,而且炮孔的间距也相应增大,有利于降低相邻掏槽孔贯穿的风险,从而有效提高施工效率。因此,将爆炸堵孔装置与炮泥联合使用,可大幅增强炮孔堵塞效果,从而防止爆生气体过早逸出,延长爆生气体在炮孔内的作用时间,进而充分发挥爆生气体的气楔破岩作用,并有效增强爆生气体的抛掷作用,对保证隧道直眼掏槽爆破效果具有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
薛冰(1989-),男,讲师、博士,主要从事爆炸力学与含能材料相关领域研究,(E-mail)
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林谋金(1985-),男,高级工程师、博士,主要从事爆炸力学与含能材料相关领域研究,(E-mail)

LIN Mou-jin (1985-), male, senior engineer, Ph. D, the main research fields are explosion mechanics and energetic materials, (E-mail) .

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林谋金(1985-),男,高级工程师、博士,主要从事爆炸力学与含能材料相关领域研究,(E-mail)

LIN Mou-jin (1985-), male, senior engineer, Ph. D, the main research fields are explosion mechanics and energetic materials, (E-mail) .

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林谋金(1985-),男,高级工程师、博士,主要从事爆炸力学与含能材料相关领域研究,(E-mail)

LIN Mou-jin (1985-), male, senior engineer, Ph. D, the main research fields are explosion mechanics and energetic materials, (E-mail) .

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爆炸堵孔装置在直眼掏槽中的应用
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林谋金 a, b , 张金 a , 邓小康 a , 薛冰 a, b , 蒲传金 a, b , 姚小蔓 a
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023,40(3): 20-23
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023, 40(3): 20-23
爆炸堵孔装置在直眼掏槽中的应用
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林谋金a, b , 张金a, 邓小康a, 薛冰a, b , 蒲传金a, b, 姚小蔓a
作者信息
  • a.西南科技大学 环境与资源学院,绵阳 621010
  • b.西南科技大学 工程材料与结构冲击振动四川省重点实验室,绵阳 621010
  • 林谋金(1985-),男,高级工程师、博士,主要从事爆炸力学与含能材料相关领域研究,(E-mail)

    LIN Mou-jin (1985-), male, senior engineer, Ph. D, the main research fields are explosion mechanics and energetic materials, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

薛冰(1989-),男,讲师、博士,主要从事爆炸力学与含能材料相关领域研究,(E-mail)
Application of Explosive Stemming Apparatus in Burn Cut Blasting
Mou-jin LINa, b , Jin ZHANGa, Xiao-kang DENGa, Bing XUEa, b , Chuan-jin PUa, b, Xiao-man YAOa
Affiliations
  • a.School of Resources and Environment, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
  • b.Shock and Vibration of Engineering Materials and Structures Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
出版时间: 2023-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.003
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为了评估爆炸堵孔装置的堵塞效果,将装有导爆索的爆炸堵孔装置放入模拟炮孔中进行爆炸实验,然后通过万能试验机对其进行单轴压缩脱模实验。结果表明:爆炸堵孔装置与孔壁贴合后的抗压强度为26.5~35 MPa,抗剪强度为3.07~3.4 MPa,远大于常规炮泥的抗剪强度(0.09 MPa)。将爆炸堵孔装置用于隧道爆破直眼掏槽眼中,并对原有的孔网参数进行优化,结果显示:在保证掏槽进尺的情况下,掏槽眼孔数相对于优化前减少了35%,而且炮孔的间距也相应增大,有利于降低相邻掏槽孔贯穿的风险,从而有效提高施工效率。因此,将爆炸堵孔装置与炮泥联合使用,可大幅增强炮孔堵塞效果,从而防止爆生气体过早逸出,延长爆生气体在炮孔内的作用时间,进而充分发挥爆生气体的气楔破岩作用,并有效增强爆生气体的抛掷作用,对保证隧道直眼掏槽爆破效果具有重要意义。

地下爆破  /  堵孔  /  聚氨酯弹性体  /  抗剪强度  /  直眼掏槽  /  爆生气体

A kind of explosive stemming apparatus with detonating cord was placed in a simulated blast hole to evaluate its blocking effect, and then a uniaxial compression test was performed on it using a universal testing machine. The result showed that the compressive strength of the explosive stemming apparatus after being in contact with the blast hole wall was 26.5~35 MPa, and the shear strength was 3.07~3.4 MPa, which was much higher than the shear strength of conventional stemming materials (0.09 MPa). The explosive stemming apparatus was applied on cut blast in tunnel excavation together with optimizing the original blast hole layout. It turned out that the number of cut holes reduced by 35% compared to before optimization while maintaining the same excavation depth, and the hole spacing increased accordingly, which reduced the risk of piercing adjacent cut holes and effectively improved construction efficiency. Therefore, combining the explosive stemming apparatus with stemming material can greatly enhance the blocking effect and prevent premature gas escape. This effect can further extend the gas action duration in the blast hole, and improve the throwing effect of explosion gases by fully exerting the gas wedge rock breaking effect.

underground blasting  /  stemming  /  polyurethane elastomer  /  shear strength  /  burn cut  /  detonation gas
林谋金, 张金, 邓小康, 薛冰, 蒲传金, 姚小蔓. 爆炸堵孔装置在直眼掏槽中的应用. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (3) : 20 -23 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.003
Mou-jin LIN, Jin ZHANG, Xiao-kang DENG, Bing XUE, Chuan-jin PU, Xiao-man YAO. Application of Explosive Stemming Apparatus in Burn Cut Blasting[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (3) : 20 -23 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.003
地下爆破不同于露天爆破,它只有一个自由面,故必须通过掏槽方式人为地创造新的自由面,其中,楔形掏槽因其掏槽效果容易保证以及易施工等优点得到广泛应用[1],但对于小断面的隧道,因其空间限制了掏槽孔角度与深度,爆破进尺受到严重影响,故可采用直眼掏槽爆破[2]。随着三臂凿岩台车的推广应用,其钻孔速率得到大幅提升[3],若能采用直眼掏槽将充分发挥三臂凿眼台车的优势,从而增加爆破进尺[4]。因此,直眼掏槽技术重新受到重视。
众所周知,直眼掏槽的最大缺点是抛渣能力弱[5],而邹新宽指出掏槽区域岩体从原岩分离主要与爆生气体的准静态膨胀作用有关[6]。由于传统堵孔技术的堵塞效果较差,其无法充分发挥爆生气体的作用,可能会导致直眼掏槽失败,进而影响整体爆破效果。因此,堵孔质量成为保证直眼掏槽爆破效果的主要因素之一。另外,直眼掏槽孔的孔间距较小且孔数多,相邻的炮孔在钻孔过程中容易贯通,重新钻孔可能影响掏槽效果,若能通过提高堵孔质量增加掏槽孔间距以及减少掏槽孔数,将会有效提高施工效率。
目前,众多学者为了提高爆破堵孔质量对堵孔技术进行探索[7]。张艳军等设计了一种楔形体堵塞器并进行摆锤冲击实验[8],结果表明堵塞器具有加强堵塞的效果,但堵塞器与炮孔之间的摩擦力未能充分发挥。薛里等采用单组分聚氨酯填塞炮孔[9],其操作简便,能满足炮孔填塞材料的要求,但其抗压与抗剪强度仍较低。李胜林等设计了一种堵塞器并进行漏斗试验[10],结果显示采用堵塞器加强堵塞可使爆破漏斗体积增加了34%,但存在不易操作的问题。针对上述存在的问题,改进一种爆炸堵孔装置,通过单轴压缩脱模实验获取其与炮孔之间的摩擦力和咬合力;将爆炸堵孔装置用于隧道直眼掏槽孔中,验证其堵孔效果,并且优化掏槽孔的孔距参数,为直眼掏槽爆破提供一定参考。
提供的爆炸堵孔装置由铝管与聚氨酯弹性体构成,其中,铝管内部可装有导爆索或雷管,铝管的外径13 mm,内径7 mm,长度10 cm,其在导爆索或雷管爆炸作用下发生径向膨胀后并能维持膨胀状态;聚氨酯弹性体的外径45 mm,内径13 mm,长度为10 cm,其随着铝管膨胀而膨胀,膨胀后与炮孔孔壁紧密接触,从而使爆炸堵孔装置与孔壁产生摩擦力与咬合力,如图1所示。
为了分析爆炸堵孔装置在实际炮孔中的摩擦力和咬合力,将堵孔装置放入模拟炮孔中并分别用雷管与导爆索引爆,然后再进行单轴压缩脱模实验,如图2所示。其中,模拟炮孔内径为48 mm,外径为110 mm,高度为15 cm,孔壁材料为C30混凝土,其粗糙度与现实炮孔相似,外围有薄壁钢管进行约束。在爆炸膨胀实验后,脱模实验采用万能试验机进行压缩,其加载方式为位移控制,加载速率为1 mm/min。
将分别装有雷管和导爆索的爆炸堵孔装置放入模拟炮孔中进行爆炸实验,然后将其进行单轴压缩脱模实验,得到的力-位移曲线如图3所示。
图3可知,在一定速率的位移加载下,作用在爆炸堵孔装置的初始力载荷增长较慢,其与聚氨酯弹性体在准静态条件下表现出的超弹性特性有关[11]。随着位移载荷持续增加,聚氨酯弹性体会发生侧向膨胀,从而大幅提高其与炮孔孔壁的摩擦力和咬合力。当起爆器材为雷管时,爆炸堵孔装置与炮孔孔壁开始相对滑动的力载荷约为49 kN;当起爆器材为导爆索时,爆炸堵孔装置与炮孔孔壁开始相对滑动的力载荷为48~65 kN,说明爆破器材对开始相对滑动的力载荷影响较小。由于聚氨酯材料具有弹性,其在铝管膨胀力作用下能自适应匹配粗糙的孔壁。因此,随着位移载荷继续增加,爆炸堵孔装置与炮孔孔壁开始相对滑动后,力载荷下降一定值后会反弹并保持振荡。由此可得,无论爆炸堵孔装置采用雷管或者导爆索进行爆炸作用,其在炮孔中发生滑动后仍能保持较大的摩擦力和咬合力。
将上述爆炸堵孔装置与孔壁贴合后的力载荷峰值换算成抗压强度为26.5~35 MPa,换算成抗剪强度为3.07~3.4MPa,其远大于常规炮泥的抗剪强度(0.09 MPa)[9]。需要强调的是,爆炸堵孔装置与炮孔孔壁开始相对滑动的压力值远低于炸药爆生气体的压力,而且中间的铝管会泄漏爆生气体,故其在实际使用中需要与炮泥配合使用,通过抑制炮泥运动强化常规炮泥的堵孔效果。
某隧道以Ⅲ级围岩为主,具有岩质硬、埋深大、地应力大等特点,并时常发生岩爆。隧道掌子面宽9 m,高8.3 m,面积为60 m2,进洞时的掘进爆破采用楔形掏槽,孔深为4 m,进尺为3.6 m,其炮孔利用率能达到90%,但随着地应力持续增大,其炮孔利用率下降到70%左右,且炸药单耗也大幅增加。
为了提高爆破循环进尺,考虑到现场采用三臂凿岩台车进行钻孔,故将楔形掏槽改为直眼掏槽。由于三臂凿岩台车的钻头直径为45 mm,其成孔直径约为48 mm,如果装填传统的ϕ 32乳化炸药药卷,其径向装药不耦合系数较大。有研究表明[12],炸药破坏岩石主要是动压力,而动压力与爆速的平方成正比,与不耦合系数的n次方成反比(n=4~6),即装药不耦合系数对炸药破岩能力影响显著。因此,为了降低装药不耦合系数对爆破效果的影响,现场采用定制的乳化炸药药卷,其直径为40 mm,长度为35 cm,重量为500 g。根据西安—安康铁路秦岭隧道的经验,对于150~200 MPa硬岩一般采用三大空孔三角柱排列深孔直眼掏槽,对于200 MPa以上的硬岩采用四大空孔四角柱排列深孔直眼掏槽。为了确保掏槽效果,本隧道采用五大空孔进行掏槽,空孔的直径为100 mm,其孔网参数如图4所示。
由现场爆破效果可知,优化前的掏槽眼孔网参数在正常情况下能达到90%的炮孔利用率,但偶尔也会出现掏槽效果不理想的情况,其主要原因是掏槽孔间距较小,使掏槽进尺容易受到钻孔精度影响。另外,优化前的掏槽眼炮孔数量较多,影响现场施工效率。需要指出的是,虽然掏槽眼部分采用机制炮泥进行堵塞,但其未能完全限制炮泥的运动,导致堵塞效果不理想,即只起到惯性堵塞的效果。
为了充分发挥炸药的爆炸能量,特别是爆生气体的破岩作用,本隧道采用上文所述的爆炸堵孔装置联合炮泥对掏槽眼进行堵塞,同时对掏槽眼原始孔网参数进行优化,优化后的孔网参数如图5所示。
图5可知,优化后的大空孔数从5个减到4个,优化后的掏槽眼担负面积与优化前基本一致(2.5~2.6 m2),但掏槽眼孔数从19个降低到11个,考虑大空孔数,掏槽眼孔数相对于优化前减少了35%,同时炮孔的间距也相应增大,其有效避免相邻掏槽孔在钻孔过程中容易贯通的问题。优化后的掏槽眼仍采用电子数码雷管起爆,而孔口的爆炸堵孔装置中装有导爆索,所有导爆索捆绑后采用一发雷管进行引爆;装填炸药时,尽量采用耦合装药,即装药前应该将药卷用刀划开,装入炮孔后用炮棍捣实;堵塞时,炮泥堵塞长度不少于90 cm,爆炸堵孔装置与孔口的距离不少于10 cm,其有效防止爆炸堵孔装置在膨胀前被冲出,从而确保堵孔质量。为了确保爆炸堵孔装置的堵塞效果,需要提前引爆导爆索,同时,为了确保所有电子数码雷管延期时间传送完毕,故将爆炸堵孔装置中的导爆索起爆延期时间设置为20 ms,而炮孔中最早起爆雷管的延期时间设置为50 ms,即爆炸堵孔装置起爆后30 ms,炮孔中的雷管才开始起爆。雷管引爆炸药后,炸药的爆生气体会推动炮泥向孔口移动并挤压炮泥,此时炮泥与孔壁之间的气体也将从爆炸堵孔装置中的铝管排出;当炮泥完全压死并与堵孔装置成一体时,即达到完全封堵的效果。优化后的掏槽眼在爆破后几乎无残留炮眼,达到理想的掏槽效果。
综上所述,爆炸堵孔装置可大幅增强炮孔堵塞效果,从而防止炸药爆生气体过早逸出,延长爆生气体在炮孔内的作用时间,进而充分发挥爆生气体的气楔破岩作用,并有效增强爆生气体的抛掷作用。由于爆炸堵孔装置可充分发挥炸药的爆炸能量,故可适当增加掏槽眼的孔间距,减少掏槽眼的孔数,从而有效减少钻孔的时间,提高施工效率,对改善隧道直眼掏槽爆破效果具有重要意义。
采用铝管与聚氨酯弹性体设计一种爆炸堵孔装置,其在导爆索作用下能与炮孔孔壁紧密贴合。为了评估爆炸堵孔装置的堵塞效果,将装有导爆索的爆炸堵孔装置放入模拟炮孔中进行爆炸实验,然后通过万能试验机对其进行单轴压缩脱模实验,并将其用于隧道爆破直眼掏槽眼,得到的主要结论有:
(1)聚氨酯弹性体具有超弹性特性,其在轴向载荷作用下会发生侧向膨胀,从而大幅提高其与炮孔孔壁的摩擦力和咬合力。因此,爆炸堵孔装置与孔壁贴合后的抗压强度为26.5~35 MPa,抗剪强度为3.07~3.4 MPa,远大于常规炮泥的抗剪强度(0.09 MPa)。
(2)爆炸堵孔装置能起到强力堵塞作用,其与炮泥联合使用,可大幅增强炮孔堵塞效果,从而防止炸药爆生气体过早逸出,延长爆生气体在炮孔内的作用时间,进而充分发挥爆生气体的气楔破岩作用,并有效增强爆生气体的抛掷作用。
(3)将爆炸堵孔装置用于隧道爆破直眼掏槽眼中,并对原有的孔网参数进行优化,结果表明:在保证掏槽进尺的情况下,掏槽眼孔数相对于优化前减少了35%,孔的间距也相应增大,有利于降低相邻掏槽孔贯穿的风险,从而有效提高施工效率,对保证隧道直眼掏槽爆破效果具有重要意义。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12172313; 11802255)
  • 工程材料与结构冲击振动四川省重点实验室开放基金项目(20kfgk06)
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2023年第40卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.003
  • 接收时间:2022-06-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2023-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-13
基金
The National Natural Science Foundation of China(12172313; 11802255)
国家自然科学基金项目(12172313; 11802255)
Open funding of Shock and Vibration of Engineering Materials and Structures Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province(20kfgk06)
工程材料与结构冲击振动四川省重点实验室开放基金项目(20kfgk06)
作者信息
    a.西南科技大学 环境与资源学院,绵阳 621010
    b.西南科技大学 工程材料与结构冲击振动四川省重点实验室,绵阳 621010

通讯作者:

薛冰(1989-),男,讲师、博士,主要从事爆炸力学与含能材料相关领域研究,(E-mail)
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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