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Article(id=1241442326652965492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241442313185063097, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1662307200000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773912515557, onlineDateStr=2026-03-19, pubDate=1677600000000, pubDateStr=2023-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773912515557, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773912515557, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773912515557, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241442313185063097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773912512346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773912765519, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241443375145079400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241442313185063097, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241443375145079401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241442313185063097, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=57, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241442327315665548, articleId=1241442326652965492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Optimization Study on Blasting Effect of Frozen Soil in High Latitude and Alpine Region, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aiming at the problem of high boulder yield under different thicknesses of frozen soil in high latitude and alpine region, blasting crater tests were carried out at low temperatures in winter in Unugtushan copper-molybdenum mine. According to the test results, the relationship between the charge parameters and the blasting crater parameters is determined by using the Livingston blasting crater theory. Simultaneously, the deformation energy coefficient of the frozen soil layer is calculated, and the blasting crater characteristic curves of different frozen soil thicknesses are analyzed. When the charging amount is 4 kg, the critical depth of the frozen soil is 1.3 m, the optimal depth is 0.84 m, and the deformation energy coefficient is 1.06. When the charging amount is 8kg, the critical depth of the frozen soil is 1.7 m, the optimal depth is 1.2 m, and the deformation energy coefficient is 1.05. When the charging amount is 12kg, the above parameters are 2.2 m, 1.34 m and 0.95, respectively. According to the similarity law, the optimal charging parameters which are suitable for the frozen soil area on the site are derived, the blasting effect under multiple blasting parameters of different frozen soil thicknesses is compared and analyzed. In addition, the blasting effect is optimized by the principle of “sub-regions and stages”. For weak frozen soil, the blasting effect can be improved with shorter stemming length and longer charge length. For strong frozen soil area, auxiliary holes are added around the main blasting holes to reduce the boulder yield. Furthermore, the optimization scheme of blasting parameters which is suitable for the change of frozen soil layer thickness in Alpine region is summarized. As a result, the blasting effect is significantly improved, which greatly reduces the boulder yield after blasting of the frozen soil layer and improves the ore supply rate.

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针对高寒高纬度地区不同冻土厚度下爆破块度大块率高的难题，在乌努格吐山铜钼矿冬季低温下进行爆破漏斗试验。根据试验结果利用利文斯顿爆破漏斗理论确定了冻土装药参数与爆破漏斗参数之间的关系，计算出冻土层的变形能系数，分析了不同冻土层厚度的爆破漏斗特性曲线。在装药量为4 kg时，冻土临界深度为1.3 m，最佳埋置深度为0.84 m，变形能系数为1.06；在装药量为8 kg时，冻土临界深度为1.7 m，最佳埋置深度为1.2 m，变形能系数为1.05；在装药量为12 kg时，冻土临界深度为2.2 m，最佳埋置深度为1.34 m，变形能系数为0.95。根据爆破立方根定律，推导出适用于现场冻土区的最佳装药参数，经过对不同冻土层厚度多种爆破参数下爆破效果对比分析，采取“分区域，分阶段”原则优化爆破效果，对于弱冻层区域采用减小堵塞长度并增加装药高度的方法提高爆破质量；对于强冻土区主爆孔周围增加辅助孔来降低冻土层大块率。总结出适用于高寒地区随冻土层厚度变化的爆破参数优化方案，爆破效果改善明显，在很大程度上降低了冻土层爆破后的大块率产出，提高供矿率。

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李长城（1975-），男，高级工程师、本科学历，从事矿业工程、工程管理等方面工作，（E-mail）。

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李长城（1975-），男，高级工程师、本科学历，从事矿业工程、工程管理等方面工作，（E-mail）。

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李长城（1975-），男，高级工程师、本科学历，从事矿业工程、工程管理等方面工作，（E-mail）。

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Discussion on blasting funnel theory, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442342360633733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=48, issue=10, pageStart=9, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=23, authorNames=张康康, 付玉华, 罗道清, journalName=化工矿物与加工, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张康康, 付玉华, 罗道清, 等. 某铁矿单孔爆破漏斗实验及其应用[J]. 化工矿物与加工, 2019, 48(10): 9-12., articleTitle=某铁矿单孔爆破漏斗实验及其应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442342461297033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=48, issue=10, pageStart=9, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=24, authorNames=ZHANG Kang-kang, FU Yu-hua, LUO Dao-qing, journalName=Chemical Minerals and Processing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Kang-kang, FU Yu-hua, LUO Dao-qing, et al. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Experiment and application of single-hole blasting funnel in an iron ore, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442342578737554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=27, issue=1, pageStart=85, pageEnd=88, 94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=25, authorNames=邓琛, 彭泽锋, 蒋志明, journalName=工程爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邓琛, 彭泽锋, 蒋志明, 等. 基准平面垂直断面法在爆破漏斗试验中的应用[J]. 工程爆破, 2021, 27(1): 85-88, 94., articleTitle=基准平面垂直断面法在爆破漏斗试验中的应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241442342679400854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=27, issue=1, pageStart=85, pageEnd=88, 94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=26, authorNames=DENG Chen, PENG Ze-feng, JIANG Zhi-ming, journalName=Engineering Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DENG Chen, PENG Ze-feng, JIANG Zhi-ming, et al. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Application of datum plane vertical section method in blasting funnel test, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241442332529185651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241442332533379956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, companyId=1241442332529185651, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=China Railway 19th Bureau Group Co, LTD, Beijing 100176, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241442332541768565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, companyId=1241442332529185651, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中铁十九局集团有限公司，北京　100176)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241442334169157652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Thickness of frozen soil in different months, figureFileSmall=sGhlYiLElOeBHFJDH6b+6g==, figureFileBig=aiIInRbJ8jaSbOXLakDWlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442335670718493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同月份下冻土层厚度, figureFileSmall=sGhlYiLElOeBHFJDH6b+6g==, figureFileBig=aiIInRbJ8jaSbOXLakDWlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442335943348280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Boulders of frozen soil after blasting, figureFileSmall=e3hK0/BaacIOi/P6hTszsg==, figureFileBig=QVxJ3SVshl8IHIa3WWOBBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442336069177412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, language=CN, label=图2, 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journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Layout of blast holes (unit: m), figureFileSmall=yJTnSNU/QAgDDd41Yv/qsg==, figureFileBig=zGq+fXHBV96rjC52FxtwsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442337063227537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, language=CN, label=图6, caption=炮孔布置图（单位：m）, figureFileSmall=yJTnSNU/QAgDDd41Yv/qsg==, figureFileBig=zGq+fXHBV96rjC52FxtwsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442337201639580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Muck pile after blasting parameters optimization, figureFileSmall=FNSsOLtp4Hk6pvHymPotnw==, figureFileBig=s5Wa3bMTuBGGZoHAoX3qdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442337319080096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, language=CN, label=图7, caption=爆破参数优化后爆堆形态, figureFileSmall=FNSsOLtp4Hk6pvHymPotnw==, figureFileBig=s5Wa3bMTuBGGZoHAoX3qdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241442337444909223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical and mechanical properties of frozen soil

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测试区域冻土密度/（g·cm-3）抗压强度/MPa含水量/%
810平台2.57~2.6247.244~5
), ArticleFig(id=1241442337562349743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冻土物理力学特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试区域冻土密度/（g·cm-3）抗压强度/MPa含水量/%
810平台2.57~2.6247.244~5
), ArticleFig(id=1241442337671401654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistical results of blasting crater test in frozen soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
装药量/kg临界深度/m形变能系数/（m3·kg-1）最佳深度/m最佳深度比最佳爆破漏斗体积/m3最佳爆破漏斗半径/m
41.31.060.840.643.692.05
81.71.051.200.707.622.47
122.20.951.340.6111.552.73
), ArticleFig(id=1241442337834979522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

冻土爆破漏斗试验统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
装药量/kg临界深度/m形变能系数/（m3·kg-1）最佳深度/m最佳深度比最佳爆破漏斗体积/m3最佳爆破漏斗半径/m
41.31.060.840.643.692.05
81.71.051.200.707.622.47
122.20.951.340.6111.552.73
), ArticleFig(id=1241442337985974473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Test results of blasting crater in frozen soil

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冻层厚度H/m孔深h/m装药量Q/kg爆破漏斗漏斗体积V/m3
半径r/m深度h1/m
1.60.841.750.521.68
1.042.050.843.69
1.281.860.832.99
1.91.041.651.012.87
1.382.471.197.62
2.71.482.161.286.26
1.0122.850.867.32
1.4122.791.3410.93
3.01.4122.901.069.35
1.6122.731.4811.55
1.6122.381.679.93
2.91.8122.021.787.62
1.6122.711.4611.24
2.01.482.411.167.03
2.0121.701.915.77
0.81.241.101.052.16
1.481.741.464.64
), ArticleFig(id=1241442338136969424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

冻土爆破漏斗试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冻层厚度H/m孔深h/m装药量Q/kg爆破漏斗漏斗体积V/m3
半径r/m深度h1/m
1.60.841.750.521.68
1.042.050.843.69
1.281.860.832.99
1.91.041.651.012.87
1.382.471.197.62
2.71.482.161.286.26
1.0122.850.867.32
1.4122.791.3410.93
3.01.4122.901.069.35
1.6122.731.4811.55
1.6122.381.679.93
2.91.8122.021.787.62
1.6122.711.4611.24
2.01.482.411.167.03
2.0121.701.915.77
0.81.241.101.052.16
1.481.741.464.64
), ArticleFig(id=1241442338262798550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241442326652965492, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Blasting parameters in test area

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台阶冻土厚度/m钻孔直径/mm孔深/m孔距×排距/m堵塞长度/m超深/m
765-7502.5140186×4.562
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试验区爆破参数

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台阶冻土厚度/m钻孔直径/mm孔深/m孔距×排距/m堵塞长度/m超深/m
765-7502.5140186×4.562
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高纬高寒地区冻土爆破效果优化研究
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李长城
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023,40(1): 57-61
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023, 40(1): 57-61
高纬高寒地区冻土爆破效果优化研究
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李长城
作者信息
  • 中铁十九局集团有限公司，北京　100176

    • 李长城（1975-），男，高级工程师、本科学历，从事矿业工程、工程管理等方面工作，（E-mail）。

Optimization Study on Blasting Effect of Frozen Soil in High Latitude and Alpine Region
Chang-cheng LI
Affiliations
  • China Railway 19th Bureau Group Co, LTD, Beijing 100176, China
出版时间: 2023-03-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.008
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摘要
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针对高寒高纬度地区不同冻土厚度下爆破块度大块率高的难题，在乌努格吐山铜钼矿冬季低温下进行爆破漏斗试验。根据试验结果利用利文斯顿爆破漏斗理论确定了冻土装药参数与爆破漏斗参数之间的关系，计算出冻土层的变形能系数，分析了不同冻土层厚度的爆破漏斗特性曲线。在装药量为4 kg时，冻土临界深度为1.3 m，最佳埋置深度为0.84 m，变形能系数为1.06；在装药量为8 kg时，冻土临界深度为1.7 m，最佳埋置深度为1.2 m，变形能系数为1.05；在装药量为12 kg时，冻土临界深度为2.2 m，最佳埋置深度为1.34 m，变形能系数为0.95。根据爆破立方根定律，推导出适用于现场冻土区的最佳装药参数，经过对不同冻土层厚度多种爆破参数下爆破效果对比分析，采取“分区域，分阶段”原则优化爆破效果，对于弱冻层区域采用减小堵塞长度并增加装药高度的方法提高爆破质量；对于强冻土区主爆孔周围增加辅助孔来降低冻土层大块率。总结出适用于高寒地区随冻土层厚度变化的爆破参数优化方案，爆破效果改善明显，在很大程度上降低了冻土层爆破后的大块率产出，提高供矿率。

高寒地区  /  冻土爆破  /  爆破效果  /  参数优化  /  爆破漏斗

Aiming at the problem of high boulder yield under different thicknesses of frozen soil in high latitude and alpine region, blasting crater tests were carried out at low temperatures in winter in Unugtushan copper-molybdenum mine. According to the test results, the relationship between the charge parameters and the blasting crater parameters is determined by using the Livingston blasting crater theory. Simultaneously, the deformation energy coefficient of the frozen soil layer is calculated, and the blasting crater characteristic curves of different frozen soil thicknesses are analyzed. When the charging amount is 4 kg, the critical depth of the frozen soil is 1.3 m, the optimal depth is 0.84 m, and the deformation energy coefficient is 1.06. When the charging amount is 8kg, the critical depth of the frozen soil is 1.7 m, the optimal depth is 1.2 m, and the deformation energy coefficient is 1.05. When the charging amount is 12kg, the above parameters are 2.2 m, 1.34 m and 0.95, respectively. According to the similarity law, the optimal charging parameters which are suitable for the frozen soil area on the site are derived, the blasting effect under multiple blasting parameters of different frozen soil thicknesses is compared and analyzed. In addition, the blasting effect is optimized by the principle of “sub-regions and stages”. For weak frozen soil, the blasting effect can be improved with shorter stemming length and longer charge length. For strong frozen soil area, auxiliary holes are added around the main blasting holes to reduce the boulder yield. Furthermore, the optimization scheme of blasting parameters which is suitable for the change of frozen soil layer thickness in Alpine region is summarized. As a result, the blasting effect is significantly improved, which greatly reduces the boulder yield after blasting of the frozen soil layer and improves the ore supply rate.

alpine region  /  frozen soil blasting  /  blasting effect  /  parameter optimization  /  blasting crater
李长城. 高纬高寒地区冻土爆破效果优化研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (1) : 57 -61 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.008
Chang-cheng LI. Optimization Study on Blasting Effect of Frozen Soil in High Latitude and Alpine Region[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (1) : 57 -61 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.008
正文
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高寒高纬度地区在冻土爆破施工过程中容易引起炸药性能下降、爆破大块率高等问题，对矿山开采设备、人员及技术等方面提出了更高的要求[1]。针对冻土爆破开挖的问题，国内外学者主要通过爆破漏斗试验对冻土物理力学特性与爆破效果之间的关系开展了大量研究[2-5]，柯昌松等在大量模型试验的基础上[6]，分析了爆破指标与冻土温度、冻土含水率等主要参数之间的关系，为冻土爆破提供了理论依据。傅洪贤等在青藏高原冻土区进行爆破漏斗试验得出了冻土爆破的最佳爆破参数、药包最佳比值深度和漏斗最大比值体积[7]，分析认为当冻土温度变化不大时，应选用ρCw/D50来表示冻土爆破特性。魏格平等对比了乳化炸药与铵油炸药在露天煤矿中的爆破效果[8]，得出了适用于煤矿冻土爆破参数。赵文奎等针对西藏高寒高海拔地区的玉龙铜矿爆破大块率高的现象[9]，从孔距、排距、装药结构等方面分析与调整，使爆堆表层大块率控制在3%以内，取得了较好的爆破效果。
前人在对冻土爆破方面的研究已有较大的进展，由于乌努格吐山铜钼矿高寒高海拔、冬季冻层随温度变化较大的特点，往往导致爆堆上层大块率较高，爆破效果不佳。在前人研究的基础上，开展随温度变化的冻土层厚度爆破漏斗试验，研究冻土的爆破破碎的机理及制定相适应的爆破方案、选择合理的爆破参数。
1　工程概况
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乌努格吐山铜钼矿位于内蒙古自治区新巴尔虎右旗，属于高纬度高寒地区，冬季低温持续时间长，最低气温可达-45℃[10]。持续的低温导致矿区形成较厚的冻土层，冬季气温变化对冻土厚度的影响如图1所示。工程实践表明对于较厚的冻土层宜选用爆破的方式进行开挖[11]。然而，由于冻土层厚度受温度变化较大，使用统一的爆破参数往往导致爆破效果欠佳，炮孔上部与爆区后排岩体容易形成大块，严重影响铲装效率，造成较大的经济损失。图1中记录了冬季气温与冻土层厚度的变化关系，当气温降到-30℃时，冻土层厚度将达到3 m。这对现场爆破及开挖生产都造成了较大的影响；图2显示爆破产生的大块大多集中在爆堆后排炮孔堵塞段处，爆堆大块率与冻土层厚度有显著的关系。因此，基于不同温度和冻土厚度下开展冻土爆破漏斗试验，制定合理的爆破设计和参数，提高爆破质量对实际生产有重要经济效益。
2　试验结果及分析
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2.1　冻土物理力学性能试验
冻土密度和含水量是研究冻土爆破机理的主要物理力学指标，冻土具有较高的强度和不透水性，反映冻土各部分之间相互作用的黏结力是影响冻土爆破效果的主要因素。本次试验采用XD-2型点荷载仪，试验时，对全部试块采用沿厚度方向匀速加载，直至试样破坏，记录试样破坏时的点荷载仪压力表读数，量取破坏面尺寸。通过计算求得试样的点荷载强度，再换算为单轴抗压强度。经过对试验区25组岩石样本的点荷载抗压强度试验，得出试验区冻土物理力学特性平均值如表1所示。
2.2　不同冻土厚度下爆破漏斗试验
根据利文斯顿爆破漏斗理论[12]，炸药在岩体中爆破时，传递给岩石的能量取决于岩石性质、炸药性质、药包重量和埋置深度等因素。由于冻土物理力学性质与岩石有较大差异，在一定装药量条件下，其临界埋置深度也各不相同。临界埋置深度Le与炸药量Qj的关系用式（1）表示[13]
式中：Le为药包临界埋置深度，m；Eb为形变能系数，m3/kg；Qj为装药量，kg。
爆破漏斗试验分别以4 kg、8 kg及12 kg的装药条件下，分析炸药在不同埋置深度下的爆破漏斗形态，认为炸药埋置深度在爆破后地面恰巧有轻微隆起现象时，以此来估算不同装药量下冻土的临界埋置深度Le。场爆破漏斗试验如图3，通过多次试验分析得出装药量在4 kg、8 kg、12 kg时，冻土的临界埋置深度Le分别为1.3 m、1.7 m和2.2 m。并计算出变形能系数如表2所示。
通过大量爆破漏斗试验，测量爆破后漏斗半径、深度及体积数据，部分数据见表3所示，冻土厚度与爆破漏斗体积的关系如图4所示，为了综合描述爆破漏斗特性，计算比例爆破漏斗体积V/Qj与深度比（Ly为药包埋置深度），从而确定不同装药量下单位炸药量的冻土爆破漏斗特性曲线，如图5所示。
由图5可知，当药包埋深由深向浅变化时，比例爆破漏斗体积由小变大至最佳埋置深度时，爆破漏斗体积最大；当药包埋深超过最佳埋深时，比例爆破漏斗体积逐渐减小，即曲线为两边低中间高的形状。当冻土在装药量为4 kg时，最佳的深度比Δj=0.70，对应的比例爆破漏斗体积为0.95；当冻土在装药量为8 kg时，最佳的深度比Δj=0.64，对应的比例爆破漏斗体积为0.93 m3/kg；当冻土在装药量为12 kg时，最佳的深度比Δj=0.67，对应的比例爆破漏斗体积为0.98 m3/kg；与最大岩石破碎量相对应的最佳埋深Lj可用式（2）确定。
3　冻土爆破参数优化
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通过对乌努格吐山铜钼矿采场不同区域进行冻土爆破漏斗试验研究，结合矿山冻土层特性、装药量和冻土厚度之间的关系，得出单位药包的最佳埋深、最大漏斗体积。根据利文斯顿爆破漏斗理论和爆破立方根定律[14]（如式3），现场单孔装药量Q为200 kg，计算现场最佳深度Lp为4.42 m，即选择最小抵抗线为4.5 m，进而推导出最佳爆破参数。
由于冻土层厚度对爆破效果有较大影响，因此将试验区分为弱冻土区（冻土厚度小于1 m）与强冻土区（冻土厚度大于1 m），对不同冻土层厚度爆区采用“分区域，分阶段”设计爆破方案。对于弱冻土区，爆破参数可以减小堵塞长度并增加装药高度。该方法通过对主爆孔参数进行调整，主要适用于季节性冻结层形成前、中期或是含水量较少的冻结层爆破区域。由于主爆孔药量增加，可有效降低顶部大块，爆堆大块率较临近爆区有明显改善，整体达到铲装要求。但当冻土层达到1 m以上，调整装药结构的方法对爆破效果优化有限，试验通过设计合理的辅助孔孔网参数、装药方式以及起爆网路，与主爆孔同时起爆，达到破碎冻结层的目的。
试验选择矿区720-705台阶进行冻土爆破效果验证，爆区为富含冰区，冻层厚度约为2.5 m；对于冻土厚度大于1 m的爆区，为了进一步提高爆破效果、降低大块率，试验区在原有爆破生产孔基础上，针对上层冻土层爆区后排额外增加三排孔深为2 m的辅助孔，炮孔布置图如图6所示，其中蓝色炮孔表示爆区辅助孔；起爆网络采用奥瑞凯高精度非电导爆管雷管逐孔起爆。试验区爆破参数如表4所示。
依据单孔爆破漏斗试验得出的规律，调整爆破参数，从爆破整体效果分析，在很大程度上减少了大块率的产出，增加辅助孔有利于爆区冻土层均匀破碎。降低了粗碎站旋回破碎机的堵塞率，提高供矿率。爆破参数优化后爆堆形态如图7。
4　结论
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在乌努格吐山铜钼矿冬季冻土环境下结合冻土层在不同温度下的基本物理力学特性，根据利文斯顿爆破漏斗理论，通过现场大量试验和结果分析得出了以下结论：
（1）根据乌山的季节及温度变化，掌握了温度与冻土层厚度的关系，从而对不同温度来判断冻土层的厚度，用于指导冬季冻土爆破。
（2）通过爆破漏斗试验确定了冻土区最佳装药深度与装药量，对比不同冻土厚度下装药量和最佳埋置深度的关系，根据爆破立方根定律，得出了适用于乌山采矿场冻土层的爆破参数。
（3）通过大量爆破漏斗试验确定了矿区冻土层的变形能系数，在不同冻土层条件下采用多种爆破方式对比试验并进行效果分析，得出了对应的孔网参数与装药结构等优化参数。
（4）根据冻土层厚度，爆破设计方案坚持“分区域，分阶段”原则，当冻土层在0.5~1 m时，炮孔装填时减小堵塞长度并增加装药高度；当冻土层大于1 m时，在主爆孔周围增加辅助孔来降低冻土层大块率。
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2023年第40卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.01.008
  • 接收时间：2022-09-05
  • 首发时间：2026-03-19
  • 出版时间：2023-03-01
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  • 收稿日期：2022-09-05
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    中铁十九局集团有限公司，北京　100176
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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