Article(id=1241687533046780319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1647532800000, receivedDateStr=2022-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773970977317, onlineDateStr=2026-03-20, pubDate=1693497600000, pubDateStr=2023-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773970977317, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773970977317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773970977317, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241687532522492319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='242', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773970977192, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773971036114, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241687779722187606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241687532522492319, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=79, endPage=84, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241687533269078433, articleId=1241687533046780319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Internal Rock Movement Trajectory during Bench Blasting in Open-pit Mine, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

During open-pit bench blasting, the movement trajectory of rock in the bench area is an important factor affecting the accurate mining of open-pit mines, especially for unevenly mineralized ore bodies. In order to solve the difficult problem that the internal movement trajectory of rock during bench blasting in the Wushan Cu-Mo mine is not clear, a tracking algorithm with signal markers was used on bench blasting tests at the Wushan Cu-Mo mine in Manzhouli. Through on-site installation, positioning, monitoring and data analysis of intelligent beacons, the research results showed that: the first row of beacons had a long motion time and fast movement with an average speed of 5.89.8 m/s. The movement distance was between 18.4 m and 29.4 m. Due to constraints and obstruction of the rock mass in the front section of the bench, the motion time, movement speed and distance of the#2 monitoring beacon were significantly reduced, with an average speed of 1.8~4.8 m/s and a movement distance of 5.3~14.2 m. The movement distance and time of the#3 blast hole beacon was the smallest, and the inclination angle of the#3-3 beacon reached about 25°. The inclination angles of#6-1, #6-2 and#6-3 beacons were relatively gentle at about 2°~8°. From the depth perspective, the shallow beacons move forward horizontally during the forward rush period, and there was a significant downward trend in the latter half. The vertical motion distance of the deep beacons was significantly smaller than that of the shallow beacons.

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在露天矿台阶爆破时,台阶区域内的岩石移动轨迹是露天矿实现精准采矿的重要影响因素,尤其针对矿化不均匀的矿体。针对乌山铜钼矿台阶爆破过程中内部岩石移动轨迹尚不明确的难点问题,将通过采用信号标志物的跟踪算法,并依托满洲里乌山铜钼矿开展了现场台阶爆破测试。通过现场智能信标安装、定位、监测和数据分析,研究结果表明:第一排信标运动时间长,移动速度快,平均速度达到5.8~9.8 m/s,运动距离在18.4~29.4 m;由于受到台阶前段岩体的约束和阻碍,2#监测信标的运动时间、飞行速度与移动距离明显下降,平均速度为1.8~4.8 m/s,运动距离为5.3~14.2 m;3#爆破孔信标移动距离和移动时间最小,3-3号信标斜向下俯冲角度达到25°左右,6-1、6-2、6-3号信标斜向下俯冲角度较为平缓2°~8°左右。从深度上来看,浅部信标在前冲的这段时间内,前半段水平向前移动,后半段有明显的下降趋势,深部信标的垂直运动距离明显小于浅部信标。

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于洋(1973-),男,大专、高级工程师,项目经理,主要从事智慧矿山方面研究,(E-mail)

YU Yang (1973-), male, associate degree, senior engineer, project manager, mainly engaged in smart mining, (E-mail) .

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于洋(1973-),男,大专、高级工程师,项目经理,主要从事智慧矿山方面研究,(E-mail)

YU Yang (1973-), male, associate degree, senior engineer, project manager, mainly engaged in smart mining, (E-mail) .

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于洋(1973-),男,大专、高级工程师,项目经理,主要从事智慧矿山方面研究,(E-mail)

YU Yang (1973-), male, associate degree, senior engineer, project manager, mainly engaged in smart mining, (E-mail) .

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figureFileBig=Of5kBQQd3bhWonh8GV8vUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241687539682169461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687533046780319, language=CN, label=图9, caption=信标运动轨迹投影, figureFileSmall=3RoOQCq6+YIjUL76r9bHAA==, figureFileBig=Of5kBQQd3bhWonh8GV8vUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241687539778638463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687533046780319, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Beacon physical quantity statistics

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信标编号位移值/m运动时间/s平均速度(m·s-1
1-329.43.39.8
1-223.13.27.2
1-118.43.25.8
2-38.73.12.8
2-25.33.01.8
3-32.62.80.9
5-314.23.04.8
6-38.32.92.8
6-28.22.82.9
6-16.42.82.3
), ArticleFig(id=1241687541309559442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241687533046780319, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

信标物理量统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
信标编号位移值/m运动时间/s平均速度(m·s-1
1-329.43.39.8
1-223.13.27.2
1-118.43.25.8
2-38.73.12.8
2-25.33.01.8
3-32.62.80.9
5-314.23.04.8
6-38.32.92.8
6-28.22.82.9
6-16.42.82.3
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露天矿台阶爆破过程中内部岩石移动轨迹研究
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于洋
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023,40(3): 79-84
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023, 40(3): 79-84
露天矿台阶爆破过程中内部岩石移动轨迹研究
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于洋
作者信息
  • 中铁十九局集团 矿业投资有限公司,北京 100161
  • 于洋(1973-),男,大专、高级工程师,项目经理,主要从事智慧矿山方面研究,(E-mail)

    YU Yang (1973-), male, associate degree, senior engineer, project manager, mainly engaged in smart mining, (E-mail) .

Study on Internal Rock Movement Trajectory during Bench Blasting in Open-pit Mine
Yang YU
Affiliations
  • China Railway 19th Bureau Group Mining Investment Co, Ltd, Beijing 100161, China
出版时间: 2023-09-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.011
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在露天矿台阶爆破时,台阶区域内的岩石移动轨迹是露天矿实现精准采矿的重要影响因素,尤其针对矿化不均匀的矿体。针对乌山铜钼矿台阶爆破过程中内部岩石移动轨迹尚不明确的难点问题,将通过采用信号标志物的跟踪算法,并依托满洲里乌山铜钼矿开展了现场台阶爆破测试。通过现场智能信标安装、定位、监测和数据分析,研究结果表明:第一排信标运动时间长,移动速度快,平均速度达到5.8~9.8 m/s,运动距离在18.4~29.4 m;由于受到台阶前段岩体的约束和阻碍,2#监测信标的运动时间、飞行速度与移动距离明显下降,平均速度为1.8~4.8 m/s,运动距离为5.3~14.2 m;3#爆破孔信标移动距离和移动时间最小,3-3号信标斜向下俯冲角度达到25°左右,6-1、6-2、6-3号信标斜向下俯冲角度较为平缓2°~8°左右。从深度上来看,浅部信标在前冲的这段时间内,前半段水平向前移动,后半段有明显的下降趋势,深部信标的垂直运动距离明显小于浅部信标。

露天矿  /  台阶爆破  /  岩石移动轨迹  /  信号标志物

During open-pit bench blasting, the movement trajectory of rock in the bench area is an important factor affecting the accurate mining of open-pit mines, especially for unevenly mineralized ore bodies. In order to solve the difficult problem that the internal movement trajectory of rock during bench blasting in the Wushan Cu-Mo mine is not clear, a tracking algorithm with signal markers was used on bench blasting tests at the Wushan Cu-Mo mine in Manzhouli. Through on-site installation, positioning, monitoring and data analysis of intelligent beacons, the research results showed that: the first row of beacons had a long motion time and fast movement with an average speed of 5.89.8 m/s. The movement distance was between 18.4 m and 29.4 m. Due to constraints and obstruction of the rock mass in the front section of the bench, the motion time, movement speed and distance of the#2 monitoring beacon were significantly reduced, with an average speed of 1.8~4.8 m/s and a movement distance of 5.3~14.2 m. The movement distance and time of the#3 blast hole beacon was the smallest, and the inclination angle of the#3-3 beacon reached about 25°. The inclination angles of#6-1, #6-2 and#6-3 beacons were relatively gentle at about 2°~8°. From the depth perspective, the shallow beacons move forward horizontally during the forward rush period, and there was a significant downward trend in the latter half. The vertical motion distance of the deep beacons was significantly smaller than that of the shallow beacons.

open-pit mine  /  bench blasting  /  trajectory of rock movement  /  signal marker
于洋. 露天矿台阶爆破过程中内部岩石移动轨迹研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (3) : 79 -84 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.011
Yang YU. Study on Internal Rock Movement Trajectory during Bench Blasting in Open-pit Mine[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (3) : 79 -84 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.011
随着经济建设的发展,国内基建工程的项目开展越来越多,其中包含了大量的矿山、水利水电、铁路、交通等大型露天工程,其中矿产资源的需求近些年不断被社会所需要,而爆破作为一种快速、经济、高效的技术手段通常被应用于露天开采中,尤其是在台阶爆破中广泛应用。为了全面评价爆破效果、实现精准采矿越来越多的学者开始对台阶内部岩石在爆破过程中的移动路径进行计算分析。爆堆内部岩石移动分布是衡量爆破工程施工效果的主要指标之一,主要通过前移距离、垂直运动距离等参数反映,从而直接影响后续的铲装、运输等工作,甚至严重影响工程的经济效益。
针对台阶爆破内部岩石运动问题,前人通过采用不同手段对其进行研究,例如:张云鹏等提出了台阶爆破岩石抛掷初速度模型、抛掷角计算模型和抛掷与堆积物理模型[1],预测露天矿台阶爆破爆堆形态和岩石抛掷移动距离;栾龙发等通过采用高速摄影机对现场台阶爆破过程进行监测[2],探讨了深孔台阶爆破表面岩石的移动规律;马力等依据质点运动弹道学原理[3],推导了台阶爆破岩石移动距离与炮孔倾角及炸药单耗之间的关系式,通过参数之间的变化趋势来描述岩石移动距离;冷振东等采用离散元软件[4],建立岩体强度参数服从Weibull分布的台阶爆破三维模型来模拟不同起爆位置下台阶爆破过程,来得到最远抛掷距离和爆堆高度;罗毅超等为了准确的了解台阶爆破后矿石的分布情况[5],采用径向基神经网络对爆破后岩石的位移进行预测。此外国外学者也有采用爆破运动监测器(BMM)在矿山现场进行测试获取岩石在爆破过程的移动轨迹[6,7],此监测器是一个系统由JKMRC大学开发并获得专利在昆士兰的许可下被商业化爆炸运动技术。Zhi Yu等先后采用了灰狼优化器和支持向量回归模型、遗传算法(GA)人工蜂群算法(ABC)布谷鸟搜索算法(CS)与支持向量回归(SVR)相结合的(GA-SVR、ABC-SVR、CS-SVR)模型、基于量纲分析和优化人工神经网络三种技术手段来预测爆破岩体移动[8-10]
针对台阶岩体在爆破过程中移动问题,由于现场情况的复杂性采用理论分析建立物理模型的方法会影响结果准确性,单一采用数值模拟方法去了解台阶岩石移动距离其过程也必不可少的产生误差。对于采用神经网络的方法去预测岩石移动是在现场采用爆破运动监测器获得的数据,其神经网络预测结果准确性目前还没有得到验证。
采用信标的跟踪算法技术,在乌山铜钼矿进行台阶爆破测试,并将信标回收后得到其在爆破过程中的运动轨迹。
太乌努格吐山铜钼矿位于内蒙古自治区满洲里市西南22 km,矿区面积约9.8 km2,行政区划属新巴尔虎右旗(即西旗)。地理坐标:东经117°15′~117°20′;北纬49°24′~49°26′30″。从满洲里市至矿区有一条国家二级公路S203与之相连,四季畅通,在S203线K18+900起建有矿山专用道路,公路等级二级,专用线路11.9 km,满洲里市至矿区30.8 km。满洲里市为滨洲铁路线终点,有铁路通往国内外,交通便利。
乌山铜钼矿设计境界内保有铜矿石量为4.2亿t,钼矿石量10亿t。全区铜金属量360万t,钼金属量69万t,伴生银金属量2400 t。开采工艺主要参数:工作台阶高度15 m;工作台阶坡面角70~75°;最小工作平台宽度50 m;最小工作线长度200 m;工作帮坡角8~13°。陡帮剥离工艺主要参数:工作台阶高度15 m;工作台阶及非工作台阶坡面角:70~75°;组合台阶内台阶数(最多):4个;挖掘机尾随作业台数(最多):3台;非工作平台宽度20 m;最小工作平台宽度50 m;最小工作线长度200 m;工作帮坡角<22.5°。图1为目前采场开采全貌图。
信标系统由信号标志物和标志物信号接收器,在爆破前将信标布置在事先打好的监测孔中,然后待台阶爆破结束之后信标会在爆堆中发射出信号,这时利用信号接收器进行探测回收信标来获取信标在爆破过程中所记录下的运动轨迹。信标系统示意图如图2所示。
在乌山铜钼矿共进行了两次现场爆破轨迹测试,且两次的爆破测试区域的矿岩分布相同,并在爆破之前在爆破孔周围钻取监测孔用来布置信标,测试地点如图3所示。
此次在乌山铜钼矿现场测试一共布置了18个信标,每次测试布置9个信标,并且每次测试钻取3个监测孔用来均匀布置信标,其中信标与信标之间均采用PVC管相互连接以保证每个监测孔内的信标统一方向。信标的安装示意图如图4所示,其中监测孔的深度为11 m,每个信标间隔4 m布置,并且在安装过程中记录下信标的编号。
为达到形成小抵抗线宽孔距爆破,使中深孔实际的密集系数增大,保证岩石的破碎质量,采用三角布孔对角起爆或V型起爆,炮孔内采用组合装药结构,即在孔底装填一段高密度的乳化炸药,上部装填多孔粒状铵油炸药。在台阶自由面处前三排炮孔呈“V”字型向依次设置了5个监测孔,监测孔位置布置在每排两个炮孔中间位置处。见图5
待现场爆破完成之后在铲车出矿过程中利用智能信标信号接收器去探测信标,并将信标回收。在此过程中根据PVC管在爆堆中的位置可以大致了解到信标所在区域并结合信号接收器。见图6
但是由于爆破之后现场情况以及岩石在爆堆内部分布情况极其复杂,最终布置的18个信标回收到1-1、1-2、1-3、2-2、2-3、3-3、5-3、6-1、6-2、6-3共计10个信标。见图7
对回收到的10个信标,采集的数据进行分析。经计算分析得到各信标轨迹如图8所示。对各信标位移值和运动时间,求算信标平均速度,如表1所示。
根据信标监测结果,并绘制信标投影图可以发现(图9):
(1)按照最小抵抗线原理,台阶爆破和岩石运动主导方向是最小抵抗线方向,所以1#监测孔临近台阶自由面,其信标运动时间长,移动速度快,平均速度达到5.8~9.8 m/s,运动距离在18.4~29.4 m,尤其距离地表自由面处的信标,爆破后飞行的距离和速度最大。上述规律与台阶爆破基本认知一致。第一排信标基本上保持斜向下10°~13°的前冲角度。
(2)由于受到台阶前段岩体的约束和阻碍,2#监测信标的运动时间、飞行速度与移动距离明显下降,平均速度为1.8~4.8 m/s,运动距离为5.3~14.2 m。
(3)3#爆破孔信标移动距离和移动时间最小,3-3号信标斜向下俯冲角度达到25°左右,6-1、6-2、6-3号信标斜向下俯冲角度较为平缓2°~8°左右。
(4)从深度上来看,浅部信标在前冲的这段时间内,前半段水平向前移动,后半段有明显的下降趋势,深部信标的垂直运动距离明显小于浅部信标。
(5)第二次2#监测孔与3#监测孔信标位移值、运动速度情况与第一次测试2#、3#监测孔一致,但是在数据上却不同,分析其原因是第二次现场地质条件较好,且爆堆较为均匀没有第一次爆破后爆堆的大块多,从而导致台阶整体向前移动距离较大。
针对满洲里乌山铜钼矿台阶爆破爆堆内部岩石运动情况不明确的问题,开展了如下工作:
(1)利用信号标志物在两个爆破台阶区域进行现场测试。
(2)将回收到的信标进行数据处理,得到信标在爆破过程中产生的移动路径,并分析了每一排孔内信标的运动情况以及埋藏深度不同信标的运动情况。
(3)该研究可以为露天矿爆破岩石移动轨迹提供技术支持。为露天矿山精准配矿和高效采矿提供技术指导。
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2023年第40卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.03.011
  • 接收时间:2022-03-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-20
  • 出版时间:2023-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-03-18
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    中铁十九局集团 矿业投资有限公司,北京 100161
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