Article(id=1241687534149882282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1658851200000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773970977580, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1693497600000, pubDateStr=2023-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773970977580, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773970977580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970977580, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241687532522492319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773970977192, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773971036114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=85, endPage=91, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241687534418317742, articleId=1241687534149882282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Deep Hole Smooth Blasting Technology for Foundation Pit Excavation of Long-span Arch Bridge, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to control the forming effect of excavation profile and reduce the disturbance of preserving rock mass caused by blasting, the foundation pit blasting at the Yunnan bank of the large arch bridge across Jinsha river, whose total depth is about 51 m and one-time excavation depth is about 20 m, is taken as the engineering background. Reinforced loose blasting with hole-by-hole initiation was applied to the main blasting holes and smooth blasting was used for the contour holes. A kind of deep hole smooth blasting technology which can be applied to foundation pit excavation of the deep and steep arch bridge is presented. In addition, the action process of gas, the expansion pressure at the hole wall and the damage range of the smooth blasting hole were theoretically calculated and analyzed. The blasting results show that a flat excavation profile, with more than 90% half-hole ratio of relatively intact rock mass and less reserved hole marks of relatively cracked rock mass whose overbreak and underbreak can still be controlled, can be formed by using the deep hole smooth blasting technology, which greatly reduces the stress concentration on the rock wall surface. The crushing zone will not be formed near the charge section in the smooth blasting and the maximum damage range of the reserved rock mass was about 49cm, which fully ensured the rock wall stability and construction safety. In the process of smooth blasting construction, engineering measures were also taken to ensure the reliability, safety and economy, including slowly tilting the excavation surface at the bottom of the bench to the free surface, tying the explosive charge with cotton rope for traction, and setting detonators inside and outside the hole every 5~7 smooth blast holes.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHANG Ji-chun (1963-), male, professor, Ph. D, mainly engaged in the research on engineering blasting and explosion protection, (E-mail) .
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为控制开挖轮廓的成型效果与减弱爆破作用对保留岩体的扰动,以跨金沙江特大拱桥云南岸约51 m深且一次开挖约20 m深的基坑爆破为工程背景,主爆孔采用逐孔起爆加强松动爆破设计与施工,周边孔采用光面爆破设计与施工,总结了一套适用于深陡拱桥基坑开挖的深孔光面爆破技术,并对光爆孔内气体作用过程、孔壁膨胀压力和爆破损伤范围进行理论计算与分析。爆破结果表明:采用深孔光面爆破技术可以形成平整的开挖轮廓面,相对完整岩体的半孔率可达90%以上,相对破碎岩体的孔痕保留较少但超欠挖依然可控,极大地降低了岩壁表面的应力集中;光面爆破装药段附近不会形成粉碎区,且保留岩体的最大损伤范围约49 cm,充分保证了岩壁稳定与施工安全;光面爆破施工过程中采取台阶底部开挖面缓倾向于临空面、棉质细绳绑扎药卷牵引装药以及每间隔5~7个光爆孔设置孔内起爆雷管与孔外传爆雷管等工程措施以确保爆破的可靠性、安全性及经济性,取得了良好的社会和经济效益,同时也对类似工程具有一定的指导和借鉴作用。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张继春(1963-),男,博士、教授,从事工程爆破和爆炸防护方面的研究,(E-mail)
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潘强(1985-),男,博士、工程师,从事岩体控制爆破方面的研究,(E-mail)

PAN Qiang (1985-), male, Ph. D, engineer, mainly engaged in the research on controlled blasting of rock mass, (E-mail) .

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潘强(1985-),男,博士、工程师,从事岩体控制爆破方面的研究,(E-mail)

PAN Qiang (1985-), male, Ph. D, engineer, mainly engaged in the research on controlled blasting of rock mass, (E-mail) .

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潘强(1985-),男,博士、工程师,从事岩体控制爆破方面的研究,(E-mail)

PAN Qiang (1985-), male, Ph. D, engineer, mainly engaged in the research on controlled blasting of rock mass, (E-mail) .

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language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=拱桥基坑), Keyword(id=1241687542895006524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534149882282, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=深孔光面爆破), Keyword(id=1241687542983086919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534149882282, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=爆破损伤)], refs=[Reference(id=1241687548066582685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534149882282, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=36, issue=null, pageStart=425, pageEnd=437, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=HASAN Mohammadi, BAHAREH Barati, ABDOLREZA Yazdani Chamzini, journalName=Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HASAN Mohammadi, BAHAREH Barati, ABDOLREZA Yazdani Chamzini. 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534149882282, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Blasting parameter table of the main blasting area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石类型孔径/mm药卷直径/mm台阶高度/m底盘抵抗线/m孔深/m孔距/m排距/m单耗/(kg·m-3堵塞长度/m
白云岩10090203.5~3.821.53.52.7~2.80.5~0.62.5~3.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241687547542294629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534149882282, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主爆区爆破参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石类型孔径/mm药卷直径/mm台阶高度/m底盘抵抗线/m孔深/m孔距/m排距/m单耗/(kg·m-3堵塞长度/m
白云岩10090203.5~3.821.53.52.7~2.80.5~0.62.5~3.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241687547642957936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534149882282, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Blasting parameter table of the smooth blasting area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩石类型孔径/mm药卷直径/mm台阶高度/m光爆层厚度/m孔深/m孔距/m线装药密度/(kg·m-1堵塞长度/m
白云岩10032201.821.51.60.5~0.61.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241687547735232632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687534149882282, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

光爆区爆破参数表

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岩石类型孔径/mm药卷直径/mm台阶高度/m光爆层厚度/m孔深/m孔距/m线装药密度/(kg·m-1堵塞长度/m
白云岩10032201.821.51.60.5~0.61.5
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大跨拱桥基坑开挖的深孔光面爆破技术
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潘强 1 , 张继春 2 , 王俊 3 , 郑俊峰 4
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023,40(3): 85-91
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023, 40(3): 85-91
大跨拱桥基坑开挖的深孔光面爆破技术
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潘强1 , 张继春2 , 王俊3, 郑俊峰4
作者信息
  • 1.成都工业学院 材料与环境工程学院,成都 611730
  • 2.西南交通大学 土木工程学院,成都 610031
  • 3.四川省机场集团有限公司,成都 610000
  • 4.四川路桥华东建设有限责任公司,成都 610200
  • 潘强(1985-),男,博士、工程师,从事岩体控制爆破方面的研究,(E-mail)

    PAN Qiang (1985-), male, Ph. D, engineer, mainly engaged in the research on controlled blasting of rock mass, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

张继春(1963-),男,博士、教授,从事工程爆破和爆炸防护方面的研究,(E-mail)
Deep Hole Smooth Blasting Technology for Foundation Pit Excavation of Long-span Arch Bridge
Qiang PAN1 , Ji-chun ZHANG2 , Jun WANG3, Jun-feng ZHENG4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu 611730, China
  • 2.Institute of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 3.Sichuan Airport Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China
  • 4.Sichuan Road and Bridge Huadong Construction Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610200, China
出版时间: 2023-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.012
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为控制开挖轮廓的成型效果与减弱爆破作用对保留岩体的扰动,以跨金沙江特大拱桥云南岸约51 m深且一次开挖约20 m深的基坑爆破为工程背景,主爆孔采用逐孔起爆加强松动爆破设计与施工,周边孔采用光面爆破设计与施工,总结了一套适用于深陡拱桥基坑开挖的深孔光面爆破技术,并对光爆孔内气体作用过程、孔壁膨胀压力和爆破损伤范围进行理论计算与分析。爆破结果表明:采用深孔光面爆破技术可以形成平整的开挖轮廓面,相对完整岩体的半孔率可达90%以上,相对破碎岩体的孔痕保留较少但超欠挖依然可控,极大地降低了岩壁表面的应力集中;光面爆破装药段附近不会形成粉碎区,且保留岩体的最大损伤范围约49 cm,充分保证了岩壁稳定与施工安全;光面爆破施工过程中采取台阶底部开挖面缓倾向于临空面、棉质细绳绑扎药卷牵引装药以及每间隔5~7个光爆孔设置孔内起爆雷管与孔外传爆雷管等工程措施以确保爆破的可靠性、安全性及经济性,取得了良好的社会和经济效益,同时也对类似工程具有一定的指导和借鉴作用。

拱桥基坑  /  深孔光面爆破  /  爆破损伤

In order to control the forming effect of excavation profile and reduce the disturbance of preserving rock mass caused by blasting, the foundation pit blasting at the Yunnan bank of the large arch bridge across Jinsha river, whose total depth is about 51 m and one-time excavation depth is about 20 m, is taken as the engineering background. Reinforced loose blasting with hole-by-hole initiation was applied to the main blasting holes and smooth blasting was used for the contour holes. A kind of deep hole smooth blasting technology which can be applied to foundation pit excavation of the deep and steep arch bridge is presented. In addition, the action process of gas, the expansion pressure at the hole wall and the damage range of the smooth blasting hole were theoretically calculated and analyzed. The blasting results show that a flat excavation profile, with more than 90% half-hole ratio of relatively intact rock mass and less reserved hole marks of relatively cracked rock mass whose overbreak and underbreak can still be controlled, can be formed by using the deep hole smooth blasting technology, which greatly reduces the stress concentration on the rock wall surface. The crushing zone will not be formed near the charge section in the smooth blasting and the maximum damage range of the reserved rock mass was about 49cm, which fully ensured the rock wall stability and construction safety. In the process of smooth blasting construction, engineering measures were also taken to ensure the reliability, safety and economy, including slowly tilting the excavation surface at the bottom of the bench to the free surface, tying the explosive charge with cotton rope for traction, and setting detonators inside and outside the hole every 5~7 smooth blast holes.

arch bridge foundation pit  /  deep hole smooth blasting  /  blasting damage
潘强, 张继春, 王俊, 郑俊峰. 大跨拱桥基坑开挖的深孔光面爆破技术. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (3) : 85 -91 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.012
Qiang PAN, Ji-chun ZHANG, Jun WANG, Jun-feng ZHENG. Deep Hole Smooth Blasting Technology for Foundation Pit Excavation of Long-span Arch Bridge[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (3) : 85 -91 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.012
近年来,西部山区的交通基础设施建设力度不断加大。在基础设施建设过程中,经济性高且适应性强的爆破技术仍然是当前岩体工程开挖的主要方法[1]。常规的爆破技术对保留岩体产生的扰动较大且超欠挖严重,直接影响岩体稳定,进而影响施工安全、施工成本及施工进度[2-4]。造成上述工程问题的因素众多,不仅有地质因素及环境因素,还有爆破技术及管理方面的因素[2]。工程实践表明,爆破技术是关键因素,而光面爆破技术以轮廓成型好、围岩扰动小等优点是解决上述工程问题的主要技术途径,在工程领域得到广泛应用且越来越受到重视[5-8]。岩体开挖过程中受岩体结构等地质条件影响较大时也常采用光面爆破技术控制围岩超欠挖和爆破损伤[9-10],而实际应用中多以优化光面爆破参数以及采用工程技术措施去实施,以获得较好的爆破效果[11,12]。目前光面爆破技术研究多集中在隧道开挖中,而露天深孔光面爆破技术研究相对较少,为此,开展深孔光面爆破的现场实践与理论分析既可丰富光面爆破技术,也可为其他类似工程提供技术参考。
以总深度约51 m且一次开挖深度约20 m的跨金沙江特大拱桥云南岸基坑爆破开挖为工程背景,结合施工要求与现场条件,提出毫秒延时逐孔起爆加强松动与周边光面爆破相结合的台阶爆破方案,并进行合理的爆破设计与施工,且在炮孔布置、药卷制作及装药、起爆网路连接等方面采取相应的工程技术措施以确保爆破过程的可靠性、安全性与经济性,同时对光爆孔内气体作用过程、孔壁膨胀压力及爆破损伤范围进行理论计算与分析,以确保轮廓成型效果、边坡岩体稳定以及整体施工进度,为下一级台阶开挖创造安全的施工条件。
布拖县冯家坪溜索改桥工程位于四川省与云南省交界的金沙江上,该桥全长385.2 m,全桥跨径组合为3×21.2 m(预应力混凝土小箱梁)+275.6(13×21.2)m(钢筋混凝土拱桥)+35 m(现浇预应力混凝土箱梁),主孔净跨为260 m,引桥长为109 m,如图1所示。云南岸拱桥基坑位于金沙江右岸白云岩峭壁之上,坡度70°~90°,周围分布有土坯结构与砖混结构的民房,其中距离最近的土坯民房仅20 m左右,如图2所示。云南岸拱桥基坑开挖深度约51 m,采用分层开挖,其中上部两层开挖深度约20 m,四周的边坡坡度为73°~85°。各级台阶上表面均留宽度为2 m的平台。开挖区内岩石单轴抗压强度约90 MPa以上,主要发育有两组节理:170°~190°∠65°~85°和280°~290°∠70°~85°,岩体呈块状~裂隙状结构。岩体渗透性与富水性较差,地下水受季节性控制明显。基坑开挖后的平面图、沿线路方向和垂直线路方向的典型剖面图如图3所示。
该拱桥基坑的施工难点在于:爆破后开挖坡面高度达20 m,要求坡面成型平整、光滑,且爆破不能对边坡保留岩体造成过大的损伤,防止边坡出现局部坍塌与滑动;爆区周围分布有民房,应尽可能降低爆破振动对边坡以及周围民房的影响,且严格控制爆破飞石;由于开挖区无施工便道,作业场地有限,地势陡峭,施工机械和材料均需通过溜索运送,因而爆破块度应适中,且应尽量减少人工清渣的方量。
根据开挖爆破的难点以及应达到的安全与质量要求,云南岸拱桥基坑采用毫秒延时逐孔起爆加强松动与周边光面爆破相结合的台阶爆破方案。主爆区采用100 mm孔径的毫秒延时逐孔起爆的深孔加强松动台阶爆破方案;开挖边界区域采用100 mm孔径的深孔光面爆破方案;主爆区和光爆区的台阶高度一致,且采用同次起爆分段的一次爆破成型方式。主爆区与光爆区的爆破参数如表1表2所示。主爆孔共布置10排,每排8个炮孔,采用倾斜钻孔,倾斜角度约75°。主爆孔采用孔内和孔外微差相结合的逐孔起爆毫秒延时起爆网路,孔内采用7段非电导爆管雷管,排间采用3段非电导爆管雷管,孔间采用2段非电导爆管雷管。周边共布置60个光爆孔,全部光爆孔在最后一个主爆孔起爆后延时100~200 ms采用导爆索T型连接,双向传爆,同时起爆。炮孔布置示意图如图4图5所示。
为使部分爆渣顺利抛掷江中,以减少人工清渣方量,除了靠近后排的炮孔排距适当减小且装药量适当增加外,特将开挖台阶的底面设计为缓倾斜(1°~2°)的开挖面,即在保证台阶高度的前提下,孔底标高自临空面往基坑后壁依次增大,以形成倾向于金沙江方向的开挖面。实际上由于爆破区域地表不平整,并不一定前排炮孔比后排炮孔深。钻孔前,对每个炮孔按照孔口和孔底的高程以及倾斜角度设计钻孔长度。钻孔后对每个炮孔进行复核,并在孔口附近采用白纸标注炮孔的类型、编号、长度、是否有水等信息。
光爆孔采用径向不耦合且轴向间隔装药结构。底部2.1~2.4 m为加强装药段,2条药卷并起为一组,底部0.6 m连续装药两组,接着每组间隔0.2~0.3 m,装药三组。正常装药段1条药卷为一组,每组间隔0.3 m,装药直至距离孔口约1.5 m处,随后采用炮泥堵塞,装药结构如图6所示。现场制作的光爆孔药卷如图7所示。
光爆孔倾斜角度与边坡坡度一致,加之开挖区域表面不平整,局部光爆孔长度达到27 m。如此长度的炮孔,若药卷仅绑扎在导爆索上装入孔内,则药卷重量过大可能导致导爆索拉细或拉断,因而现场采用棉质细绳和导爆索与药卷绑扎在一起,然后牵引细绳将药卷缓慢地放入孔内,如图8所示。
周边60个光爆孔每间隔5~7个设置一发导爆管雷管,且导爆管雷管需插入ϕ 32 mm的药卷内,并采用胶带绑扎牢固,不应直接将雷管绑扎在导爆索上。
采用配比为1∶3的粘土与细沙的混合物或粘性较好的粘土制作炮泥进而堵塞炮孔,开始阶段采用编织袋或塑料袋填入炮孔内,直至最上部一个装药段位置,然后少许填入炮泥,并用炮棍轻轻着实,随后不断堵塞,并用力捣实,直至抵达孔口。在堵塞过程中应避免炮棍捣向导爆索或导爆管,以免影响其传爆性能。
所有光爆孔的导爆索采用T型结连接成整体,以达到双向传爆的目的。连接过程中应拉紧导爆索,尽可能使导爆索紧贴地面以及T型结放至孔口,如图9所示。最后采用纸板和土袋覆盖主爆区和光爆区的导爆管或导爆索网路,如图10所示,避免爆破飞石打断导爆管或导爆索而形成盲炮。
光爆孔在最后一个主爆孔起爆后延时100~200 ms起爆。由于爆区较大,可以在不同部位增加传爆接力雷管,连接至光爆孔内的导爆管雷管,以增加传爆的可靠性。靠近整个网路起爆点位置的光爆孔可增加高段位传爆雷管,以保证光爆孔在主爆孔起爆后同时起爆。
光爆孔通常采用径向不耦合且轴向空气间隔装药,以削弱爆破作用对孔壁的冲击。孔壁处的初始压力沿轴向呈非均匀分布,在忽略气体碰撞增压时,从装药段随爆轰气体膨胀呈连续递减分布。在径向不耦合且轴向空气间隔装药时,光爆孔内爆轰气体的初始膨胀压力为[13]
式中:ρe为炸药密度;Dm为炸药爆速。
爆炸应力波作用下的孔壁动态压力p0d可依据爆轰气体膨胀至孔壁处的压力p0p计算得到,即
式中:n为爆轰气体膨胀后冲击作用在孔壁上的压力增强系数,应根据强冲击作用与弱冲击作用不同情况分别取值。p0p可根据不同膨胀阶段分别计算[13]
初始爆轰气体向四周膨胀并逐渐充满炮孔,此过程称爆轰气体的膨胀过程,爆轰气体与孔壁碰撞形成动态压力。爆轰气体充满炮孔后压力降低缓慢且持时较长,此过程称准静态气体作用过程,对孔壁施加准静态压力。两个作用过程有先后且是连续的,爆破对围岩造成的损伤是上述两过程共同作用的结果,同时围岩损伤与两个过程的作用时间也密切相关。
实际上准静态气体作用是在爆轰气体膨胀作用基础上进行的。尽管准静态压力相对较小且变化缓慢,但由于持时相对较长,对围岩造成的损伤仍不容忽视。同时,准静态气体作用造成的损伤也将影响光面爆破定向成缝过程。
(1)膨胀压力分析
根据爆轰气体膨胀作用过程,装药段附近的压力最大,因而仅对装药段附近进行分析。
深孔光面爆破中,由于药卷与炮孔之间的间隙较大,当爆轰产物等熵绝热膨胀恰好至孔壁时,先后经历了高压和低压作用两个阶段,则炮孔壁的动压力为
式中:pk为临界压力,取200 MPa;dc为药卷直径;db为炮孔直径;l0为间隔装药下单个药卷长度;γ为绝热指数,可取4/3。
拱桥基坑开挖爆破现场采用的炸药密度取1.0 g/cm3,爆速为4500 m/s,药卷直径为32 mm,炮孔直径为100 mm,单个药卷长度取30 cm。考虑到最不利情况,压力增强系数采用强冲击作用下的数值,取10。则装药段附近炮孔壁的动压力为80.64 MPa,小于岩石的动态抗压强度(爆区白云岩的静态抗压强度约在90 MPa以上)。由此可见,装药段附近的岩体不会被压碎,不会产生粉碎区,这也与爆破后对现场半壁孔观察结果一致。
(2)损伤范围分析
根据爆破损伤范围理论研究成果[13],结合相关参数[14]:岩石密度取2700 kg/m3,纵波速度取4500 m/s,岩体损伤的PPV临界值取25 cm/s,衰减指数取1.5。则爆轰气体膨胀过程中装药段附近的最大损伤范围为44.5 cm(损伤区边缘至炮孔中心的距离),按照动态计算值增大10%,以考虑爆炸应力波与准静态气体的共同作用,则装药段附近的最大损伤范围约49.0 cm。该损伤范围仅仅在装药段局部,在两炮孔之间以及同一炮孔两装药段之间的损伤逐渐减小,可见对保留岩体的稳定影响较小,可以保证爆破开挖后边坡的相对稳定。
此次爆破消耗炸药约10 t,爆破方量约20 000 m3。其中,主爆孔最大孔深约24.5 m,装药量达180 kg。光爆孔最大孔深约27 m,装药量达15 kg。爆破过程如图11所示。
爆破后开挖边界轮廓成型较好,岩体相对完整时半孔率可达90%以上,如图12(a)图12(b)所示。即使岩体相对破碎时,排险后孔痕保留较少,但依然能够有效控制超欠挖量,且岩壁保持稳定。在进行下层台阶开挖时,形成了几十米高的近似直立边坡,仅在局部进行加固后,仍然能够保持相对稳定,如图12(c)所示。
此外,对爆破区域附近民房的爆破振动监测结果表明,爆破振动基本在允许振动范围之内,仅在建筑物地基不密实以及存在地形高差的部分测点,出现小幅度的放大现象。同时,现场爆破后观察,即使单次爆破振动超过了土坯房屋(待拆除)的允许振动速度,但由于爆破振动作用时间较短且近区主频相对较高使得距离爆区边界仅20 m左右的土坯房屋未出现结构性破坏。由此可见,逐孔起爆时爆破振动对保留岩体及建筑物产生的损伤较小。
毫秒延时逐孔起爆加强松动与周边光面爆破技术在云南岸拱桥基坑开挖中得到成功应用,创造了良好的社会和经济效益,缩短工期60 d,为后续工序施工以及早日通车创造了有利条件。同时爆破后的抛掷效率达到73%,节约直接成本30.3万元,产生直接经济效益近300万元。
(1)深孔光面爆破技术可以有效控制岩体超欠挖,使形成的开挖轮廓平顺光滑,降低了岩壁表面的应力集中,确保了岩体稳定,为安全、高效、经济施工创造了有利条件。同时毫秒延时逐孔起爆加强松动爆破技术可以有效控制爆破振动以及改善抛掷效果,保证了附近建筑物安全且抛掷率达到了73%。
(2)光面爆破炮孔壁爆炸压力小于岩石的抗压强度,避免了粉碎区的形成,同时装药段附近最大爆破损伤范围约49 cm,有效地减弱了爆破作用对保留岩体的扰动。显然,光面爆破技术是控制轮廓成型与减弱爆破损伤的重要途径,对高陡边坡的稳定具有重要的作用。
(3)跨金沙江特大拱桥基坑开挖采用毫秒延时逐孔起爆加强松动与周边光面爆破技术施工,并采用合理有效的工程技术措施,一次形成20m左右的高边坡且爆破方量约20 000 m3,整个施工过程中缩短工期60 d,产生直接经济效益近300万元,创造了良好的社会和经济效益。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(50574076)
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2023年第40卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.012
  • 接收时间:2022-07-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2023-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-27
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China Project(50574076)
国家自然科学基金项目(50574076)
作者信息
    1.成都工业学院 材料与环境工程学院,成都 611730
    2.西南交通大学 土木工程学院,成都 610031
    3.四川省机场集团有限公司,成都 610000
    4.四川路桥华东建设有限责任公司,成都 610200

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张继春(1963-),男,博士、教授,从事工程爆破和爆炸防护方面的研究,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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