Article(id=1241687534602867122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1688313600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773970977688, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1693497600000, pubDateStr=2023-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773970977688, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773970977688, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970977688, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241687532522492319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773970977192, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773971036114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=31, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241687534871302585, articleId=1241687534602867122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research on Explosive-Rock Matching System based on XGBoost, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In modern blasting engineering research, the matching model of explosive and rock provides a scientific basis for revealing the internal mechanism of blasting process and predicting the economic benefits of blasting system, which has become an irreplaceable important tool. However, due to the diversity and complexity of soil-rock medium and the uncertainty of explosion process, the interaction between explosive and rock is more complex and uncertain, and it is difficult to study the matching of explosive and rock from their interaction process. Earlier studies mainly relied on empirical formulas and field tests for calculation and summary, which often had high eigenvalues and harsh application environment. However, the feature of machine learning is that it only considers the beginning and the result, and does not care about the middle process, which ensures its universality in the study of explosive-rock matching model. The XGBoost algorithm, together with multi-threading, data compression and fragmentation method, has the advantages of high efficiency in the case of largedata amount, and is suitable for training of a large amount of field data. In view of this, a field test was carried out in a mine in Guizhou province, and XGBoost algorithm was used to establish a matching system between explosives and rocks. The network was trained through successful examples, and the trained neural network was applied to practical projects. The results show that the performance of the explosives selected by the matching system based on this method is similar to that of the industrial explosives used at present, and the error is within±10%, which has a high reliability, and further verifies the rationality of the explosiverock matching system based on XGBoost algorithm.

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现代爆破工程研究中,炸药岩石的匹配模型为揭示爆破过程内在机制和预测爆破系统的经济效益提供了科学依据,已经成为不可替代的重要工具。但由于土岩介质的多样性和复杂性、炸药爆炸过程的不确定性,炸药岩石的相互作用在爆炸过程中就更为复杂和不确定,很难从其相互作用过程来研究炸药与岩石的匹配。早期的研究主要是依靠经验公式与现场试验进行推算总结,往往存在特征值高,适用环境苛刻的情况,而机器学习的特点是只考虑开始和结果,不计较中间过程,这保证了其在炸药岩石匹配模型研究中的普适性。而XGBoost算法结合多线程、数据压缩、分片的方法,具有在数据量大的情况下算法效率较高的优点,适用于数据量较大的现场数据训练学习。鉴于此,依托贵州某矿开展现场试验,采用XGBoost算法建立炸药与岩石匹配系统,通过成功实例对网络进行训练,并将训练过的神经网络应用于实际工程。结果表明:采用这种方法所建立的匹配系统选用的炸药与目前使用的工业炸药性能相近,误差在±10%以内,具有较高的可信度,进一步验证了基于XGBoost算法的炸药岩石匹配系统合理性。

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崔雪姣(1985-),女,在读博士、高级工程师,从事爆破技术及安全管理工作,(E-mail)

CUI Xue-jiao (1985-), female, Ph. D candidate, senior engineer, engaged in blasting technology and safety management, (E-mail) .

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2.保利新联爆破工程集团有限公司,贵阳 550002, bio={"content":"

崔雪姣(1985-),女,在读博士、高级工程师,从事爆破技术及安全管理工作,(E-mail)

CUI Xue-jiao (1985-), female, Ph. D candidate, senior engineer, engaged in blasting technology and safety management, (E-mail) .

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崔雪姣(1985-),女,在读博士、高级工程师,从事爆破技术及安全管理工作,(E-mail)

CUI Xue-jiao (1985-), female, Ph. D candidate, senior engineer, engaged in blasting technology and safety management, (E-mail) .

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Application research of mixed emulsification explosive formula diverse in a certain mine explosion and peeling[D]. Guiyang: Guizhou University, 2020. 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Test research on the effect of improving the blasting effect of Benkukukuka coal mine blasting effect of mixed explosives and rock energy[D]. Guiyang: Guizhou University, 2022. 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Explosion energy release and transmission mechanism in rock blasting[D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University, 2017. 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Research on early warning model based on XGBoost algorithm[J]. Electronic Design Engineering, 2022, 30(19): 49-54, 59. 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Research on the construction simulation of tunnel engineering construction based on the improvement of XGBOOST an unbalanced surrounding rock advance classification method[J]. Journal of Hohai Untiversity, 2023, 51(1): 150-157. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on the construction simulation of tunnel engineering construction based on the improvement of XGBOOST an unbalanced surrounding rock advance classification method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687556455191064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534602867122, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=39, issue=1, pageStart=16, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=38, authorNames=叶海旺, 胡俊杰, 雷涛, journalName=爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=叶海旺, 胡俊杰, 雷涛, 等. LOO-XGboost模型预测岩石爆破块度[J]. 爆破, 2022, 39(1): 16-21., articleTitle=LOO-XGboost模型预测岩石爆破块度, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241687556576825887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534602867122, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=39, issue=1, pageStart=16, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=39, authorNames=YE Hai-wang, HU Jun-jie, LEI Tao, journalName=Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YE Hai-wang, HU Jun-jie, LEI Tao, et al. LOO-XGBOOST model predicts rock burst block[J]. Blasting, 2022, 39(1): 16-21. 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Ensemble learning model and engineering application of environmental effect prediction of rock mass blasting[D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2020. 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Feature importance ranking of XGBOOST algorithm

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特征变量重要度
猛度0.26
泊松比0.18
弹性模量0.16
纵波波速0.15
爆速0.15
殉爆距离0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1241687547005423677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534602867122, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

XGBoost算法特征重要度排序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征变量重要度
猛度0.26
泊松比0.18
弹性模量0.16
纵波波速0.15
爆速0.15
殉爆距离0.10
), ArticleFig(id=1241687547101892676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534602867122, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

On-site mixed emulsification explosive formula

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号AN/%硫脲/%H2O/%乳化剂/%油相/%
E178.60.215.2Span80(1.8)柴油2.4,机油1.8
E278.60.215.2H036(1.8)柴油2.4,机油1.8
E378.60.215.2FH17(1.8)柴油2.4,机油1.8
E478.60.215.29126(1.8)柴油2.4,机油1.8
E578.60.215.2Span80(1.0)/H036(0.8)柴油2.4,机油1.8
E678.60.215.2Span80(1.2)/H036(0.6)柴油2.4,机油1.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241687547257081934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534602867122, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

现场混装乳化炸药配方

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号AN/%硫脲/%H2O/%乳化剂/%油相/%
E178.60.215.2Span80(1.8)柴油2.4,机油1.8
E278.60.215.2H036(1.8)柴油2.4,机油1.8
E378.60.215.2FH17(1.8)柴油2.4,机油1.8
E478.60.215.29126(1.8)柴油2.4,机油1.8
E578.60.215.2Span80(1.0)/H036(0.8)柴油2.4,机油1.8
E678.60.215.2Span80(1.2)/H036(0.6)柴油2.4,机油1.8
), ArticleFig(id=1241687547370328156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534602867122, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Mixed emulsification explosive VOD test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试测试时间组数靶距/mm爆速/(m·s-1密度/(kg·m-3
1次2021.07.101#23033671.17
2#23036371.19
2次2021.07.121#23048591.23
2#23052621.25
3次2021.07.141#23033671.18
2#23045061.21
4次2021.07.161#23036371.18
2#23035491.16
5次2021.07.191#23062331.26
2#23067341.26
6次2021.07.241#23041381.23
2#23043891.21
), ArticleFig(id=1241687547571654763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534602867122, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

混装乳化炸药爆速测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试测试时间组数靶距/mm爆速/(m·s-1密度/(kg·m-3
1次2021.07.101#23033671.17
2#23036371.19
2次2021.07.121#23048591.23
2#23052621.25
3次2021.07.141#23033671.18
2#23045061.21
4次2021.07.161#23036371.18
2#23035491.16
5次2021.07.191#23062331.26
2#23067341.26
6次2021.07.241#23041381.23
2#23043891.21
), ArticleFig(id=1241687547693289588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534602867122, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Blasting parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
圈号炮孔编号炮孔类型孔深/m孔距/m排距/m装药量/kg雷管段别连线方式
11~6掏槽孔2.60.5001.203.31捆扎束联
27~10掏槽孔2.60.5000.203.33
311~22辅助孔12.50.6500.402.15
423~33辅助孔22.50.7250.552.17
534~39底板孔2.50.8400.352.17
640~54光面孔2.50.6000.451.511
合计     116.4 
), ArticleFig(id=1241687547823313027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534602867122, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

爆破参数记录表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
圈号炮孔编号炮孔类型孔深/m孔距/m排距/m装药量/kg雷管段别连线方式
11~6掏槽孔2.60.5001.203.31捆扎束联
27~10掏槽孔2.60.5000.203.33
311~22辅助孔12.50.6500.402.15
423~33辅助孔22.50.7250.552.17
534~39底板孔2.50.8400.352.17
640~54光面孔2.50.6000.451.511
合计     116.4 
), ArticleFig(id=1241687547915587725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534602867122, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Blasting vibration test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点爆心距/mX方向Y方向Z方向
最大振速/(cm·s-1主频/Hz最大振速/(cm·s-1主频/Hz最大振速/(cm·s-1主频/Hz
1#56.71.0067333.332.3339333.330.9450333.33
2#79.00.7323250.000.009740.000.8663200.00
3#156.00.012690.910.8461131.580.8409128.21
), ArticleFig(id=1241687548007862423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534602867122, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

爆破振动测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点爆心距/mX方向Y方向Z方向
最大振速/(cm·s-1主频/Hz最大振速/(cm·s-1主频/Hz最大振速/(cm·s-1主频/Hz
1#56.71.0067333.332.3339333.330.9450333.33
2#79.00.7323250.000.009740.000.8663200.00
3#156.00.012690.910.8461131.580.8409128.21
), ArticleFig(id=1241687548104331426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534602867122, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Fragmentation calculation result

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
块度/cm各块度所占百分比/%
0~439.32
4~1032.23
10~159.30
15~2517.53
25~501.62
平均块度5.41
最大块度26.15
), ArticleFig(id=1241687548221771950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534602867122, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

块度计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
块度/cm各块度所占百分比/%
0~439.32
4~1032.23
10~159.30
15~2517.53
25~501.62
平均块度5.41
最大块度26.15
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基于XGBoost的炸药岩石匹配系统研究
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崔雪姣 1, 2 , 李启月 1 , 陶明 1 , 洪志先 1 , 赵明生 2, 3 , 李杰 2 , 周建敏 2 , 余红兵 2
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023,40(3): 31-38
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023, 40(3): 31-38
基于XGBoost的炸药岩石匹配系统研究
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崔雪姣1, 2 , 李启月1, 陶明1, 洪志先1, 赵明生2, 3, 李杰2, 周建敏2, 余红兵2
作者信息
  • 1.中南大学 资源与安全工程学院,长沙 410083
  • 2.保利新联爆破工程集团有限公司,贵阳 550002
  • 3.贵州大学 矿业学院,贵阳 550025
  • 崔雪姣(1985-),女,在读博士、高级工程师,从事爆破技术及安全管理工作,(E-mail)

    CUI Xue-jiao (1985-), female, Ph. D candidate, senior engineer, engaged in blasting technology and safety management, (E-mail) .

Research on Explosive-Rock Matching System based on XGBoost
Xue-jiao CUI1, 2 , Qi-yue LI1, Ming TAO1, Zhi-xian HONG1, Ming-sheng ZHAO2, 3, Jie LI2, Jian-min ZHOU2, Hong-bing YU2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
  • 2.Poly Xianlian Blasting Engineer Limited Corp, Guiyang 550002, China
  • 3.Mining Institute, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
出版时间: 2023-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.005
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现代爆破工程研究中,炸药岩石的匹配模型为揭示爆破过程内在机制和预测爆破系统的经济效益提供了科学依据,已经成为不可替代的重要工具。但由于土岩介质的多样性和复杂性、炸药爆炸过程的不确定性,炸药岩石的相互作用在爆炸过程中就更为复杂和不确定,很难从其相互作用过程来研究炸药与岩石的匹配。早期的研究主要是依靠经验公式与现场试验进行推算总结,往往存在特征值高,适用环境苛刻的情况,而机器学习的特点是只考虑开始和结果,不计较中间过程,这保证了其在炸药岩石匹配模型研究中的普适性。而XGBoost算法结合多线程、数据压缩、分片的方法,具有在数据量大的情况下算法效率较高的优点,适用于数据量较大的现场数据训练学习。鉴于此,依托贵州某矿开展现场试验,采用XGBoost算法建立炸药与岩石匹配系统,通过成功实例对网络进行训练,并将训练过的神经网络应用于实际工程。结果表明:采用这种方法所建立的匹配系统选用的炸药与目前使用的工业炸药性能相近,误差在±10%以内,具有较高的可信度,进一步验证了基于XGBoost算法的炸药岩石匹配系统合理性。

混装炸药  /  XGBoost算法  /  匹配模型  /  小样本预测

In modern blasting engineering research, the matching model of explosive and rock provides a scientific basis for revealing the internal mechanism of blasting process and predicting the economic benefits of blasting system, which has become an irreplaceable important tool. However, due to the diversity and complexity of soil-rock medium and the uncertainty of explosion process, the interaction between explosive and rock is more complex and uncertain, and it is difficult to study the matching of explosive and rock from their interaction process. Earlier studies mainly relied on empirical formulas and field tests for calculation and summary, which often had high eigenvalues and harsh application environment. However, the feature of machine learning is that it only considers the beginning and the result, and does not care about the middle process, which ensures its universality in the study of explosive-rock matching model. The XGBoost algorithm, together with multi-threading, data compression and fragmentation method, has the advantages of high efficiency in the case of largedata amount, and is suitable for training of a large amount of field data. In view of this, a field test was carried out in a mine in Guizhou province, and XGBoost algorithm was used to establish a matching system between explosives and rocks. The network was trained through successful examples, and the trained neural network was applied to practical projects. The results show that the performance of the explosives selected by the matching system based on this method is similar to that of the industrial explosives used at present, and the error is within±10%, which has a high reliability, and further verifies the rationality of the explosiverock matching system based on XGBoost algorithm.

mixed explosive  /  XGBoost algorithm  /  match model  /  small sample prediction
崔雪姣, 李启月, 陶明, 洪志先, 赵明生, 李杰, 周建敏, 余红兵. 基于XGBoost的炸药岩石匹配系统研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (3) : 31 -38 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.005
Xue-jiao CUI, Qi-yue LI, Ming TAO, Zhi-xian HONG, Ming-sheng ZHAO, Jie LI, Jian-min ZHOU, Hong-bing YU. Research on Explosive-Rock Matching System based on XGBoost[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (3) : 31 -38 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.005
炸药岩石关系匹配的研究伴随着工程爆破中以期爆破效果达到最佳的期望由来已久。其中,综合岩石性质、炸药类型和爆破参数,利用现代数理手段对爆破效果进行预测始终是研究热点课题。1959年Bond从能量角度出发,针对露天矿从能量的角度出发对其现场破碎情况进行了预测[1];1963年Favreau以爆破基于气体运动及冲击作用作用机制的破岩机理进行动态模拟用于爆破设计及破碎预测[2]。与此同时,国内研究人员针对国内发展中重点问题进行了针对性研究,对于矿山爆破块度和爆堆形状等项目的研究取得了一定成果,1983年龙凌霄等人利用平面摄影法对爆破块度进行了研究[3];1985年邹定祥对国内矿岩爆破块度分布规律研究进行了综述[4];1988年钮强以波阻抗理论为基础初步讨论了炸药岩石匹配[5]。21世纪以来,随着软硬件及数学方法的发展,炸药岩石匹配的研究蓬勃发展,郭明使用灰色关联分析法研究了影响爆破块度的主要因素[6];单晓云,李占金等人使用分形理论研究了岩石破碎块度分布与分形特征[7]。岩石的匹配模型需要大量的数据作为支撑,为爆破模型制备符合应用场景需求的,数据是炸药岩石性能匹配中的基础工作。由于研究对象本身的复杂性以及多年来国内外研究的深入,炸药岩石的匹配模型愈发的严谨,需要输入的数据也越来越多[8-14],繁杂的数据输入也为性能匹配系统的制备发展造成了严重阻碍。为更好地发展适用于普遍情况的炸药岩石匹配系统,一方面,这就需要在匹配系统中选取合理的炸药、岩石性质参数,保证系统能够更加贴合匹配的核心理念,由热力学定律可知,物质破坏是能量驱动下的一种状态失稳现象,岩体的开采、扰动和改造总是伴随能量的输入、积聚、耗散和释放,因此,从能量的角度研究岩石变形破坏规律,更接近于岩石破坏的整个过程[15,16],另一方面,则需要结合当前算法发展,选择适合炸药岩石性能匹配系统的算法,保证匹配的科学性。XGBoost算法结合之前机器学习中以决策树为基学习器的Boosting与Bagging两大族算法,使用相较于隐马尔可夫模型更加细致、泛化的逻辑,存在着更高的拓展性,保证了其在炸药岩石匹配预测的可靠性。此外,相较于神经网络及线性随机森林算法建立预测模型容易受到数据中噪音干扰,出现过度拟合的情况,其因为运用损失函数的泰勒二项展开式的同时加入了正则项,保证了其具备更加强的抗干扰能力。本文将使用XGBoost算法,通过现场获取的岩石及炸药参数,选取不同炸药性能的炸药相互匹配,以期达到最优的爆破效果。
机器学习是近年来人工智能领域探索分析大数据的崭新工具,是时下强大而炙手可热的判断预测技术。经典的机器学习算法和模型包括:决策树模型,K近邻分类模型,支持向量机模型,神经网络模型,基于决策树的集成树模型等。集成树算法是决策树算法与集成算法的集合,其以决策树作为基学习器,包括了Boosting与Bagging两大族算法。本节中选用的XGBoost算法属于以Boosting为基础的集成树算法。XGBoost是“极端梯度上升”(Extreme Gradient Boosting)的简称。由于XGBoost模型具有较强的泛化能力、较高的拓展性、较快的运算速度等优势,受到了统计学、数据挖掘、机器学习等领域的欢迎。但是其在工程运用方面,对于工程实地效果的判断能力尚未被充分发掘。可以预见,XGBoost算法能够发挥速度快、精度高的优势,在炸药岩石效果匹配方面,会起到很大的作用。
其主要思想是如果boost算法每一步的弱预测模型生成都是依据损失函数的梯度方向,则称之为梯度提升(Gradient boosting),XGBoost算法是采用分步前向加性模型,只不过在每次迭代中生成弱学习器后不再需要计算一个系数,模型形式如下
其中样本x的预测结果表示为FTX),fmx)表示为第m棵树的预测结果,相对应的目标损失函数为
Lθ)表示预测值和真实值之间存在的差异,而Ωθ)则为正则项也是XGBoost算法的一大亮点,将其加入损失函数中用来控制训练模型的复杂程度,使得经过训练学习得到的模型更加简单,降低了模型方差可以避免过拟合。
扩展FTX),Objθ)公式应用在t次迭代中,其具体表示为
接下来最关键的操作是目标损失函数的最小化,而XGBoost损失函数的优化需要重点降低拟合残差,可以从叶子节点的样本集的角度来修正对应的损失函数。通过在损失函数中加入正则项对损失函数进行优化,可以有效降低模型发生过拟合的风险从而生成弱学习器。将目标函数进行改写
求解后得到最终结果
Obj可以作为一种评估决策树模型好坏的指标。可以基于决策树的预测结果得出各研究样本的梯度数据再计算出分数,分数值愈小表示树的结构愈优。经过前面的研究,当我们寻找最优的树结构即最优解时,很难去直接穷举所有的树结构组合并一一计算该值以得出结果。因此XGBoost基于贪心算法的决策树生成策略来考虑树结构如何分裂样本数据。算法从根节点开始,并且视作当前节点,对此节点列举所有特征再将属于节点的样本依据特征值从大到小排列,利用线性分析方法来确定其最佳分裂点。在众多特征中选取通过最佳分裂点时收益值达到最大的视作分裂特征,并在最佳分裂点进行分裂,同时生成左右两个新节点,且为各新节点与其相对应的样本集间形成关联,据此不断分裂直到满足终止要求。
研究炸药岩石的匹配关系,就必须要用到炸药岩石的物理参数,但是物理参数之间的重要性在使用前得进一步确定,确认参数数量后,为了减少数据集的噪声,使得数据具备更强的可靠性,需要对参数进行清洗,根据参数重要程度进行挑选。因此,在进行变量筛选、模型构建等步骤之前需要先对数据集进行缺失值的检验,并针对变量不同程度的缺失率采取不同的方法进行缺失值处理[17,18]。通常,当数据集满足模型建立需要的前提下,一般用mae与mape对模型的可靠度进行验证与判断。Rmae和mape分别是差值平均值和差值和真实值的百分比,在炸药岩石匹配研究中,一般选的岩石参数如弹性模量、纵波波速;炸药参数如爆速等都为较大的数值量,在这种情况下,差值平均值,即用mae对模型的可靠性评价存在一点的偏差,因为即使在误差仅有5%的情况下mae仍然会是一个较大值。因此,在炸药岩石匹配中使用mape对模型进行验证,当mape在10%以内时,当其的拟合程度R2误差在80%以上时,都认为这个模型是可靠的。
在炸药岩石的特征变量中,结合爆破实际现场工况,针对炸药性质与岩石的动力学参数进行筛分,选出与爆破效果直接相关的参数。此外,通过变量缺失值的检验,为了精选变量同时也为了提高数据集的质量,将缺失率大于50%的变量直接剔除掉,如mths_rock_water_content、mehs_explosive_element等变量。最终,结合数据集中变量的含义,综合考虑块度、爆堆等多角度因素,对特征变量做完筛选,确定如下最终变量:
岩石:种类、纵波波速、弹性模量、泊松比;
炸药:种类、爆速,猛度,殉爆距离。
数据初步清洗之后,剩余8个变量.其中包含2个定性变量,6个定量变量。定性变量为岩石种类与炸药种类,定性变量即表示类别的变量,对于定性变量之间的数学计算是没有意义的,并且许多机器学习算法无法直接用于数据分类.因此不能直接使用它们;但同时,定性变量通常又带有比较有价值的分类信息,因此也不能直接将其剔除.对于定性变量的处理,常见的有两种方法[19-22]:一种用于处理只作为分类的无序变量,将这种变量转换为一个或多个虚拟变量;另一种是用于处理作为等级划分的有序变量,将这种变量转换为定量变量。本次处理将其处理为虚拟变量。
为了尽可能地掌握爆破现场效果,会从多个角度对爆破结果参数进行收集,如块度、爆堆、根底率等,虽然这些数据之间会相互补充验证,但是继续进行数据分析时必然会存在冗余的情况,为了提高数据集的质量,减少变量间的冗余,还需对特征变量进行相关性检验.对特征变量两两计算相关系数,形成相关系数矩阵,保证数据类别之间的独立性。
XGBoost是当下热度很高的Boosting算法,基学习器可以是gbtree也可以是gbliner;当基学习器是gbtree时,可以计算特征重要性。在SGBoost的sklearn API包中,进行特征重要性的计算时调用的是feature_Jmportance函数。Importance_type指特征重要度的计算类型,本文关于这个指标选取的参数是gain(每个特征在整个树群作为分裂节点的信息增益之和再除以每个特征出现的频次),learning_rate设置为0.3。图1是XGBoost算法特征筛选流程图。
XGBoost算法可以计算每个特征的重要度,然后通过特征的重要度对特征变量进行筛选,通过对重要度排序过滤掉重要度明显减小的变量,表1是XGBOOST算法通过对特征变量重要度的计算得到的重要度排名前6的特征变量重要度排序表。
表1中可以看出,炸药的参数特征猛度重要度占比很大,猛度是对炸药爆轰传播过程中力与冲量的描述,这对于爆破效果中块度、爆堆的影响较大,将其排在重要度的第一位,这是十分合理的。并且,这与本文实际研究问题是相符的,岩石的爆破效果在人为控制层次主要取决于炸药参数。
为了使特征变量尽可能被模型提取更多信息,在构建模型时,需要充分考虑输入数据的类型、模型内部的参数和整体结构的变化。模型内部训练时每一步的输出值可能需要由前面若干输入和后面若干输入共同决定,利用双向LSTM可以使每一次迭代结果更加准确,有助于模型快速达到理想效果.其中卷积层Convolutional Layer中设置了128个过滤器,相当于将原始数据输出为128维数据进入下一层,卷积核设置为1×1,得到128个不同的卷积,激活函数是ReLu函数,它不存在梯度消失的问题,实际收敛速度快;Dropout层的作用是对神经元随机失活,参数设置的是0.3,每一次卷积都有30%的神经元随机失活;Maxpooling Layer最大池化层,步长为1,用来将下一层的误差项值会原封不动的传递到上一层对应区块中的最大值所对应的神经元,而其他神经元的误差项的值为0。Flatten层是用来将“输入”压平,也就是把多维的输入一维化,用在全连接前进行过渡在输出前的全连接层Dense层采用Sigmoid函数。
依据贵州矿区现场连续一百多次的爆破记录数据,进行模型的数据库建立及训练学习,经过整理、筛选,将错误数据及明显异常工况进行纠正剔除后,留取约120条有效数据建立数据集并进行训练,其中每条数据包含6个特征,从而得到模型查准率、特异度等指标值。从而建立一个基础的炸药岩石参数与爆破效果相关联的炸药岩石匹配模型。
贵州某矿区位于洋水背斜东翼北段,地层为单倾斜地层,地层倾向110°~165°,倾角一般为20°~35°构造以断裂为主,均为走向纵断层,横断层和斜交断层少见,主要断裂有F41、F47、F26、F27、F66,其中只有F41断层对矿层产生破坏作用。
矿段岩体主要由碎屑沉积岩和化学岩组成为层状结构和少量碎裂结构,矿层顶板为一组滨浅海-浅海动荡环境沉积的含磷岩组,直接顶为灰绿色含水云母泥页岩,松软易风化,风化后呈黄绿色、黄褐色,易冒落和小规模的垮塌,属极不稳固层底板为灰绿色厚层状石英砂岩,顶板围岩相对底板围岩节理裂隙发育程度不高,在矿区岩体的开采过程中发现有围岩板裂、大变形等不良工程地质现象。据矿山工程师介绍,当前围岩板裂主要发生于-600 m中段南北走向开拓巷道内,该段内的围岩主要为白云岩和砂岩,由于矿山目前使用的爆破孔网参数设置不合理,尤其是炸药单耗过高,爆破产生的应力波对近区巷道有强烈扰动作用。因此,探索通过基于能量理论的炸药-岩石匹配模型选择最优炸药类型和爆破孔网参数以降低炸药单耗、爆破二次危害和超欠挖量,同时提升炸药能量利用率,对于矿区而言具有重要的经济和环境效益。
该矿全断面巷道开挖过程中炮孔内的装药结构为孔底1根重300 g的成品乳化炸药做起爆药头使用,剩下的使用装药台车灌装混装乳化炸药。由于单次循环中混装乳化炸药占总炸药量的80%以上,因此为降低研究的难度,只考虑混装药的作用。采用50 mm外径、400 mm的PVC管装满混装炸药,用双层塑料薄膜封口,每个塑料管在距两边端口为100 mm和70 mm处各打两对孔作为穿线孔,以缠绕漆包线作为靶线探针,每次测试可以得到一个爆速数据,现场基时设置为0.1 μs,靶距为230 mm。爆速测试仪器为ZBS-10型智能十段爆速测试仪,现场爆速测试方法如图2所示。
通过改变炸药配方,在现场共进行了6次爆速试验,每次试验测试2组爆速,共获得12组测试结果。炸药爆速测试主机获得的部分爆速测试结果如图3所示。混装乳化炸药中的主要成分为亚硝酸铵、硫脲、水、乳化剂和油相,其中主要是通过改变乳化剂的类型和含量来获得不同作功能力的炸药。混装乳化炸药的配方如表2所示,爆速及密度测试结果如表3所示。
基于能量理论的炸药与岩石匹配的核心是针对不同岩性的岩石优选最适宜的炸药类型以及爆破参数。因此必须在爆破试验场地采集与被爆岩体相一致的岩石开展基础物理力学试验。通过开展巷道爆破开挖原位试验以及炸药性能试验获得了爆破孔网参数、爆破效果以及炸药物理力学参数,结果如表4所示。
通过测振仪得到爆破振动测试结果如表5所示。
在爆破过程中,爆堆可以直接地体现出爆破效果与爆破质量,爆堆的形状、松散程度及主要尺寸是衡盘爆破质量的重要指标。针对爆堆为降低岩体在破碎过程中出现大块,根据体积法和块度相似性原理,通过理论计算岩体在爆破后的块度分布比例,在爆破施工后采用平面投影法统计爆破大块率,验证理论计算结果。巷道爆破结束后于次日对爆堆进行拍照,并使用Split-Desktop4.0爆破块度分析软件对碎石的块度大小和粒径分布进行分析。现场爆堆及爆破块度分析结果分别如图4所示。
将爆破块度分析结果输出,不同块度及其所占比例如表6所示。
将现场数据带入训练好的XGBoost模型中,可得到XGBoost特征筛选下指标值。见图5
图5表示的是基于XGBoost算法下模型的指标值,从图中可以看出XGBoost模型具有很好的分类效果,模型的整体性能指标AUC值达到了97.6%,说明绝大多数爆破结果都能够被正确分类,从查准率和特异度两个指标看,查准率为95.2%,说明被模型预测误差小于10%的为95.2%;特异度为78.9%,说明被错误预测的炸药岩石匹配关系只有20%。XGBoost筛选出的特征进行卷积神经网络模型的构建在整体性能方面和正负样本的区分方面都有着非常不错的成绩,这表明XGBoost筛选出的猛度等侧重炸药参数的6个特征变量能够很好地预测爆破现场结果,进一步证明了利用XGBoost方法进行特征变量重要程度的排序并选取的6个指标是可以有效建立炸药岩石匹配模型的。
采用Python软件建立了基于XGBoost算法的炸药岩石匹配模型,该模型可以有效基于有限的数据集进行学习训练,得到有效结果。根据模型整体性能指标AUC值、准确度等对比发现该模型综合性能优越,其准确度可达到0.931,误差较低。此外,XGBoost模型综合考虑了炸药性能、爆破参数等各项指标,综合使用所有数据集,其考虑范畴广保证了其结论偏差低。可以利用该模型有效的基于爆破效果及岩石力学参数选取炸药型号。
并在模型建立后以贵州某矿山项目在-600 m中段开拓巷道内进行爆破振动测试、爆破超欠挖量、爆堆块度情况等大量实测数据和工程背景,对基于XGBoost算法构建的炸药-岩石匹配模预测模型进行工程验证,研宄结论表明本文构建好的爆破环境效应预测集成学习模型,成功地应用到矿山岩体爆破开挖的炸药和爆破孔网参数的选型和参数确定上,比较真实客观地根据岩体参数预测了提高炸药能量利用率而需要的炸药参数和爆破孔网参数,工程试验结果表明取得了较好的效果。
在下一步工程实际中,可把相关岩体物理力学实测参数和预期的爆破效果(超欠挖、PPV、块度分布等)输入到己构建好的模型中计算,预测输出炸药类型(密度、爆速、爆压、爆热等)和爆破孔网参数(单耗、孔间距、排间距、抵抗线、延期段别等),确保以最少最优的炸药对岩体进行高效开挖。此外,可存储不同爆破开挖工程实例问题的集成学习知识知识库文件,对模型进行更新学习,构建更为稳健的模型系统,进而为今后同类工程提供科学决策依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52064003)
  • 贵州省科技平台及人才团队建设计划项目(黔科合平台人才〔2020〕5019)
  • 贵州省科技成果应用及产业化计划项目(黔科合成果〔2020〕2Y049)
  • 贵州省科技厅中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(黔科中引地方〔2021〕4004)
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2023年第40卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.005
  • 接收时间:2023-07-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2023-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-03
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52064003)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52064003)
Guizhou Province Science and Technology Platform and Talent Team Construction Project(黔科合平台人才〔2020〕5019)
贵州省科技平台及人才团队建设计划项目(黔科合平台人才〔2020〕5019)
Guizhou Provincial Program on Commercialization of Scientific and Technological Achievements(黔科合成果〔2020〕2Y049)
贵州省科技成果应用及产业化计划项目(黔科合成果〔2020〕2Y049)
Guizhou Provincial Department of Science and Technology Central Guidance Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project(黔科中引地方〔2021〕4004)
贵州省科技厅中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(黔科中引地方〔2021〕4004)
作者信息
    1.中南大学 资源与安全工程学院,长沙 410083
    2.保利新联爆破工程集团有限公司,贵阳 550002
    3.贵州大学 矿业学院,贵阳 550025
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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